EVA KAMERER Uni ver zi tet u Be o gra du, Fi lo zof ski fa kul tet - Ode lje nje za fi lo zo fi ju, Be o grad DOI 10.5937/kultura1234263K UDK 575.8(497.11) 575.826/.827:168 originalan naučni rad TE O RI JA EVO LU CI JE IZ ME ĐU DAR VI NI ZMA I LA MAR KI ZMA NE KI ASPEK TI RE CEP CI JE TE O RI JE EVO LU CI JE U SR BI JI Sa-že-tak:-Cilj ovog tek sta je da ozna či osnov ne prav ce tu ma če nja pri- rod ne se lek ci je u ra noj re cep ci ji te o ri je evo lu ci je u Sr bi ji i ot po re na ko je su na i la zi le ne ke Dar vi no ve ide je. Ana li za je, da kle, usme re na na kon tro ver ze oko ide ja ve za nih za pi ta nje evo lu ci o nih me ha ni za ma, tj. za pi ta nje pri rod ne se lek ci je i na sle đi va nja ste če nih oso bi na kao i oko ide- je kom pe ti ci je ko ja je bi la od sre di šnjeg zna ča ja za dar vi nov sku pri rod- nu se lek ci ju. Ovi aspek ti tu ma če nja Dar vi no ve te o ri je su, na i me, bi li od zna ča ja za kul tu ru u ce li ni i oni se, u naj ši rem smi slu, mo gu po sma tra ti kao jed na vr sta simp to ma op šteg sta nja du ha. Ključ-ne-re-či: te o ri ja evo lu ci je, Dar vin, La mark, pri rod na se lek ci ja „... u ovom slu ča ju bi će mi ve li ko za do volj stvo kad po mi slim da sam pri po mo gao da se pri vu če pa žnja mla dih lju di pri rod nim na u ka ma u ze mlji, za ko ju mno gi u En gle skoj mi sle, da će sko ro za u ze ti od lič no me sto me đu evrop skim na ro di ma." Čarls-Dar-vin Na-uč-na-ko-mu-ni-ka-ci-ja-sa-sve-tom-i-in-te-re-so-va-nje-za-no-va-na-uč-na- do-stig-nu-ća-i-te-o-ri-je-uvek-je-bi-lo-ve-o-ma-ži-vo-u-Sr-bi-ji,-bez-ob-zi- ra-na-po-li-tič-ke-pri-li-ke-i-sta-nje-u-in-sti-tu-ci-ja-ma.1-U-raz-u-me-va-nju- i-pri-hva-ta-nju-no-vih-na-uč-nih-te-o-ri-ja-ni-smo-za-o-sta-ja-li-za-dru-gim- 1- Ovaj-tekst-je-na-stao-u-okvi-ru-pro-je-ka-ta-br.-179041-(Di-na-mič-ki-si-ste-mi-u-pri- ro-di-i-dru-štvu:-fi-lo-zof-ski-i-em-pi-rij-ski-aspek-ti)-i-41004-(Bi-o-e-tič-ki-aspek-ti:-mo- ral-no-pri-hva-tlji-vo-u-bi-o-teh-no-lo-ški-i-dru-štve-no-mo-gu-ćem),-ko-je-fi-nan-si-ra-Mi- ni-star-stvo-pro-sve-te-i-na-u-ke-Re-pu-bli-ke-Sr-bi-je. 264 EVA KAMERER evrop-skim-ze-mlja-ma,- iako- je-ovo- raz-u-me-va-nje-če-sto-vi-še-bi-lo- re-zul-tat-na-po-ra-iz-u-zet-nih-po-je-di-na-ca-ne-go-or-ga-ni-zo-va-ne-ko-lek- tiv-ne-ak-tiv-no-sti.-To-je,-či-ni-mi-se,-u-pr-vo-vre-me-bio-slu-čaj-i-sa- Dar-vi-no-vom-(Dar win)-te-o-ri-jom-evo-lu-ci-je.-Gor-nji-na-vod-iz-pre- pi-ske- iz-me-đu- Dar-vi-na- i- nje-go-vog- pr-vog- srp-skog- pre-vo-di-o-ca,- Mi-la-na-R.-Ra-do-va-no-vi-ća,- po-ti-če-upra-vo- iz- ta-kvih-pri-li-ka.-Na- i-me,-Mi-lan-R.-Ra-do-va-no-vić-je-umro-vr-lo-mlad-i-ni-je-us-peo-da- do vr ši pre vod Dar vi no vog Po stan ka vr sta.-Bi-lo-je-po-treb-no-da- pro-đu- de-ce-ni-je- pre- ne-go- što- je- na-ša- sre-di-na,- za-hva-lju-ju-ći-Ne- delj-ku- Div-cu,- do-bi-la- kom-ple-tan- pre-vod- ovog- de-la- (Po sta nak vr sta po mo ću oda bi ra nja ili odr ža va nja po vla đi va nih ra sa u bor bi za ži vot,- Pro-sve-ta- Be-o-grad,- 1948).- Re-cep-ci-ja- i- po-pu-la- ri-za-ci-ja- te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci-je,- ipak,-u-osno-vi-ni-je-bi-la-ve-za-na-sa-mo- za-srp-ski-pre-vod-Dar-vi-no-vih-de-la,-već-se-od-vi-ja-la-i-za-hva-lju-ju- ći-Sr-bi-ma-ko-ji-su-se-ško-lo-va-li-po-Evro-pi,-i-ko-ji-su-u-do-mo-vi-ni- ši-ri-li- ste-če-na-zna-nja,-or-ga-ni-zo-va-li- stu-di-je-no-vih-na-uč-nih-di-sci- pli-na-ko-je-su-se-raz-vi-le-za-hva-lju-ju-ći-te-o-ri-ji-evo-lu-ci-je-i-od-ga-ja-li- no-va-po-ko-le-nja-na-uč-ni-ka.