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Abbot, Mark, 190 Abercrombie, Patrick, 9, 10f, 11f, 246f, 248f, p33, p34; on survey before plan, 26 accessibility, 73, 136, 138; mathematically expressed, 74; models to measure, 74; pedestrian, 154–155 action, 133; to knowledge links, 26; plans, 244; urban designer, 263 adaptability, 137; environmental, 265 additive structure, 265 administration, 35 Adobe Illustrator, 65 AECOM, xxiii, 21 aerial photos, 44f, 54 agriculture, 35 Ahern, Jack, 122 Ahwahnee Principles, 138, 140–141 Alberti, Leon Battista, 4 Alberti, Marina, 3, 265 American Planning Association, 27–28 Amernic, Joel H., 213–214 analyses: in cyclic process, 31; ecological, 110; environmental context, 131; environmental impact, 4, 32; of historical data, 57–68; master plan, 198; site map, 127, 128–129f, p14; socioeconomic, 71–72; surveys and, 48–49; SWOT, 96, 98–100. See also morphological analysis; suitability analysis Anderson, Larz, 27–28, 30f animal life in urban areas, 3 appendices, master plan, 201, 203 appraisal, of urban components, 61–63 ArcGIS Online, 54 architectural design process, 25–26 architectural project, 7 architecture, 26, 266; urban design and, 13–14 Arep Groupe of Paris, 117 armatures, 62 artistic inspiration, 31 artistic simulations, 225 assignment, 21; public participation in direct, 176 assimilation, as process model phase, 26 Austin, Texas, 92, 145, 176f, 177f. See also University of Texas at Austin Australia, 252, 255, 255f Avinoff, Andrew, 225f axonometric drawings. See exploded axonometric drawings Index Figures/photos/illustrations are indicated by a " f " and tables by a " t ." The color plates are indicated by "p." 290 Index Bacon, Edmund, 59–60, 167 Ballymun Master Plan, 9 Balmori Associates, 229–232 Barcelona, Spain, 9. See also Parc Diagonal Mar, Barcelona, Spain; La Rambla, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barnett, Jonathan, 6, 8–9, 170–171, 245, 246 base map, 118f, 120 Bassett, Edward, 189–190 Bastrop test site, 250, 252f, 254f; design guidelines, 251; plan and axonometric views of, 253f Battery Park City, 239f Battery Park City Green Building Guidelines, 237–238 Batty, Michael, 112 Beatley, Timothy, 6, 139, 265 before and after representation, 215, 216f, 217f, p27, p28; of Fox Riverfront, 218f, 219f Beijing Planning Exhibition Hall, 215 Bennett, Edward P., 10 Benyus, Janine, 139 Bermondsey, London, 246f, 247f, 248f, p33, p34 bike paths, 75 biomimicry strategies, for cities, 139, 143 biophilic urban design, 139; elements across scales, 143 bird's-eye-view drawings, 116, 118f black asphalt, 3–4 blocks, 68; biophilic design elements, 143; patterns and characteristics of, 61 blog, 183 Bloomberg, Michael, 9 Blyth, Alastair, 41 Bobbio, Norberto, 169, 169n3 Boston, Massachusetts, 86–90, 194–196 Boyer, Heather, 265 Brawne, Michael, 25–26 brief, 41; preparation, 42; for Vatnsmýri Airport Area Competition, Reykjavík, 43–45 Brooklyn Bridge Park, New York, 9, 266, 268f, p16; axonometric drawings of, 267f, p15; section, 108f, p13; site analysis and project criteria, 128–129f, p14 Brown, Denise Scott, 91 building: biophilic design elements, 143; components, 62; details, 227; rating systems, 159, 161–166; typologies, 62; typology investigation, 201 Bürklin, Thorsten, 48–49 Burnham, Daniel H., 10, 144 Butler, Kent, 48–49 CAD. See computer-aided design Calatrava, Santiago, 134–136 calibration, 74–75 "Call for Ideas" document, 43 Calthorpe, Peter, 5, 6, 81, 145, 250 Canada, 7, 55; Lake Ontario, 9; Toronto, 13f Canons of Sustainable Architecture and Urbanism (Congress for the New Urbanism), 5 carbon production, 57 De Carlo, Giancarlo, 169, 169n2 Carmona, Matthew, 2; goals by, 137–138; on urban public spaces, 86 case studies, 121–122, 126, 130; critical dimensions of, 123–124; master plan, 201; selecting, 124; suggested format for, 125 Cerdá, Ildfonso, 9 Cesar Pelli & Associates, 229–232 character, 137 charrette, 40 Chicago, Illinois: Magnificent Mile, 9; Millennium Park, 9, 12f, p1; Wabash Avenue, 65f. See also specific sites Chicago Plan, 10 Chisinau, Moldova (Eastern Europe): phasing table for workshop in, 34f; workshop process strategy in, 33–35 choices: options and, 156–159; tools for making, 132–133 Cité Industrielle, 9 cities, 265–266; biomimicry strategies for, 139, 143; created, 5; eco, 6; as ecosystems, 