The PhilPapers SurveysPreliminary Survey results (Back to contents)
A priori knowledge: yes or no?
| Accept: yes | 13 / 31 (41.9%) |
| Lean toward: yes | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Lean toward: no | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept: no | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
| Lean toward: nominalism | 11 / 31 (35.5%) |
| Lean toward: Platonism | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Accept: nominalism | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Accept: Platonism | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept another alternative | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Reject both | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
| Lean toward: subjective | 11 / 31 (35.5%) |
| Lean toward: objective | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Accept: subjective | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Accept: objective | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept another alternative | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
| Accept: yes | 12 / 31 (38.7%) |
| Lean toward: yes | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Lean toward: no | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Accept: no | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
| Lean toward: externalism | 11 / 31 (35.5%) |
| Accept: internalism | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Lean toward: internalism | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept both | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: externalism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
| Accept: non-skeptical realism | 23 / 31 (74.2%) |
| Lean toward: non-skeptical realism | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Accept: skepticism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: skepticism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
| Accept: compatibilism | 14 / 31 (45.2%) |
| Lean toward: compatibilism | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Lean toward: no free will | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: no free will | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Lean toward: libertarianism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept: libertarianism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
God: theism or atheism?
| Accept: atheism | 24 / 31 (77.4%) |
| Lean toward: theism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: theism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Lean toward: atheism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
| Lean toward: contextualism | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Lean toward: invariantism | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Accept: invariantism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: relativism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: contextualism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Lean toward: relativism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
| Accept: empiricism | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Lean toward: empiricism | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept both | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: rationalism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: rationalism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept another alternative | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Reject both | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
| Lean toward: Humean | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Lean toward: non-Humean | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Accept: Humean | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Accept: non-Humean | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Logic: classical or non-classical?
| Accept: classical | 11 / 31 (35.5%) |
| Lean toward: classical | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Accept both | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Accept: non-classical | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: non-classical | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
| Lean toward: externalism | 10 / 31 (32.3%) |
| Accept: externalism | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Lean toward: internalism | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Accept: internalism | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept both | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
| Lean toward: moral realism | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Accept: moral anti-realism | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Accept: moral realism | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Lean toward: moral anti-realism | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Reject both | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
| Accept: naturalism | 16 / 31 (51.6%) |
| Lean toward: naturalism | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Lean toward: non-naturalism | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept: non-naturalism | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
| Accept: physicalism | 19 / 31 (61.3%) |
| Lean toward: physicalism | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Accept: non-physicalism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Lean toward: non-physicalism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
| Accept: cognitivism | 10 / 31 (32.3%) |
| Lean toward: cognitivism | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Lean toward: non-cognitivism | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Accept: non-cognitivism | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept another alternative | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept both | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
| Accept: internalism | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Lean toward: externalism | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Lean toward: internalism | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: externalism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
| Accept: two boxes | 13 / 31 (41.9%) |
| Accept: one box | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Lean toward: two boxes | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Other | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: one box | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
| Lean toward: consequentialism | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Accept: consequentialism | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Lean toward: virtue ethics | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept: deontology | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: deontology | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Reject all | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept more than one | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept another alternative | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Lean toward: representationalism | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Lean toward: qualia theory | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept: representationalism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Reject one or two, undecided between others | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: qualia theory | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept more than one | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Lean toward: sense-datum theory | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept: sense-datum theory | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Reject all | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
| Lean toward: psychological view | 11 / 31 (35.5%) |
| Accept: biological view | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Lean toward: biological view | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept: further-fact view | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: psychological view | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept more than one | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Politics: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
| Lean toward: egalitarianism | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Accept: egalitarianism | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Reject all | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept more than one | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: libertarianism | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept another alternative | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: communitarianism | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
| Lean toward: Millian | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Lean toward: Fregean | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Accept: Fregean | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Reject both | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept both | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: Millian | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Skip | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept another alternative | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
| Accept: scientific realism | 13 / 31 (41.9%) |
| Lean toward: scientific realism | 11 / 31 (35.5%) |
| Lean toward: scientific anti-realism | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept another alternative | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
| There is no fact of the matter | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Lean toward: survival | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Accept: survival | 5 / 31 (16.1%) |
| Lean toward: death | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Accept: death | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Skip | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 10 / 31 (32.3%) |
| Accept: B-theory | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Skip | 3 / 31 (9.7%) |
| Accept: A-theory | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Lean toward: B-theory | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept an intermediate view | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Reject both | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept both | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Other | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
| Accept: switch | 20 / 31 (64.5%) |
| Lean toward: switch | 4 / 31 (12.9%) |
| There is no fact of the matter | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Lean toward: don't switch | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
| Accept: correspondence | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Lean toward: deflationary | 8 / 31 (25.8%) |
| Lean toward: correspondence | 7 / 31 (22.6%) |
| Lean toward: epistemic | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept more than one | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept: epistemic | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Other | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Accept: deflationary | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
| Accept: conceivable but not metaphysically possible | 9 / 31 (29.0%) |
| Lean toward: conceivable but not metaphysically possible | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Lean toward: inconceivable | 6 / 31 (19.4%) |
| Accept: metaphysically possible | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 2 / 31 (6.5%) |
| Accept: inconceivable | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Reject one, undecided between others | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Lean toward: metaphysically possible | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Other | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| Agnostic/undecided | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
| The question is too unclear to answer | 1 / 31 (3.2%) |
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