- U-ovom- tek-stu- ne-ću-pru-ži-ti- is-cr-pan-pri-kaz- re-cep-ci-je-Dar-vi-no- ve-te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci-je-u-Sr-bi-ji,-već-ću-sa-mo-da-ozna-čim-osnov-ne- prav-ce-tu-ma-če-nja-ove-te-o-ri-je-kod-nas,-i-to-pre-sve-ga-one-aspek-te- ko-ji-su-bi-li-od-ne-kog-zna-ča-ja-za-kul-tu-ru-u-ce-li-ni-i-ko-ji-su-sta-ja-li- u-ve-zi-sa-po-pu-la-ri-za-ci-jom-na-u-ke.-Na-i-me,-kao-ma-lo-ko-ja-dru-ga- na-uč-na-te-o-ri-ja,-Dar-vi-no-va-te-o-ri-ja-evo-lu-ci-je-je-bi-la-me-ta-i-že-sto- kih-na-pa-da-i-pred-met-ne-u-me-re-nog-odo-bra-va-nja.-Mno-gi-su-u-nju- uči-ta-va-li-ono-če-ga-u-njoj-ni-je-bi-lo-tra-ga-ju-ći-za-na-uč-nom-po-tvr- dom-svo-jih-po-li-tič-kih-i-ide-o-lo-ških-uve-re-nja.-Mo-glo-bi-se-sto-ga- re-ći-da-je-raz-u-me-va-nje-Dar-vi-no-ve-te-o-ri-je-i-ov-de,-kao-i-dru-gde,- če-sto,-po-red-osta-log,-bi-lo- i-simp-tom-op-šteg-sta-nja-du-ha.-Ve-ro- vat-no-za-to-što-su-mno-gi-spon-ta-no-ose-ća-li-da-bi-im-pli-ka-ci-je-Dar- vi-no-ve-te-o-ri-je-mo-gle-da-bu-du-od-da-le-ko-se-žne-va-žno-sti,-upra-vo- ona-ko-kao-što-je-on-to-i-sam-iz-ra-zio-na-jed-nom-me-stu-u-svo-jim- dnev-ni-ci-ma:- „Čo-ve-kov- po-sta-nak- je- sa-da- do-ka-zan.- Me-ta-fi-zi-ka- mo-ra- da- na-pre-du-je.-Onaj- ko- raz-u-me-pa-vi-ja-na,- uči-ni-će- vi-še- za- me-ta-fi-zi-ku-ne-go-Lok"2.-Mo-ja-ana-li-za-bi-će-usme-re-na-na-kon-tro- ver-ze-oko-ide-ja-ve-za-nih-za-pi-ta-nje-evo-lu-ci-o-nih-me-ha-ni-zma,-tj.-za- pi-ta-nje-pri-rod-ne- se-lek-ci-je- i-na-sle-đi-va-nja- ste-če-nih-oso-bi-na,-kao- i- oko- ide-je- kom-pe-ti-ci-je,- ko-ja- je- bi-la- od- sre-di-šnjeg- zna-ča-ja- za- dar-vi-nov-sku-pri-rod-nu-se-lek-ci-ju. 1. Ra-na-re-cep-ci-ja-Dar-vi-na-kod-nas-je-po-mno-go-če-mu-ilu-stra-tiv-na:- ona,-s-jed-ne-stra-ne,-već-ocr-ta-va-osnov-ni-pra-vac-ko-jim-će-se-ta- 2- Dar-win-C.,-No te bo ok M (Me taphysics on Mo rals and Spe cu la ti ons on Ex- pres si ons 1838),-Cam-brid-ge-1987,-str.-30. 265 EVA KAMERER re-cep-ci-ja- kre-ta-ti- u- ne-ko-li-ko-na-red-nih- de-ce-ni-ja,- a- s- dru-ge- stra- ne,-sve-do-či-o-to-me-da-je-shva-ta-nje-Dar-vi-no-ve-te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci-je- u-ve-li-koj-me-ri-bi-lo-uskla-đe-no-sa-evrop-skim-tren-do-vi-ma.-Te-o-ri- ja- evo-lu-ci-je,- ko-ju-Dar-vin- raz-vi-ja- u- svom-de-lu-Po sta nak vr sta (1859),-pred-sta-vlja-tač-ku-raz-la-za-ne-sa-mo-sa-ide-ja-ma-ko-je-su-bi-le- vla-da-ju-će-u-bi-o-lo-gi-ji-pre-nje-ga,-već- i- sa-či-ta-vom-do-ta-da-šnjom- mi-sa-o-nom-tra-di-ci-jom.-Dar-vi-no-ve-ide-je-pot-ko-pa-le-su-sa-me-te-me- lje-no-vo-ve-kov-nog-mi-šlje-nja-upra-vo-ti-me-što-su-po-sred-no-do-ve-le- u-pi-ta-nje-le-gi-tim-nost-poj-mo-va-ko-ji-su-bi-li-od-lu-ču-ju-ći-za-ovo-mi- šlje-nje.-Da-ni-jel-De-net-(Da niel Den nett)--ko-ri-sti-mo-tiv-dar-vi-nov- ske- opa-sne- ide-je- kao- in-te-lek-tu-al-nog- pan-da-na- de-či-joj-ma-šta-ri-ji- o- uni-ver-zal-noj- ki-se-li-ni- (uni ver sal acid)- ko-ja- na-gri-za- sve- pred- so-bom,-da-bi-ob-ja-snio-ve-li-ki-zna-čaj-Dar-vi-no-ve-te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci- je-pu-tem-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je:-ova-te-o-ri-ja-je,-po-nje-mu,-raz-gra-di- la-tra-di-ci-o-nal-nu-sli-ku-ži-ve-pri-ro-de,-pre-sve-ga-ide-ju-svr-ho-vi-to-sti,- kao-i-ve-ro-va-nja-ko-ja-su-su-štin-ski-bi-la-ve-za-na-za-nju.-„Uni-ver-zal- na-ki-se-li-na-je-ta-ko-ko-ro-ziv-na-teč-nost-da-će-da-pro-gri-ze-sve...-za- ne-ko-li-ko-go-di-na-na-i-šao-sam-na-ide-ju---Dar-vi-no-vu-ide-ju-–-ko-ja- po-ka-zu-je-ja-snu-slič-nost-sa-uni-ver-zal-nom-ki-se-li-nom:-ona-na-gri-za- baš-sva-ki-tra-di-ci-o-nal-ni-po-jam-i-iza-se-be-osta-vlja-ra-di-kal-no-pro- me-njen-po-gled-na-svet-u-ko-me-se-još-mo-že-ras-po-zna-ti-ve-ći-na-sta- rih-ori-jen-ti-ra,-ali-su-oni-iz-osno-va-tran-sfor-mi-sa-ni"3.-Ka-ko-iz-gle-da- ovaj-dar-vi-nov-ski-svet? Za- dar-vi-nov-sku- kon-cep-ci-ju- evo-lu-ci-je- od- naj-ve-ćeg- zna-ča-ja- je- či-nje-ni-ca-da-se-or-ga-ni-zmi,-tj.