3. See also public city citizen: advisory committees, 39; involvement, 90; participation, 170 city-scale master plan, 194 Ciudad Lineal, 9 Civic Alliance to Rebuild Downtown New York, 156–159 Civic Design, 8 civic space, 87t Index 291 client, 21; information provided by, 47; listening to demands of, 39–41; private, 174; requirements, 131–132 climate, regional, 56 Cohoes, New York, 184, 185f comfort, 136 commissioned design, 38; type, 49 common interest facilities, 77 communication: art of, 225; as process model phase, 26; visual, 212–213 community: Ahwahnee principles, 140; biophilic design elements, 143; park, 82t; services, 42; in U.S., 172 competence responsibility, 264 competitions, 38, 47; public participation in, 175–176. See also specific competitions composition, in cyclic process, 31 computer technologies, 112f computer-aided design (CAD), 65, 111 concept plan, 133, 150–155, 250, 256f, p20; production of, 156 condemnation, 256 Congress for the New Urbanism, 5 conspicuous space, 87t constraints: design, 132; typical, 101. See also opportunities and constraints map "Consultation Days," 43, 45, 45f continuity and enclosure, 137 control, 138 CorelDRAW, 65 corridors, 89 cost, master plan, 199–200 Craig, Russell, 213–214 Creighton, James, 167, 168, 173; on public involvement, 171 Cret, Paul, 230; University of Texas plan, 202f, p25; University of Texas plan, watercolor, 231f, p32 Cullen, Gordon, 53 Cullingworth, Barry, 243 cyclic process, of analysis-compositionevaluation, 31 Daley, Richard M., 9 Danze & Blood, 229–232 data collection, 47. See also historical data deep structure, 18, 48 deliverables, 16 Delphi technique, 181 density, 61 Department for Transport, UK Government, 75 Department of Transportation, U.S., 74 design, 18, 20–21; architectural, 25–26; based practice, 10; constraints, 132; integrated team, 195f, p24; methods by Shirvani, 26–27; preferred, 198–199; preliminary, 132–133; task, 113–121; in urbanism, 5–6 design guidelines, master plan, 200–201, 242; Bastrop test site, 251; Battery Park City Green Building Guidelines and, 237–238; ECT, 250– 252; of University of Cincinnati, 232–236; of University of Texas at Austin, 229–232 Design of Cities (Bacon), 59, 167 Design with Nature (McHarg), 4–5 designer, 20–21; management, 169; as one-man band, 96, 97f, p7; as orchestra conductor, 96, 97f, p8; as part of ensemble, 96, 97f, p9. See also urban designer details (phase), 20, 227; design guidelines, 229– 238; economic assessment, 228–229; mobility feasibility, 238–242 development, as process model phase, 26 dialogues (phase), 19, 170–188; comparison characteristics and risks, 168–170; to inform, 167; to involve, 167. See also public information; public participation direct assignments, 176 districts, 89 diversity, 138 Dobbins, Michael, 170; on urban design and public places, 172–173 drainage systems, natural, 164–165, 164f, 165f, p21, p22 Duany, Andrés, 103 Dudeney, Henry Ernest, 93 Duffy, Roger, 219 Dynamic Planning, 182 Eames, Charles, 249 ecocities, 6 ecological analysis, 110 ecological footprints, 56–57 292 Index ecological planning, 18; methods, 55–56; Steiner's model, 27, 28f, 56 ecological urbanism, 4 ecology, 266; human, 18; in urbanism, 5–6. See also urban ecology economic assessment, 228–229 economic feasibility, 228 economy, local, 42 ecosystems, 265; cities as, 3; services, 266, 268, 270 ECT. See Envision Central Texas edges, 89 education of urban design, 21; graduate programs, 22–23t educational facilities, space per person, 77 Eliot, Charles, 4 energy, 57; consumption, 2–3, 35 environment, 18, 35; natural, 42 environmental adaptability, 265 environmental characteristics, 37, 38–39 environmental context analyses, 131 environmental impact analysis, 4, 32 environmental responsibility, 138 Envision Central Texas (ECT), 81, 144–151; design guidelines and spatial rules, 250–252; scenario A, 146, 147f; scenario B, 146, 148f; scenario C, 146–147, 149f; scenario D, 147, 150f. See also Austin, Texas; Bastrop test site ePanel, 182 Europe, 9; implementation plans, 244–245. See also specific places evaluation: in cyclic process, 31; residual method of, 229; sustainable design, 142t ex-ante, 98 executive summary, master plan, 197 exploded axonometric drawings, 95, 107, 109, 130; of Bastrop test site, 253f; of Brooklyn Bridge Park, New York, 