Complex Organisation and Fundamental Physics Brian D. Josephson Mind–Matter Unification Project Department of Physics/Trinity College University of Cambridge 1 http://www.tcm.phy.cam.ac.uk/~bdj10 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICSHangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 Main Theme Theoretical Physics is primarily mathematical, whereas biology is concerned primarily with mechanisms. Mathematical and biological aspects of nature need to be integrated (cf. Simeonov's Integral Biomathics). Expectation: this will expose hidden mechanisms underlying observed phenomena (cf. atoms underlying sound waves, viscosity, etc.). Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 2 Mathematical aspect of physics In physics mathematics is primary, laws expressed as equations e.g. Newtonian mechanics, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory: Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 3 and the Standard Model of elementary particles. Limitations So far so good. But ... What about gravity, dark matter, etc.? And biology, and the 'collapse of the state vector'... Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 4 Issues with biology The difficulty in treating biology in the same way as physics lies in the variability of biosystems (no two organisms are the same). In physics we can usually model variability in terms of presumed independent probability distributions. But in biology, relationships and sophisticated mechanisms are important: the independent fluctuation assumption is not a good one. Comment: we can't make an furniture from a kit just by putting the parts together in any way that comes to mind, and the same applies to organisms; the situation in biology is much more subtle than is typical in physics. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 5 Graphic: Christian Schirm Observation and Collapse in Quantum Mechanics The Schrödinger paradox: an imaginary experiment involving radioactive decay, which the equations say leaves a cat apparently both alive and dead at the same time. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 6 One interpretation is the many-worlds hypothesis: the universe splits into two, one with a live cat and the other a dead one. We are in just one of these universes, and see only the situation in that universe. Collapse alternative The problem: how is that 'I' end up in a particular universe? The difficulty is normally ignored. An alternative to many-worlds is the 'collapse' hypothesis: only one of the universes is real. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 7 Wheeler's mechanism A separate law for observation (the collapse equation) has been widely dismissed, as inelegant and ill-defined. However, Wheeler has postulated a special mechanism for this process, reflexive circuitry associated with an instability, resulting in a value being registered in an irreversible process: Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 8 observer observed system Fabricating Form Wheeler suggests that in the same way that a sculptor fabricates a sculpture through a large collection of basic actions, a multitude of 'observer-participancy' processes can lead to the 'fabrication of form'. We now turn to the relationship between physics and biology to clarify the detail. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 9 observer observed system Observer-participancy in biology Biology has very similar observer-participation, with a process involving reflexive circuitry leading to refinement of the process concerned, on the basis of feedback. Such refinement, and sometimes also high precision, arises naturally in biology. Perhaps physical systems work in a similar way? Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 10 observer observed system How does life work? If one asks the question 'how do computers work', the answer will typically involve accounts of the various ideas underlying the design, at various levels. Design tends to work from idea to implementation, an idea being a mental picture of some kind, to which the designer attempts to make the implementation conform. An accumulation of design components leads over time to a 'grand design'. Biological research tends to work in the opposite direction, from discovery of details to insight into the corresponding concept. But it is fruitful to view an organism as a similar 'grand design', built up from structures with power. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 11 Power structures, systematic activity In a computer, random code can't achieve much, highly specific structures are needed. In the same way, very specific 'power structures' are needed for life (note contrast with physics). Structures are also needed that build structures in a systematic way. Sign systems also facilitate this structure building process. Mathematical formalism is possible: e.g. the 'hyperstructures' of Baas, modelled in a computer simulation by Osborne. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 12 Osborne's hyperstructure simulation COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 13Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 https://philarchive.org/archive/OSBTLS-2 Program structure COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 14Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 Flexibility and power Some structures are observed to be very flexible as well as powerful. For example language: particular strategies (e.g. naming objects) work in a wide range of circumstances, and the brain's language mechanism makes use of such flexibility using appropriate observer-participant systems. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 15 observer system observed system The same applies to sign systems in general, once the appropriate structures have come into existence. Starting from Simplicity: Yardley's Circular Theory Yardley has a theory whereby the 'circle' is viewed as the most fundamental form of life. Expressing her Circular Theory along the lines of the ideas developed here: • cycles occur naturally in complex systems (cf. weather) • their persistence will be a function of associated structures (again cf. weather) • natural selection can function in such a situation, leading to effective support • increased activity promotes exploration and development, reduced activity stability • acoustic information can be effective in creating structures, and can in principle function as codes for building well-defined structures Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 16 Acoustic Codes and Cymatics Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 17 Cymascope image showing response of water to the Phantasy Quintet of Vaughan Williams (phenomenon attributed to Faraday) Triads and contexts COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 18 context of activity (semiosphere) idea (mind/observer) unfolding of idea (matter/or object) Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 Observer and observed are like phases in equilibrium, a third entity acting as background; structure emerges spontaneously Three entities in quasi-equilibrium, different and yet compatible with each other. From simple to complex We start with cycles, with increasing structural complexity as the amplitude increases. Stabilising structures are linked cymatically to acoustic codes. Powerful structure-building capacities lead to effective designs of increasing complexity and capacity (cf. what happens with language). An aspect of power is the enforcement on their environment of effective laws, making use of codes to define behaviour. Ultimately life processes evolve to be able to define universes, necessarily favourable to the life processes themselves, a kind of perfectly functioning society, a global system maintained by its effective supporting mechanisms. Such evolved mechanisms underlie life, the universe and everything. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 19 Conclusions We should look to biology to understand physics better: it has been wrongly assumed to be irrelevant to physics. I have exposed a collection of ideas that fit well together into a comprehensive scheme, with components amenable to scientific analysis (cf. Artificial Life). Filling in the details is a task for the future. Overall scheme is so complex that it is hard to formulate in terms of words, but one can still make models of such schemes to test ideas, still do science. Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 20 Sources of concepts used in this lecture Barad: Meeting the Universe Halfway: the Entanglement of Mind and Matter Hoffmeyer: Biosemiotics Yardley: Circular Theory Hankey: discussions of complexity biology Hangzhou (China), May 6th. 2018 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 21 COMPLEX ORGANISATION AND FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 22 The End Hangzhou (China), May 6th.