-je-din-ke-ko-je-či-ne-po-pu-la-ci-ju-me- đu-sob-no- raz-li-ku-ju.-Na-gla-ša-va-nje- in-di-vi-du-al-ne- va-ri-ja-bil-no-sti- je- omo-gu-ći-lo-Dar-vi-nu-da-uzrok-pro-men-lji-vo-sti-vr-sta-vi-še-ne-tra-ži-u- ne-ka-kvoj-sklo-no-sti-ili-ne-sve-snoj-te-žnji-or-ga-ni-zma-da-se-tran-sfor- mi-še-u-prav-cu-ve-će-kom-plek-sno-sti,-već-da-u-di-fe-ren-ci-jal-nom-pre- ži-vlja-va-nju-i-raz-mno-ža-va-nju-ko-je-po-či-va-na-in-di-vi-du-al-nim-raz- li-ka-ma-po-tra-ži-oslo-nac-za-raz-u-me-va-nje-tran-sfor-ma-ci-je-vr-sta.-Za- raz-li-ku-od-Dar-vi-no-vog-mo-de-la-evo-lu-ci-je,-La-mar-kov-(La marck)- mo-del,-ko-ji-se-če-sto-na-zi-va-tran-sfor-ma-ci-o-ni-zam,-po-či-va-na-pret- po-stav-ci-da-sva-ki-or-ga-ni-zam-u-okvi-ru-vr-ste-do-ži-vlja-va-pro-me-nu.- U-dar-vi-nov-skom,-tzv.-va-ri-ja-ci-o-nom-mo-de-lu4-za-pro-me-nu-gru-pe,- tj.-za-for-mi-ra-nje-vr-ste-ni-je-neo-p-hod-no-da-se-suk-ce-siv-no-pro-me- ni-sva-ki-njen-član.-Fak-to-ri-pro-me-ne-vi-še-ne-po-či-va-ju-u-sa-mom- or-ga-ni-zmu,-već-u-isto-ri-ji-ko-ja-od-re-đu-je-evo-lu-ci-o-ne-to-ko-ve-vr-sta.- Me-đu-tim,- pro-ces- se-lek-ci-je- na-ko-me-ove-pro-me-ne-po-či-va-ju-ne- bi-bio-mo-guć-bez-raz-li-ka-ko-je-ne-kim-je-din-ka-ma-da-ju-pred-nost- u-od-no-su-na-dru-ge-je-din-ke.-Osnov-na-she-ma-ko-ju-Dar-vin-u-Po- stan ku vr sta-sle-di-po-ka-zu-je-da-or-ga-ni-zmi-pre-ži-vlja-va-ju-za-to-što- po-se-du-ju-ne-ku-pred-nost-u-od-no-su-na-dru-ge-or-ga-ni-zme-ko-ji-či-ne- 3- Den-nett-D.,-Dar win's Dan ge ro us Idea,-Lon-don-New-York-1996,-str.-63. 4- Le-won-tin-R.,-Ge-ne,-or-ga-nism-and-en-vi-ron-ment,-in:-Evo lu tion from Mo le cu les to Men,-eds.-Ben-dall-D.-S.,-Cam-brid-ge-1983,-str.-275. 266 EVA KAMERER po-pu-la-ci-ju,-ili,-ge-ne-ral-ni-je-re-če-no,-za-to-što-po-se-du-ju-ne-ku-oso- bi-nu-ko-ja-im-je-od-ko-ri-sti-u-in-ter-ak-ci-ji-sa-re-le-vant-nim-fak-to-ri-ma- ko-ji-či-ne-nji-ho-vu-ži-vot-nu-sre-di-nu:-pri-rod-na-se-lek-ci-ja-"...od-ba-cu- je-rđa-ve-(va-ri-ja-ci-je)-a-odr-ža-va-i-sa-bi-ra-one-ko-je-su-do-bre,-ona-ra- di...na-usa-vr-ša-va-nju-sva-kog-or-gan-skog-bi-ća-u-od-no-su-na-nje-go-ve- or-gan-ske-i-neo-r-gan-ske-uslo-ve-ži-vo-ta"5. Da-bi-te-zu-o-pri-rod-noj-se-lek-ci-ji-na-ko-joj-po-či-va-naj-va-žni-ji-deo- Po stan ka vr sta-uči-nio-ve-ro-vat-ni-jom,-Dar-vin-pri-rod-nu-se-lek-ci-ju- po-re-di-sa-ve-štač-kom,-ko-ja-je-do-bro-po-zna-ta-i-pri-zna-ta.-Ve-štač-ka- se-lek-ci-ja- je-sve-sna-de-lat-nost-kod-ko-je-uz-ga-ji-vač-ja-sno-de-fi-ni-še- svo-je-ci-lje-ve,-a-neo-p-hod-na-sred-stva-već-u-za-vi-sno-sti-od-ak-tu-el- nog-zna-nja-i-prak-se.-On-iz-dva-ja-ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ke-ko-je-že-li-da-odr-ži- u-sle-de-ćoj-ge-ne-ra-ci-ji-ili-da-ih-po-ja-ča,-bi-lo-da-je-u-pi-ta-nju-ve-li-či-na- je-din-ke,-nje-na-bo-ja,-plod-nost-itd.-On-u-iz-ve-snom-smi-slu-de-fi-ni-še- se-lek-tiv-ni-pri-ti-sak,-pod-ko-jim-će-se-je-din-ke-sa-iza-bra-nim-ka-rak- te-ri-sti-ka-ma-odr-ža-ti-i-raz-mno-ža-va-ti,-a-osta-le,-one-ko-je-ne-po-se-du- ju-ove-ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ke,-ne-će.-Uz-ga-ji-vač-je,-me-đu-tim,-usme-ren-na- spe-ci-fič-ne-ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ke-ko-je-ne-mo-ra-ju-da-sto-je-ni-u-ka-kvoj-ve-zi- sa-pre-ži-vlja-va-njem-or-ga-ni-zma-u-pri-rod-nim-uslo-vi-ma,-bar-ne-u- ne-po-sred-nom-smi-slu,-i-po-ne-kad-mu-šta-vi-še-šte-te.-"Jed-na-od-naj- zna-čaj-ni-jih-oso-be-no-sti-na-ših-do-ma-ćih-ra-sa-je-ste-da-one-stvar-no- ni-su-pri-la-go-đe-ne-za-ko-rist-sa-me-ži-vo-ti-nje-ili-bilj-ke,-već-za-ko-rist- ili- za-do-volj-stvo-čo-ve-ka."6-U-ovom-slu-ča-ju,-ka-ko-Dar-vin-ka-že,- čo-vek-aku-mu-li-ra-va-ri-ja-ci-je-ko-je-mu-pri-ro-da-da-je-i-usme-ra-va-ih-u- že-lje-nom-prav-cu.