267f, p15; for Nankang Depot Stormwater Park, 110f ex-post, 98 facilities: frameworks, 79f, p5; public, 85; standards, 79–83; study of, 76–92; UK provisions, 78–80. See also services; specific types of facilities Faga, Barbara, 169, 170, 176–177 Fiera Catena Plan of Mantua, Italy: historical map of area, 70f; morphological analysis in, 68–71 figure-ground theory, 90–91, 92; diagram, 92f financing, 35, 255–257 Fisher-Gewirtzman, Dafna, 113 fit, 138 focus groups, 180–181 food, 57 force fields, 236f Foster, Norman, 217 Fox Riverfront in Green Bay, Wisconsin, 215, 218f, 219f fragmental method, 26, 27 framework map, 153f Francis, Mark, 122–123 Fregonese, John, 145 Fregonese Calthorpe Associates, 145, 148 functions, single or mixed-use, 61 The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele, Milan, Italy, 64f Garnier, Tony, 9 Garvin, Alexander, 169 Gaventa, Sarah, 85 Geddes, Patrick, 4; on survey before plan, 26; transects and, 103, 107f Geddes Valley section, 103, 107f Geddesian approach, 31 Gehl, Jan, 85; on planning principles, 137 general background, master plan, 198 General Laws of Massachusetts Administration of the Government, Title VII, Cities, Towns, and Districts, 194–196 general plans, 243–244, 245; for Riverside, Illinois, 210f, p26 general study, as process model phase, 26 generational responsibility, 264 genius loci, 50 Geographic Information System (GIS), 49, 130; overlay mapped data, 111f; suitability analysis use of, 112; technology, 110–113; topology database, 111 geology, 56 GIS. See Geographic Information System goals: establishing, 132; identification, 156; lists of general, 133, 136–139, 144; master plan, 191–196 Goldberger, Paul, 173, 217–219 Gonzaga Axis in Mantua, Italy, 151, 154–155; paving solutions for, 240f, 241f, 242; pedestrian mobility along, 238–242 Good City Form (Lynch), 2, 5 Index 293 Google Earth, 54 The Granite Garden (Spirn), 13, 56 Graphics for Urban Design (Meeda, Parkyn, & Walton), 49 gravity model, 74–75 Greater London Plan, 9, 10f, 11f, 246f, p33 green cities, 6 green infrastructure, 85 Green Metropolis (Owen), 6 green space, 85 greenhouse gas production, 2–3, 57 Ground Zero, New York: presentations of proposals, 216–219; public participation at, 173–174; strategies for, 159 group dynamics, 40 growth management program, 145–146 Guidance on Transport Assessment, 75 guided walk, 50 Hack, Gary, 170, 262; on strategy, 32 Hall, Peter, 205 Handbook of Architectural Practice and Management, 26 Handy, Susan L., 73 Hargreaves Associates, 232–236 Harvard University, 8 Haughton, Graham, 57 Heatherwick, Thomas, 103 Helldén, David, 60 Heuristic Nolli Map, 91–92 High Line Project, New York City, 7, 9, 12f High Point, Seattle, 161, 163–169, 164f, 165f, p21, p22 Hilberseimer, Ludwig Karl, 9 Hills, George Angus, 55 Hippocrates, 4 historic growth pattern map, 63–68; Romania, 66–67f historical data, collection and analyses of, 57–68 historical map: of Fiera Catena, Mantua, Italy, 70f; of Mantua, Italy, 155f, p19. See also historic growth pattern map Hou, Jeffrey, 122 housing, 42 human ecology, 18 Hwang, Jie-Eun, 91–92 IAP 2. See International Association for Public Participation ICLEI. See International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives Local Governments for Sustainability Ideal City, 9 IGM. See Istituto Geografico Militare Illinois. See Chicago, Illinois; Riverside, Illinois image, 42, 136; in presentation, 214–215; public, 86–90 The Image of the City (Lynch), 49, 86–90 imageability, 88 Imagine Austin Comprehensive Planning workshop, 176f, 177f implementation, 137; in Europe, 244–245; master plan and, 192, 199–200; plan assessment for project, 38; strategies, 141; urban design and plan, 245–255 implementation (phase), 20, 243–254, 258–259; financing and, 255–257 incremental method, 26, 27 informal proposal, 38 infrastructures, 85 inside "public" space, 87t interchange space, 87t interface space, 88t internalized method, 26 International Association for Public Participation (IAP 2), 179–180 International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), 161 Internet, 182 interpretation, 133 introduction, master plan, 197 Isola di Lipari, Messina, Italy: ideograms for interpretation, 55f, p4; natural and human made environments, 54f, p3 Istituto Geografico Militare (IGM), 64 Italy: planning system, 247–250. See also Isola di Lipari, Messina, Italy; Mantua, Italy; Milan, Italy; Monza, Italy; Orsenigo, Como, Italy; Piazza San Marco, Venice, Italy; Piazza Santissima Annunziata, Florence, Italy Izenour, Steven, 91 Jacobs, Jane, 172 Jersey City, New Jersey, 86–90 John Wiley & Sons, 77 294 Index Kayden, Jerold, 86 knowledge: to action links, 26; expert's relationship to disciplinary, 96, 97f, p7, p8, p9; summarizing, 95 knowledge (phase), 16–18, 47–48; ecological footprints and, 56–57; ecological planning methods and, 55–56; historical data collection and, 57–68; "outside the box" gathering method, 93–94; photos and sketches, 51–55; site visit and, 49–51; social facilities studies and, 76–92; socioeconomic analyses and, 71–72; survey and analysis, 48–49; urban mobility and transportation studies, 72–75 Koile, Kimberlie, 91–92 Kolar, Kelly, 233–234 Lake Ontario, Canada, 9 land use(rs), 243; existing, 56; transformations, 15, 245 landmarks, 89 landscape, 31, 35, 266; terms to read, 89–90 Landscape Architecture Foundation, 122 Lang, Jon, 125–126; on case studies, 121–122 layer-cake model, 27, 29f Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), xxi, 159, 161–166; certifications, 161 Leamouth Peninsula, London: master plan, 106f, p12; opportunities and constraints in, 102–103, 104f, 105f, p10, p11 Leamouth Regeneration Framework, 102 Learning from Las Vegas (Venturi, Brown, & Izenour), 91 LEED. See Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design leftover space, 87t legibility, 137 Leupen, Bernard, 133 Lewis, Philip H., 55 Libeskind, Daniel, 217 Listening to the City, 174 The Living Landscape (Steiner), 27, 56 Livingwood, Charles, 225 Lloyd Jones, Tony, 31 LMDC. See Lower Manhattan Development Corporation local economy, 42 London, England: sketch of Parliament, 52f. See also Bermondsey, London; Greater London Plan; Leamouth Peninsula, London London Bridge Tower, 81–83; plan, 84f, p6 London Thames Gateway boundary, 102 Long Island City, New York, 183–184, 184f Long Term Ecological Research (LTER), 3–4 Longfellow Creek watershed, 163–164 Los Angeles, California, 86–90 Lower Don Lands Proposal, Toronto, 13f Lower Manhattan, New York City, 156–159, 174; scenarios, 158 Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC), 216 LTER. See Long Term Ecological Research Lynch, Kevin, xxii, 2, 5, 49, 262, 265; on knowledge, 47–48; performance dimensions and, 138–139; public image and, 86–90; on strategy, 32; on time, 59; on urban space, 85–86 Lynn, Greg, 218 Lyon, France, 9 MacKaye, Benton, 4, 18 Madanipour, Ali, 1, 2 Madrid Rio, 216f, 217f, p27, p28 maintenance, 136 Man and Nature (Marsh), 4 Manhattan Timeformations, 65 Mannahatta (Sanderson), 66 Mantua, Italy, 151, 154–155; historical map of, 155f, p19. See also Fiera Catena Plan of Mantua, Italy; Gonzaga Axis in Mantua, Italy; Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Italy; Palazzo Te, Mantua, Italy maps, 42, 53–54, 238, 240; aerial, 44f; base, 118f, 120; framework, 153f; mental, 90; Nolli, 90–92; Sanborn, 64; sieve, 49; site analysis, 127, 128– 129f, p14. See also historical map; opportunities and constraints map "Map of the Alignments and of the Regulating Lines," 249 Mariemont, Ohio, 225; promotional brochure for, 226f markers, of places, 62 Marsh, George Perkins, 4, 229 Marzluff, John, 265 master plan (phase), 19–20, 156, 189–191, 202; Index 295 appendices, 201, 203; building typology investigation, 201; case studies, 201; characteristics, 191–196; city-scale, 194; conception of, 194; contents, 196–203; goals, 191–196; implementation and, 192, 199–200; key purposes of, 192–193; Leamouth Peninsula, London, 106f, p12; for Monza, Italy, 186f, p23; origins of, 189–191; of Orsenigo, Como, 250f; public involvement, 191; rules to implement, 192; spatial, 193–194, 195f, p24; in UK, 192; of University of Cincinnati, 199f; of University of Texas at Austin, 200f; in urban design, 191; in U.S., 190, 192, 194; visualization and, 191, 197, 201. See also design guidelines, master plan; details (phase) matrices, 89 McGrath, Brian, 65 McHarg, Ian, 4–5, 18, 27, 55; suitability analysis and, 109; transects and, 103; X-ray metaphor used by, 48 McManus, Phil, 57 Meeda, Bally, 49 Meier, Richard, 217 mental geography, 53 mental map, 90 meta-project, 132–133 Metric Axial Model, 113 Meyer, Beth, 92 Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, 103 microclimate, 56 Milan, Italy, 116, 185–187; The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele in, 64f; Porta Genova in, 185; requalification models, 118f Milan's Fair, 116; scale comparison, 117f Milan Polytechnic, 35, 69, 117, 183, 247–250 Millennium Park, Chicago, 9, 12f, p1 Minimum Standards for Open Space (SPP), 80 mini-park, 82t Missouri. See St. Louis, Missouri, Washington Avenue mixed activities, 138 mobility, 35; feasibility, 238–242; studies, 72–75. See also pedestrians Moldova, 33f. See also Chisinau, Moldova Monza, Italy, 185; master plan for former abattoir of, 186f, p23; visualization of park area, 203f morphological analysis, in Fiera Catena Plan of Mantua, Italy, 68–71 Morris, Eleanor Smith, 167–168 mosaics, 89 Moudon, Anne Vernez, 68 Moughtin, Cliff, 49, 89–90 movement: ease of, 137; pedestrian, 113; space, 87t Mumford, Lewis, 2, 4, 5; social city plea, 83, 85 Nankang Depot Stormwater Park, 109; exploded axonometric drawings for, 110f National Planning Policy Guidance (NPPG), 78 National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA), 81; standards for park acreage, 82t National Science Foundation (NSF), 3 natural identity, 5 nature: human settlements and, 4; of place, 61 Ndubisi, Forster, 18 neighborhood: biophilic design elements, 143; park, 82t; planning councils, 40; rating systems, 159, 161–166; Selinunte, 117f New Jersey. See Jersey City, New Jersey; Raritan, New Jersey New Urbanists, 10, 13, 103, 129, 139, 250 New York. See Brooklyn Bridge Park, New York; Civic Alliance to Rebuild Downtown New York; Cohoes, New York; Ground Zero, New York; High Line Project, New York City; Long Island City, New York; Skyscraper Museum, New York City; World Trade Center site New York City, New York, 9, 156–159, 246. See also Lower Manhattan, New York City New York New Visions (NYNV), 158–159 New Zealand's Ministry for the Environment, 49 Newman, Peter, 265 The Next American Metropolis (Calthorpe), 5 Niemeier, Debbie A., 73 nodes, 89 Nolen, John, 10, 225; drawing by, 226f Nolli, Giovanni Battista, 90–92 Nolli maps, 90–92 Noos, 15 Norberg-Schulz, Christian, 50 Norrmalm project, 59, 60, 61f Northern Ireland, 78, 80 296 Index not-only-one-solution process, 14, 17f; phases, 15–20 NPPG. See National Planning Policy Guidance NRPA. See National Recreation and Park Association NSF. See National Science Foundation NYNV. See New York New Visions objectives, 133 Ohio. See Mariemont, Ohio; University of Cincinnati Olivetti, Adriano, 9 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., 190 Olmsted, Frederick Law, Sr., xxii, 4, 9, 208–211 online consultation, 183 Open Space, Sport and Outdoor Recreation (PPS), 80 opportunities, typical areas of, 101–102 opportunities and constraints map, 95, 100–101, 129; Leamouth Peninsula, London, 102–103, 104f, 105f, p10, p11 options (phase), 19, 131, 134–135, 140–143, 160; choice making tools and, 132–133; choices and, 156–159; concept plan and, 150–156; goals and, 133, 136–139, 144; prerequisites, 132; rating systems, 159, 161–166; visioning and, 144–151 origination, of project, 37–38 Orsenigo, Como, Italy, 247–250; master plan of, 250f Orsenigo Integrated Intervention Program, 247–250 "outside the box" thinking, 93–94, 93f Owen, David, 6 Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Italy, 154 Palazzo Te, Mantua, Italy, 154, 156f, p20 Parc Diagonal Mar, Barcelona, Spain, xix, xxf, 141f, p18 Paris, France, 246 park acreage standards, NRPA, 82t parking, 81; space per person, 77; standards, 80 Parkyn, Niel, 49 participation: citizen, 170; continuing or permanent, 175; direct, 175; Piano on, 168– 169; public process of, 146. See also public participation past experience, 40 patches, 89 paths, 89 paving: black asphalt, 3–4; furnishing and, 62; solutions for Gonzaga Axis, 240f, 241f, 242 pedestrians: accessibility, 154–155; mobility along Gonzaga Axis in Mantua, 238–242; movement, 113; walking paths, 75 Pennsylvania Standards for Residential Site Development, 81 performance dimensions, of urban design, 138–139 permeability, 138 Peterek, Michael, 48–49 Peterson, Steven, 218–219 Phoenix, Arizona, 3–4 photos, 51–55; aerial, 44f, 54 physical models, 116–117, 130, 215; in Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, 220f, p29 Piano, Renzo, 50–51; on