- Pri-rod-na-se-lek-ci-ja,-na-su-prot-to-me,-fa-vo-ri-zu-je-je-din-ke-ko-je-va-ri- ra-ju-u-ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ci- ili- ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ka-ma-ko-je- joj-omo-gu-ća-va-ju- uspe-šni-ji-pri-stup- re-sur-si-ma,-ka-ko-god-da- se-oni-u-da-tim-okol- no-sti-ma-de-fi-ni-šu:-hra-na,-sek-su-al-ni-part-ner,-za-šti-ta-od-pre-da-to-ra,- ot-por-nost-na-bo-lest,-itd.-Lo-gi-ka-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je-u-ovom-de-lu- da-kle-bit-no- se- raz-li-ku-je-od-ve-štač-ke- se-lek-ci-je-kod-ko-je- su-ovi- fak-to-ri-od-ma-log-zna-ča-ja,-jer,-u-ve-štač-kim-uslo-vi-ma-do-me-sti-ka- ci-je,-oni-su-u-vi-so-koj-me-ri-obez-be-đe-ni.-Dar-vin-upra-vo-kao-jed-nu- od-raz-li-ka-iz-me-đu-oda-bi-ra-nja-u-ci-vi-li-zo-va-nim-ze-mlja-ma-i-onog- ko-je- se- do-ga-đa- u- pri-mi-tiv-nim- uslo-vi-ma- is-ti-če- da- kod- "do-ma- ćih-ži-vo-ti-nja-ko-je-dr-že-di-vlja-ci,-ne-tre-ba-pre-vi-de-ti-da-one-go-to-vo- uvek-mo-ra-ju-da-se-bo-re-za-svo-ju-hra-nu,-bar-za-vre-me-iz-ve-snih- do-ba-go-di-ne"7,-što-u-bit-nom-me-nja-kva-li-tet-or-ga-ni-za-ma-ko-ji-su- re-zul-tat-se-lek-ci-je.-Da-kle,-kri-te-ri-ju-mi-pre-ma-ko-ji-ma-se-ka-rak-te-ri- sti-ke-oda-bi-ra-ju-u-jed-nom-i-u-dru-gom-slu-ča-ju-su-raz-li-či-ti-i-efek-ti- pro-ce-sa-oda-bi-ra-nja-po-ne-kad-su-pot-pu-no-raz-li-či-ti.-To-se-sa-svim- ja-sno-vi-di-i-po-to-me-što-su-do-me-sti-ko-va-ni-or-ga-ni-zmi-vr-lo-retko- 5- Dar-vin-Č.,-Po sta nak vr sta,-Be-o-grad-1948,-str.-76. 6- Dar-vin-Č.,-Po sta nak vr sta,-str.-35. 7- Ibid. 267 EVA KAMERER spo-sob-ni-da-pre-ži-ve-u-di-vlji-ni.-Pri-rod-na-se-lek-ci-ja,-s-dru-ge-stra-ne,- na-gla-še-no-je-ve-za-na-ra-ču-nom-od-no-sa-ve-li-či-ne-po-pu-la-ci-je,-ve-li- či-ne-ras-po-lo-ži-vih-re-sur-sa-i-od-no-si-ma-iz-me-đu-je-din-ki-da-te-po-pu- la-ci-je.-To- zna-či- da- ni-je- re-le-van-tan- sa-mo-od-nos- je-din-ke- pre-ma- re-sur-si-ma,-već-i-struk-tu-ra-po-pu-la-ci-je-(npr.-uko-li-ko-su-dru-ge-je- din-ke-br-že,-on-da-će-naj-spo-ri-ja-je-din-ka-bi-ti-žr-tva-pre-da-to-ra,-iako,- po-sma-tra-no-ne-za-vi-sno-od-sa-sta-va-po-pu-la-ci-je,-mo-že-de-lo-va-ti-da- ona-vr-lo-br-zo-tr-či,-i-slič-no).-Za-pra-vo-se-slič-nost-iz-me-đu-ve-štač- ke-i-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je-svo-di-na-či-nje-ni-cu-da-se-i-u-jed-nom-i-u- dru-gom-slu-ča-ju-ra-di-o-oda-bi-ra-nju-ko-je-pu-tem-aku-mu-la-ci-je-ma-lih- raz-li-ka-mo-že-da-obez-be-di-ve-li-ku-raz-li-ku-u-re-zul-ta-tu.-Ako-da-kle- na- tre-nu-tak-osta-vi-mo-po- stra-ni- raz-li-ku- iz-me-đu- sve-snog-po-stu- pa-nja- i- "sle-pog"- pro-ce-sa,- i- pa-žnju- usme-ri-mo- na- osta-le- even- tu-al-ne- slič-no-sti,- ono- što- nam- upa-da- u- oči- je-ste- vr-lo- ap-strakt- na- eko-no-mi-ja,- ko-ja- je- ka-rak-te-ri-stič-na- ka-ko- za- je-dan- ta-ko- i- za- dru-gi-tip-se-lek-ci-je. Vi-de-li-smo-da-se-lo-gi-ka-oba-ti-pa-se-lek-ci-je-za-sni-va-na-ide-ji-o-na- go-mi-la-va-nju-ma-lih-raz-li-ka,-ko-je-u-du-gom-sle-du-ge-ne-ra-ci-ja-pro- iz-vo-di- krup-ne- pro-me-ne.-To- je- ide-ja- ko-ja- se- na-zi-va- 'Dar-vi-nov- gra-du-a-li-zam':-pro-me-ne-se-ne-de-ša-va-ju-sko-ko-vi-to,-one-su-po-ste- pe-ne-i-te-ško-uoč-lji-ve,-i-tek-u-du-gom-vre-men-skom-pe-ri-o-du-mo-gu- da-ima-ju-zna-čaj-ni-je-efek-te.-Ova-ide-ja,-kao-kon-sti-tu-ti-van-ele-ment- za-mi-sli-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je,-bi-la-je-pred-met-oštrih-kri-ti-ka-u-pr-vim- de-ce-ni-ja-ma-pro-šlog-ve-ka,-ka-ko-u-sve-tu-ta-ko-i-kod-nas.