participation, 168–169 Piazza San Marco, Venice, Italy, 52f Piazza Santissima Annunziata, Florence, Italy, 58f, 59 plan assessment, for project implementation, 38 planning, 18, 28–29, 42, 266; neighborhood councils, 40; principles, 137; process as continuous cycle, 30f; project, 194; systems in Italy, 247–250; tools, 62; town, 7; urban design roles in, 245–255. See also ecological planning; urban planning Planning and Urban Design Standards (Steiner & Butler), 48–49 A Planning Framework to Rebuild Downtown New York (Civic Alliance and Regional Plan Association), 157 "Planning Policy Guidance 17: Planning for Open Space, Sport, and Recreation" (UK Government), 78–79 Planning Policy Guidance 17 Companion Guide (UK Government), 79–80 Planning Policy Statements (PPS), 78, 80 Plater-Zyberk, Elizabeth, 103 playground, 82t pluralistic method, 26, 27 poiesis, 21, 24 Point Fraser Precinct Development, 252, 255, 255f policies, 133 Policy Delphi, 181 Index 297 The Political Culture of Planning (Cullingworth), 243 Pope, Alexander, 94 Popper, Karl, 25–26 population, 42; characteristics, 72; trends, 72 population growth: facility demands and, 76–77; historic pattern map, 63–68, 66–67f; management program, 145–146 Porta Genova, Milan, Italy, 185 Possible Futures (NYNV), 159 posters, 206, 219–221; for Vatnsmýri Airport Area Competition, Reykjavík, 222f, 223f, p30, p31 PowerPoint, 206, 214–215; critics of, 212–213; users, 211 PPS. See Planning Policy Statements; Project for Public Spaces preferred design, master plan, 198–199 prefiguration, urban setting, 191–192 preliminary design, 132–133 preliminary questions, 40–41 prerequisites (phase), 16, 37, 46, 132; brief and, 41–45; environmental characteristics and, 38– 39; listening techniques and client demands, 39–41 presentation (phase), 20, 205, 207–211, 220, 222– 223, 226; advice for, 213–214; choosing method of, 224–225; of Ground Zero, 216–219; images in, 214–215; material selection, 221, 224; media used in, 206; speaking abilities, 214; verbal, 206, 211–219; video, 206, 215–216. See also posters; PowerPoint; summary reports; video presentation pretoriana tablet, 90 Prince of Wales' Urban Design Task Force in Lebanon, 126 Principles for the Rebuilding of Lower Manhattan (NYNV), 158–159 private space, 62; inside, 88t; open, 88t; outside, 88t; "public," 87t; public space-, intersection, 85, 86, 91; visible, 88t pro forma, 228 processes (phase), 16, 25–31, 36; strategies, 32–35. See also specific process models Project for public Spaces (PPS), 133, 136 project planning, 194 projection techniques, 72 public city, 83; components of, 85 public image, 86–90 public impact levels, 179–180 public information, 167 public involvement, 171; master plan and, 191; public participation and, 170–174 public participation, 167; in competitions, 175–176; Creighton on, 173; in different design contexts, 175–179; in direct assignments, 176; at Ground Zero, 173–174; opportunities in design process, 171–172; private client dialogue versus, 174; process, 169; public involvement and, 170–174; techniques, 180–187; types of, 179–180; in urban design, 176–177; in urban design process, 174–175; in Vatnsmýri Airport Area Competition, Reykjavík, 177–179; in workshop, 175 public policy, 266; urban design applied to, 8–9 public "private" space, 87t public space, 62, 83–84, 138; Dobbins on, 172–173; open, 87t; private space-, intersection, 85, 86, 91; quality of, 137; space per person, 77; urban, 85–86; urban contemporary, 87–88t public transportation, 83; role of, 75 Puente del Rey, Madrid, 215 Puget Sound, 3 purposes, master plan, 197 radical method, 26, 27 La Rambla, Barcelona, Spain, 63f Rapid 3D printer, 119f rapid model, 117–121, 118f, 119f, 121f, p17; cardboard, 120f Raritan, New Jersey, 184–185 rating systems, 159, 161–166 reason, 15 Rees, William, 56 regional Ahwahnee principles, 140–141 Regional Planning Association of America, 2 Regional Plan Association, 183 Regional Planning Guidance (RPG), 102 Renzo Piano Building Workshops, 83 residual method of evaluation, 229 responsibility, 138, 262–264 retail space, 87t Riverside, Illinois, 212f; general plan, 210f, p26; summary report for, 208–211 298 Index Riverside Improvement Company, 208–211, 209f road network, 73 Rodin, Judith, 256 Roger Hanks Park, 152f; framework map, 153f Rogers, Richard, 138 Romania: historic growth pattern map, 66–67f; rapid model in international workshop on, 117–121; workshop model, 121f, p17 route formulas, 73 Royal Institute of British Architects, 26 Royal Town Planning Institute, 1 RPG. See Regional Planning Guidance Salheen, Mohamed, 113 Saliba, Robert, 126 Sanborn maps, 64 Sanderson, Eric, 66 scale, 143; comparison, 113–116, 114f, 115f, 117f, 130; models, 116, 120 scenarios, 146–150, 158 Schneider, Kenneth, 6 Schneider, Krista, 122 Schwalbach, Gerrit, 48 Schwartz, Martha, 103 Scotland, 78 Scottish Planning Policies (SPP), 78, 80 Seattle, Washington: Public Utilities, 163–164. See also High Point, Seattle second man principle, 59–60 security, 136 Selinunte neighborhood, 117f sense, 138; of place, 50, 136 services: community, 42; ecosystems, 266, 268, 270; space, 87t; survey of existing, 77 Sexton layer-cake model, 29f Shanghai Houtan Park, 266, 270f, p36 Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Hall, 215; model in, 220f, p29 Shirvani, Hamid, 26–27 sieve mapping, 49 Signage Policy and Standards (Kolar), 233–234 Simon, Herbert, 262 single buildings, 62 site: analysis map, 127, 128–129f, p14; diagnosis, 127–129; test, 149–150; uses, 40–41. See also specific sites site visit, 18, 47, 49–51; organizing, 53; Piano on, 50–51 SITES. See Sustainable Sites Initiative sketches, 51–55, 52f, 54f; with ideograms for interpretation, 55f, p4 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), 35, 102, 117 Skyscraper Museum, New York City, 65–66 social values, 109 socioeconomic analyses, 71–72 soils, 56 SOM. See Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Soria y Mata, Arturo, 9 Sorrel, John, 85 space, awareness of, 113–121, 130 Spain. See Barcelona, Spain spatial master plan, 193–194, 195f, p24 Spatial Openness Index, 113 species responsibility, 263 Spirn, Anne Whiston, 4, 13, 14, 18, 48, 56 SSP. See Scottish Planning Policies St. Louis, Missouri, Washington Avenue, 257, 258f, 259 "Stakeholder Meetings," 45, 179 Stein, Clarence, 2 Steinitz, Carl, 52f, 53 stewardship, 265–270; principles of, 28–29; sevenstep process, 29, 31 Stockholm, Sweden, 59, 60, 61f stormwater, 109, 110f, 164; pond, 165, 165f, p22 StossLU, 109 street: biophilic design elements, 143; network, 62; paving and furnishing, 62 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT), 19, 95, 129; analysis, 96, 98– 100; phases, 100; questions to start analysis, 99; scheme, 98f structure: additive, 265; deep, 18 studio, role of, 24 study area, 21 suitability analysis, 19, 95, 109–110, 130; GIS uses in, 112 summary reports, 206–211; for Riverside, Illinois, 208–211 survey: analysis and, 48–49; of existing services, 77; in master plan, 198; before plan, 26 sustainability, 6, 137; indicators, 146; transportation encouraging, 75–76 Index 299 sustainable design evaluation checklist, 142t Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES), 159, 164–166; certifications, 161; credits, 162–163 SWOT. See Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats synoptic method, 26–27 synthesis (phase), 18–19, 95–130; assumptions and results from, 131; case studies and, 121–126; exploded axonometric drawing tools in, 107, 109; opportunities and constraints mapping tools in, 100–103; site diagnosis and, 127–129; spatial awareness and design task, 113–121; suitability analysis tools in, 109–110; SWOT analysis tool in, 96, 98–100; techniques, 96; transects tools in, 103, 107 Taipei, Taiwan, 109 Talen, Emily, 9 task forces, 39, 193–194 tax increment financing, 256 team, design, 195f, p24 téchne, 21, 24 technical advisory committees, 39–40 terrain, 56 The Thames Gateway Planning Framework (UK Government), 102 third place space, 87t Thomas Jefferson University, 266, 269f, p35 Tibbalds, Francis, 1 Tiesdell, Steve, 2 Till, Jeremy, 2 time, 59, 96; available, 49 de Tocqueville, Alexis, 172 Toronto, Canada, 13f Toward an Urban Renaissance, 78, 138 town: meetings, 181; planning project, 7 Townscape (Cullen), 53 traffic models, 72 Trancik, Roger, 91 transects, 95, 103, 107, 107f, 130 Transparent Cities (McGrath), 65 Transport and Planning Maximum Parking Standards (SPP), 80 transportation, 42; environmental sustainability encouraged, 75–76; existing network management and, 76; residual impact mitigation and, 76; studies, 72–75; systems, 2–3, 35; traffic models, 72. See also