-Uze-ću-za- pred-met-jed-ne-krat-ke-ana-li-ze-tekst-na-šeg-kon-tro-verz-nog-no-vi-na- ra-Kr-ste-Ci-cva-ri-ća,-ko-ji-je-po-čet-kom-20-tih-go-di-na-ob-ja-vio-svo-je- ese-je8-me-đu-ko-ji-ma-se-je-dan-od-no-si-upra-vo-na-pi-ta-nje-mo-guć-no-sti- ob-ja-šnje-nja-or-gan-ske-evo-lu-ci-je-pu-tem-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je.-Ci-cva- rić-ne-od-ba-cu-je-či-nje-ni-cu-or-gan-ske-evo-lu-ci-je;-na-pro-tiv,-on-sma- tra-da-je-ona-ne-sum-nji-vo-do-ka-za-na.-Za-nje-ga-pod-zna-kom-pi-ta-nja- sto-ji-na-čin-na-ko-ji-do-ove-evo-lu-ci-je-do-la-zi:-da-li-je-to-se-lek-to-va-nje- ko-ri-snih-oso-bi-na-ili-pri-la-go-đa-va-nje-la-mar-kov-skog-ti-pa?-Nje-go-va- kri-ti-ka-po-či-va-na-ana-li-zi-ne-ko-li-ko-na-vod-nih-ili-stvar-nih-ne-do-sta- ta-ka-Dar-vi-no-ve-te-o-ri-je,-ko-ji-mo-gu-da-se-sa-žmu-na-sle-de-ći-na-čin:- gra-du-a-li-stič-ki-mo-del-evo-lu-ci-je,-Dar-vi-no-va-te-o-ri-ja-na-sle-đi-va-nja,- pi-ta-nje- po-sto-ja-nja- ne-ko-ri-snih- ili- štet-nih- oso-bi-na- or-ga-ni-za-ma,- i- pi-ta-nje-po-stan-ka-va-ri-ja-ci-ja-u-po-pu-la-ci-ji. Već-sam-spo-me-nu-la-da-Dar-vin-evo-lu-ci-ju-vi-di-kao-na-go-mi-la-va- nje-ma-lih-raz-li-ka-me-đu-je-din-ka-ma,-a-ne-kao-sled-ne-kih-na-glih-i- sko-ko-vi-tih-pro-me-na.-Kr-sta-Ci-cva-rić-upra-vo-ovu-ide-ju-oštro-na- pa-da:- "Oče-vid-no- to- je- po-gre-šno- i- to- sa-svim-po-gre-šno:- ako- se- jed-na-in-di-vi-dua-po-ja-vi-s-iz-ve-snom-mi-ni-mal-nom-va-ri-ja-ci-jom,-to- ni-ka-ko-ne-mo-že-zna-či-ti-da-se-sa-mo-ta- in-di-vi-dua-mo-že-odr-ža-ti,- a-da-in-di-vi-due-ko-je-te-oso-bi-ne-ne-ma-ju,-da-te-in-di-vi-due-mo-ra-ju- 8- Ci-cva-rić-K.,-Kri tič ki ese ji,-Be-o-grad-1912. 268 EVA KAMERER pro-pa-sti..i-jed-ne-i-dru-ge-in-di-vi-due-se-odr-ža-va-ju-na-po-re-do;-i-jed- ne- i- dru-ge-osta-vlja-ju-po-tom-stvo-ko-je- se- ta-ko-đe-odr-ža-va."9 Da bi-smo-shva-ti-li-smi-sao-Ci-cva-ri-će-vog-pri-go-vo-ra,-neo-p-hod-no-je-da- se-pod-se-ti-mo-na-ši-ri-te-o-rij-ski-kon-tekst-ko-ji-je-ov-de-od-zna-ča-ja.- Na-i-me,- je-dan-od-uslo-va-za-de-lo-va-nje-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je- je-po- sto-ja-nje-na-sled-ne-in-di-vi-du-al-ne-va-ri-ja-bil-no-sti-or-ga-ni-za-ma-ko-ji-su- čla-no-vi-ne-ke-po-pu-la-ci-je.-Za-to-se-te-o-ri-ja-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je-če-sto- od-re-đu-je-kao-"te-o-ri-ja-o- to-me-šta-uzro-ku-je-di-fe-ren-ci-jal-no-za-dr- ža-va-nje-na-sled-nih-raz-li-ka"10.-Dru-gim-re-či-ma,-uko-li-ko-se-dar-vi- nov-ske-ko-ri-sne-oso-bi-ne,-ko-je-je-din-ki-obez-be-đu-ju-ve-će-šan-se-da- pre-ži-vi-i-da-se-raz-mno-ži,-ne-bi-na-sle-đi-va-le,-evo-lu-ci-ja-uop-šte-ne- bi-mo-gla-da-se-od-vi-ja-ona-ko-ka-ko-je-to-Dar-vin-tvr-dio.-Da-kle,-te- o-ri-ja-evo-lu-ci-je-bi-mo-ra-la-da-uklju-ču-je-i-te-o-ri-ju-na-sle-đi-va-nja.-Dar- vin- sam-ni-je- ras-po-la-gao- ni-ka-kvom-pri-hva-tlji-vom- te-o-ri-jom-na- sle-đi-va-nja,-Men-de-lo-va-ge-ne-ti-ka-ni-je-bi-la-po-zna-ta-ni-nje-mu,-kao- ni- ve-li-koj- ve-ći-ni- dru-gih- na-uč-ni-ka- nje-go-vog- vre-me-na.-Za-to- on- pri-hva-ta-po-gre-šnu- te-o-ri-ju- tzv.-"me-ša-nog"-na-sle-đi-va-nja,-ko-ja- je- do-mi-ni-ra-la-u-nje-go-vo-vre-me.11 Pret-hod-no-me-sto-iz-Ci-cva-ri-će-vog-ese-ja-uka-zu-je,-za-pra-vo,-na-tri- me-đu-sob-no-po-ve-za-na-pro-ble-ma.-Pr-vo,-ako-su-oso-bi-ne-po-sle-di-ca- "sek su al nog me ša nja"-je-din-ki,-no-vo-na-sta-le-ma-le-va-ri-ja-ci-je-mo- gu-u-sle-de-ću-ge-ne-ra-ci-ju-da-se-pre-ne-su-sa-mo-ako-odvo-ji-mo-je-din- ke-ko-je-po-se-du-ju-da-tu-va-ri-ja-ci-ju-od-onih-ko-je-je-ne-po-se-du-ju,-što- u-pri-ro-di,-oči-gled-no,-ni-je-slu-čaj.12-Dru-go,-oda-kle-uop-šte-po-ti-ču- va-ri-ja-ci-je?-Za-Ci-cva-ri-ća- je-ne-pri-hva-tljiv-Dar-vi-nov-od-go-vor-da- su-va-ri-ja-ci-je-slu-čaj-ne,-tj.-da-one-ni-su-na-sta-le-za-to-da-bi-omo-gu- ći-le- adap-ti-van- od-go-vor- or-ga-ni-zma- na- fak-to-re- ži-vot-ne- sre-di-ne.- Pod- tom-pret-po-stav-kom,-či-nje-ni-ca-usme-re-no-sti-va-ri-ja-ci-ja-u-ži- vom-sve-tu-pot-pu-no- je-neo-bja-šnji-va,- sma-tra-Ci-cva-rić.-Ovi-pro- ble-mi,- po- nje-go-vom-mi-šlje-nju,-mo-gu- da- se- raz-re-še- sa-mo- ako- usvo-ji-mo-la-mar-kov-ski-mo-del-evo-lu-ci-je:-"...la-mar-ki-zam-je-je-di-ni- po-u-zda-ni-iz-laz-iz-si-tu-a-ci-je-u-ko-ju-je-te-o-ri-ja-evo-lu-ci-je-do-ve-de-na- ne-u-spe-hom-dar-vi-ni-zma",-a-"fun-da-men-tal-ni-prin-cip-la-mar-ki-zma- je-ste- prin-cip- pri-la-go-đa-va-nja".13- A- nu-žna- pret-po-stav-ka- la-mar- kovskog-ob-ja-šnje-nja-je,-ko-nač-no,-na-sle-đi-va-nje-ste-če-nih-oso-bi-na.- U-shva-ta-nju-dar-vi-nov-ske-te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci-je-ov-de-na-la-zi-mo-jed-nu- bit-nu-gre-šku-ko-ja-je-i-da-nas-do-sta-če-sta:-na-i-me,-iako-je-pojava- 9- Ibid.,-str.-157-8. 10-Le-won-tin-R.-C.,-The Ge ne tic Ba sis of Evo lu ti o nary Chan ge,-New-York,-Lon- don-1974,-str.-189. 11-Za- de-ta-lje-Dar-vi-no-vog- shva-ta-nja- na-sle-đi-va-nja- i- pro-ble-me-ko-ji- su- za- nje-ga- ve-za-ni-up.-Stoj-ko-vić-B.-i-Tu-cić-N.,-Dar vi ni ja na. Vo dič kroz evo lu ci o nu bi o lo- gi ju,-Be-o-grad-2009,-str.-35-40.-(Dar-vin-o-na-sle-đi-va-nju-i-va-ri-ja-bil-no-sti) 12-Ci-cva-rić-K.,-Kri tič ki ese ji,-str.-158. 13-Ibid.,-str.-169. 269 EVA KAMERER va-ri-ja-ci-ja-slu-čaj-na,-nji-ho-vo-ču-va-nje-ni-ka-ko-ni-je-slu-čajno.14-Go- vo-re-ći-sa-svim-na-čel-no,-ono-je-usme-re-no,-a-tu-usme-re-nost-Dar- vin- ob-ja-šnja-va- de-lova-njem- pri-rod-ne- se-lek-ci-je.- Ko-ri-sne- oso-bi- ne-je-din-ki-omo-gu-ća-va-ju-da-pre-ži-vi-i-da-na-ve-ći-broj-po-to-ma-ka- pre-ne-se- ovu- ko-ri-snu- oso-bi-nu,- ali- po-sta-nak- ove- ko-ri-sne- oso-bi- ne-ne-ma-ve-ze-sa-adap-tiv-nim-po-tre-ba-ma-or-ga-ni-zma,-već-sa-ge- ne-tič-kim-me-ha-ni-zmi-ma.- S- dru-ge- stra-ne,- na-sle-đi-va-nje- ste-če-nih- oso-bi-na-kao-mo-del-ob-ja-šnje-nja-je-raz-vo-jem-sa-vre-me-ne-ge-ne-ti-ke- iz-gu-bio-svo-ju-va-žnost. I-ko-nač-no,- tre-ći-pro-blem-na-ko-ji- se- iz-ri-či-to-od-no-si-Ci-cva-ri-ćev- uvod-ni- pri-go-vor- je- pro-blem-Dar-vi-no-vog- gra-du-a-li-zma.-Kri-ti-ka- gra-du-a-li-zma-ima-svo-ju-du-gu- tra-di-ci-ju,-ona- je-raz-vi-je-na-od-mah- po-ob-ja-vlji-va-nju-Po stan ka vr sta-i-bi-la-je-u-ra-znim-vi-do-vi-ma-ži- va-sve-do-ko-nač-nog-ob-li-ko-va-nja-tzv.-sin-te-tič-ke-te-o-ri-je.-O-če-mu- se-ov-de-ra-di?-Već-pr-vi-dar-vi-ni-sti-su-od-bi-ja-li-ide-ju-da-pri-ro-da-ne- pra-vi-sko-ko-ve,-ko-ja-se-na-mno-go-me-sta-po-ja-vlju-je-i-kod-Dar-vi- na,-a-ka-sni-je,-na-kon-ot-kri-va-nja-prin-ci-pa-men-de-lov-ske-ge-ne-ti-ke,- na-uč-ni-ci-su-sma-tra-li-da-su-te-o-ri-ja-evo-lu-ci-je- i-ge-ne-ti-ka-ne-spo-ji- ve.- Pre-ma- an-ti-gra-du-a-li-stič-kom,- tzv.- sal-ta-ci-o-ni-stič-kom-mo-de-lu,- evo-lu-ci-ja-se-od-vi-ja-po-mo-ću- iz-ne-nad-nih,-ve-li-kih-mu-ta-ci-ja,-a-ne- na-go-mi-la-va-njem-ma-lih-raz-li-ka.-Za-to-Ci-cva-ri-će-va-kri-ti-ka-Dar-vi- na-ne-tre-ba-mno-go-da-nas-ču-di,-ona-je-bi-la-uobi-ča-je-na-i-u-dru- gim-de-lo-vi-ma-Evro-pe,- jer- "ge-ne-ti-ka- ni-je- bi-la- na- od-go-va-ra-ju-ći- na-čin- in-kor-po-ri-ra-na- u- evo-lu-ci-o-nu- bi-o-lo-gi-ju- sve- do- Fi-še-ro-vih,- Hol-dej-no-vih,- Raj-to-vih- i- Dob-žan-ski-je-vih- ra-do-va- u- pe-ri-o-du- od- 1910.-do-1940"15.-Uosta-lom,-pro-ble-mi-sa-ko-ji-ma-se-te-o-ri-ja-evo- lu-ci-je- su-o-ča-va-la-u-su-sre-tu-sa-ge-ne-ti-kom-pred-sta-vlja-ju-pri-ču-za- se-be.-Sa-mo-da-spo-me-nem-da-se- još-du-go-na-kon-Dru-gog-svet- skog- ra-ta- ge-ne-ti-ka- kod-nas- tre-ti-ra- kao- an-ti-dar-vi-ni-stič-ka- na-u-ka- „ka-pi-ta-li-stič-kih-ze-ma-lja"16.-Na-i-me,-za-„mark-si-stič-ku-bi-o-lo-gi-ju"- mno-go- je- bi-la- pri-hva-tlji-vi-ja- jed-na- spe-ci-fič-na- te-o-ri-ja- na-sle-đi- va-nja- ste-če-nih- oso-bi-na- (npr.