parking; public transportation; street triage technique, 221, 224 Tufte, Edward, 212 UDA. See Urban Design Associates UK. See United Kingdom UK Government, Department of Transport, Local Government and Regions, 191 undefined space, 87t United Kingdom (UK), 7, 8, 75–76, 78–80, 102, 191; master plan in, 192; provision of facilities in, 78–80. See also London, England; specific places United States (U.S.), 7, 9–10, 74; action plans, 244; community role in, 172; energy consumption in, 2–3; facility standards in, 81; financing in, 256–257; master plan in, 190, 192, 194. See also specific places United States Green Building Council (USGBC), 159 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 35 University of Cincinnati: connective open space, 235f; connective quadrangle, 234f; design guidelines in master plan of, 232–236; force fields, 236f; master plan, 199f University of Pennsylvania, vision plan, 257f, p2 University of South Florida Polytechnic Master Plan, 134–136 University of Texas at Austin, 145; Cret's plan of development for, 202f, p25; Cret's plan of development for, in water color, 231f, p32; design guidelines in master plan of, 229–232; diagrams of treatments for new malls, 232f; master plan, 200f Urban Analysis (Schwalbach), 48 Urban Building Blocks (Bürklin & Peterek), 48–49 urban challenges, 205 urban design: architecture and, 13–14; characteristics of, 7; defining, 1–7, 266–267; development of discipline, 7–14; Dobbins on, 172–173; ecotone, 266; evaluative role of, 8; expansion, 9; graphical language of, 224; key principles, 138; master plan in, 191; performance dimensions of, 138–139; planning and, 245–255; public participation in, 176–177; 300 Index urban design (continued) public policy applied to, 8–9; reason in, 15; urban ecology and, 2–3, 13; urban planning related to, 9, 10f, 11f. See also biophilic urban design; education of urban design Urban Design: Methods and Techniques (Moughtin), 49 Urban Design (Lang), 125–126 Urban Design and People (Dobbins), 170 Urban Design Associates (UDA), 48 The Urban Design Handbook (UDA), 48 urban design process: computer technologies in, 112f; Lloyd Jones's steps of, 31; public participation in, 174–175; responsibility and, 262–264; stewardship and, 265–270 Urban Design Program, Harvard, 8 Urban Design Toolkit (2009), 49 urban designer: actions, 263; role of, 261–262 urban ecology: urban design and, 2–3, 13; urban planning and, 13 urban mobility, 72–75 urban morphology, 68–71 urban planning: Anderson and processes of, 27– 28; urban design related to, 9, 10f, 11f; urban ecology and, 13 urban space, 85–86; natural/seminatural, 87t Urban Task Force, 193–194 urban texture, 61 urban transformation, 61 urbanism: ecological, 4; ecology and design in, 5–6 U.S. See United States user groups, 40 user selecting space, 88t USGBC. See United States Green Building Council Valtellina, Sondrio, 187 Vatnsmýri Airport Area Competition, Reykjavík, 207; aerial map of site, 44f; brief for, 43–45; "Consultation Days" event, 45f; poster for, 222f, 223f, p30, p31; public participation in, 177–179; scale comparison, 114, 115f Vaux, Calvert, 208–211 Veal, Tony, 81 vegetation, 56 Venturi, Robert, 91 verbal presentation, 206, 211–219 video presentation, 206, 215–216 Viñoly, Rafael, 218 visioning, 156; ECT process of, 144–151 visual communication, 212–213 visualization: master plan and, 191, 197, 201; Monza, Italy park area, 203f vitality, 136, 138 volumetric, 191–192 Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 65f Wackernagel, Mathis, 56 Walk-for-a-Day figured-ground diagram, 92f walking: paths, 75; tour, 50 Wallace, David, 10 Wallace Roberts & Todd, 257 Walton, David Stuart, 49 waste, 57 water, 56, 57 webchat, 183 wildlife, 56 Wildlife Conservation Society, 66–67 Wisconsin. See Fox Riverfront in Green Bay, Wisconsin workshop, 37, 47–48, 183–187; basic elements of, 182; brief in, 41; model on Romania, 121f, p17; nominal group, 40; phasing table, 34f; process strategy in Chisinau, 33–35; public participation in, 175; on Romania, 117–121; testsite, 149–150. See also specific workshops World Trade Center site, 159, 174, 237; matrix of diagrams of, 160f; scale comparison, 114f. See also Ground Zero, New York Worthington, John, 41 WS Atkins Planning Consultants, 102 X-ray drawings, 48 zoning, 9–10, 245, 246; plans, 243–