- Li-sjen-ko-va- ide-ja- „raz-la-ba-vlje-nog- na-sle-đa"),- jer- je- ona- pod-ra-zu-me-va-la- mo-guć-nost- ob-li-ko-va-nja- or-ga-ni-zma-pu-tem-sre-di-ne.17 Na-kra-ju-ove-ana-li-ze-že-le-la-bih-sa-mo-krat-ko-da-spo-me-nem-je-dan- vr-lo-za-ni-mljiv-Ci-cva-ri-ćev-pri-go-vor-Dar-vi-no-voj-kon-cep-ci-ji-evo- lu-ci-je:-„...Dar-vi-no-va-te-o-ri-ja-po-vla-či-so-bom-jed-nu-kon-zen-kven-ci- ju-ko-ja-joj-od-u-zi-ma-tač-nost:-po-Dar-vi-no-voj-te-o-ri-ji-ne-bi-mo-glo- 14-So-ber-E.,-Fi lo zo fi ja bi o lo gi je,-Be-o-grad-2006,-str.-52-54.-(Za-što-pri-rod-na-se- lek-ci-ja-ni-je-slu-ča-jan-pro-ces) 15-Gar-land-T.-i-Ro-se-M.-R.,-Ex pe ri men tal Evo lu tion. Con cepts, Met hods, and Ap pli ca ti ons of Se lec tion Ex pe ri ments,-Ber-kley-Los-An-ge-les-Lon-don-2009,- str.-4. 16-Stan-ko-vić-S.,-Ume-sto-pred-go-vo-ra,-u:-Č.-Dar-vin,-Po sta nak vr sta,-str.-11. 17-Jo-va-no-vić-V.-i-Tu-cić-N.,-Dar-vi-no-vo-uče-nje-u-sve-tu-i-kod-nas,-u:-Gla snik Une- ska 9,-maj-1982,-str.-42. 270 EVA KAMERER bi-ti-ni-jed-ne-oso-bi-ne-ko-ja-ne-bi-bi-la-ko-ri-sna-po-vr-stu...-Me-đu-tim,- ta-ne-iz-be-žna-kon-zen-kven-ci-ja-dar-vi-ni-zma-sto-ji-u-pot-pu-noj-kon- tra-dik-ci-ji-s-fak-ti-ma:-utvr-đe-no-je-da-iz-ve-sne-oso-bi-ne-ni-su-ni od ka kve-ko-ri-sti-po-do-tič-nu-vr-stu,-ni od ka kvog-po-zi-tiv-nog-zna-ča-ja- po-njen-ži-vot-i-nje-no-odr-ža-nje!-Čak-je-kon-sta-to-va-no-da-ne-ke-oso- bi-ne-bi-va-ju-i-ve o ma štet ne!"18-Ova-Ci-cva-ri-će-va-pri-med-ba-je,-či-ni- mi-se,-mno-go-ozbilj-ni-ja-od-pret-hod-nih-i-nje-no-de-li-mič-no-re-še-nje- po-sta-lo-je-mo-gu-će-tek-za-hva-lju-ju-ći-du-gim-de-ce-ni-ja-ma-te-o-rij-skog- i-eks-pe-ri-men-tal-nog-ra-da-u-evo-lu-ci-o-noj-bi-o-lo-gi-ji.-Da-nas-su-nam- po-nu-đe-ne-dve-po-zi-ci-je.-Jed-na-od-njih-pri-su-stvo-štet-nih-oso-bi-na-u- ži-vom-sve-tu-ob-ja-šnja-va-de-lo-va-njem-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je:-pri-rod-na- se-lek-ci-ja-od-go-vor-na-je-za-pri-su-stvo-"su-bop-ti-mal-nih",-"sub-stan- dard-nih",- "ma-la-dap-tiv-nih"-ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ka-u-po-pu-la-ci-ji.19 Dru go sta-no-vi-šte-ospo-ra-va-ap-so-lut-no-va-že-nje-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je-za-ob- ja-šnje-nje-ka-rak-te-ri-sti-ka-or-ga-ni-za-ma-i-is-ti-če-da-je-funk-ci-o-nal-nost- bi-o-lo-ških-en-ti-te-ta-pri-mar-na-u-od-no-su-na-de-lo-va-nje-pri-rod-ne-se- lek-ci-je:-pri-rod-na-se-lek-ci-ja-mo-že-da-de-lu-je-sa-mo-na-en-ti-tet-ko-ji-već- je-ste-funk-ci-o-nal-no-in-te-gri-san.- 2. Dru-gi-re-le-van-tan-skup-pri-go-vo-ra-ko-ji-su-Dar-vi-nu-upu-ći-va-ni-u-ve- zi-sa-nje-go-vim-shva-ta-njem-evo-lu-ci-o-nih-me-ha-ni-za-ma-od-no-se-se- na-nje-go-vu-ide-ju-kom-pe-ti-ci-je.-Na-i-me-Dar-vin-je-pri-rod-nu-se-lek-ci- ju-uvek-pred-sta-vljao-na-me-ta-fo-ri-čan-na-čin-kao-pre-ži-vlja-va-nje-ja- čeg-ili-kao-bor-bu-za-op-sta-nak-ko-ja-se-od-vi-ja-u-svim-seg-men-ti-ma- ži-vo-ta,-iz-me-đu-je-din-ki-iste-vr-ste,-iz-me-đu-je-din-ki-raz-li-či-tih-vr-sta,- kao- i- na- re-la-ci-ji- je-din-ke- pre-ma-nje-nom-okru-že-nju.- Po-zna-to- je- da-je-Mal-tu-so-va-(Malt hus)-te-o-ri-ja-po-pu-la-ci-je-bi-la-od-pre-sud-nog- zna-ča-ja- za-Dar-vi-no-vu- ana-li-zu- ži-ve- pri-ro-de:- ona-mu- je- po-mo- gla-da-u-pri-ro-di-pro-na-đe-si-lu-či-ji-efek-ti-od-go-va-ra-ju-oni-ma-ko-je- pro-iz-vo-di-čo-vek-svo-jim-plan-skim-uz-ga-ja-njem-ži-vo-ti-nja-i-bi-lja-ka.- Sre-di-šnja-ide-ja-Mal-tu-so-ve-te-o-ri-je-je-da-po-pu-la-ci-je-po-ka-zu-ju-ten- den-ci-ju-da-se-uve-ća-va-ju-br-že-ne-go-re-sur-si-ko-ji-su-neo-p-hod-ni-za- nji-ho-vo-pre-ži-vlja-va-nje:-"Po-pu-la-ci-ja,-uko-li-ko-je-ne-kon-tro-li-sa-na,- ra-ste-ge-o-me-trij-skom-pro-gre-si-jom.-Sred-stva-za-ži-vot-se-uve-ća-va-ju- sa-mo-arit-me-tič-kom-pro-gre-si-jom"20.-Po-sle-di-ca-ove-dis-pro-por-ci-je- je-uve-ća-nje-mor-ta-li-te-ta,-tj.-u-kraj-njoj-li-ni-ji,-odr-ža-nje-po-pu-la-ci-je-u- broj-ča-no-sta-bil-nom-sta-nju.-Ka-da-se-ova-Mal-tu-so-va-ide-ja-ge-ne-ra- li-zu-je,-da-kle-ka-da-se-stva-ri-vi-še-ne-po-sma-tra-ju-sa-mo-s-ob-zi-rom-na- ljud-ske-po-pu-la-ci-je,-i,-što-je-još-va-žni-je,-sa-mo-s-ob-zi-rom-na-broj- je-din-ki,-on-da-je-ja-sno-da-skup-ogra-ni-če-nja-ko-je-ži-vot-na-sre-di-na- na-me-će-or-ga-ni-zmi-ma-mo-že-da-se-tre-ti-ra-kao-ele-ment-se-lek-ci-je.- 18-Ci-cva-rić-K.,-Kri tič ki ese ji,-str.-158. 19-Up.- Nes-se- R.- M.,- Ma-la-dap-ta-tion- and- Na-tu-ral- Se-lec-tion,- The Qu ar terly Review of Bi o logy,-Vol.-80.-Nr.-1,-March-2005. 20-Malt-hus-T.,-An Es say on the Prin ci ple of Po pu la tion,-Lon-don-1798,-str.-16.- 271 EVA KAMERER Ži-vot-na- sre-di-na- ta-ko-u-vi-du-ogra-ni-če-no-sti- re-sur-sa-neo-p-hod-nih- za-ži-vot-u-Dar-vi-no-voj-te-o-ri-ji-stu-pa-na-me-sto-ljud-ske-se-lek-tiv-ne- de-lat-no-sti.-Ona-obez-be-đu-je-stal-ni-i-ob-u-hvat-ni-pri-ti-sak-na-or-ga-ni- zme-ko-ji-usme-ra-va-odr-ža-nje,-a-on-da-i-ši-re-nje-od-re-đe-nih-oso-bi-na.- Je-din-ke-se-bo-re-oko-neo-p-hod-nih-re-sur-sa,-ona-ko-ja-je-u-toj-bor-bi- uspe-šni-ja-ima-će-ve-će-šan-se-da-do-bi-je-po-tom-ke-na-ko-je-će-pre-ne- ti-svo-je-spo-sob-no-sti,-struk-tu-ra-po-pu-la-ci-je-će-se-me-nja-ti-i-na-kon- du-gog-vre-men-skog-pe-ri-o-da-ima-će-mo-no-vu-vr-stu.- Da-kle,-u-Dar-vi-no-voj- te-o-ri-ji-na-me-sto- ljud-ske-se-lek-tiv-ne-de-lat- no-sti,- za-hva-lju-ju-ći- ge-ne-ra-li-za-ci-ji-mal-tu-sov-skog-prin-ci-pa-po-pu- la-ci-je,-stu-pa-ži-vot-na-sre-di-na,-tj.-ogra-ni-če-ni-re-sur-si-neo-p-hod-ni-za- pre-ži-vlja-va-nje-i-raz-mno-ža-va-nje-je-din-ki.-Dar-vin-ovim-mi-sa-o-nim- za-hva-tom-po-sti-že-dve-pre-sud-ne-stva-ri:-pr-vo,-evo-lu-ci-ju-oslo-ba- đa-od-ka-u-zal-ne-ve-ze-sa-unu-tra-šnjim-po-ri-vi-ma-or-ga-ni-zma,-ko-ja- je- bit-no- kom-pli-ko-va-la- ob-ja-šnje-nje- mo-guć-no-sti- pro-me-ne,- i- ti- me-dej-stvo-evo-lu-ci-je-stro-go-ve-zu-je-za-tran-sge-ne-ra-cij-sku-ra-van,- i,-dru-go,-uspe-va-da-usme-re-nost-pro-me-na-ko-ja- je- tra-di-ci-o-nal-no- tu-ma-če-na- te-le-o-lo-ški- ob-ja-sni- bez- po-zi-va-nja- na- fi-nal-ne- uzro-ke.- Isto-ri-ča-ri- na-u-ke- me-to-do-lo-ški- zna-čaj- prin-ci-pa- kom-pe-ti-ci-je- če- sto-vi-de-u-to-me-što-je-ele-ment-kom-pe-ti-ci-je-Dar-vi-nu-omo-gu-ćio- da-u-bi-o-lo-gi-ju-uve-de-ob-ja-šnja-va-lač-ke-mo-de-le- iz-fi-zi-ke,- i- to- ta- ko- što- je- omo-gu-ćio- da- se- eks-ter-na-li-zu-je- uti-caj- ili- pri-ti-sak- ko- ji-usme-ra-va-pro-men-lji-vost-po-pu-la-ci-ja.-A-sa-mo-pod-ovim-uslo- vom-mo-gla- je- bi-ti- ar-ti-ku-li-sa-na- ide-ja- o- pri-rod-noj- se-lek-ci-ji- kao- sa-svim-nov-evo-lu-ci-o-ni-me-ha-ni-zam.-"Da-bi-mo-gao-da-svo-ju-te- o-ri-ju- raz-vi-je-u-okvi-ri-ma-njut-nov-ske-pa-ra-dig-me,-Dar-vi-nu- je-bi- lo- neo-p-hod-no- da- ka-u-zal-ni- i- eks-pla-na-tor-ni- ak-ce-nat- po-me-ri- sa- unu-tra-šnjih- po-kre-ta-ča- na- spo-lja-šnje- si-le- (od- tran-sfor-ma-ci-o-nih- po-kre-ta-ča-ka-sre-din-skim-si-la-ma)."21 Dar-vin- je- iz-či-nje-ni-ca-da-sva-ži-va-bi-ća- te-že-mak-si-mal-no-da-se- raz-mno-že,-a-da-ih-ipak-ne-ma-ono-li-ko-ko-li-ko-bi-smo-oče-ki-va-li-na- osno-vu-ove-te-žnje,-za-klju-čio-da-mno-go-njih-pro-pa-da-zbog-ne-do- stat-ka-uslo-va-ko-ji-su-neo-p-hod-ni-za-ži-vot.-Za-raz-li-ku-od-Mal-tu- sa,-ko-ji-sma-tra-da-će-ne-do-sta-tak-neo-p-hod-nih-re-sur-sa-po-pu-la-ci-ju- odr-ža-va-ti- u- broj-ča-nom-po-gle-du- u- rav-no-te-žnom- sta-nju,-Dar-vin- u-ras-ko-ra-ku-iz-me-đu-broj-no-sti-po-pu-la-ci-je-i-ras-po-lo-ži-vih-re-sur-sa- vi-di-iz-vor-pro-me-na-u-po-pu-la-ci-ji.-Ova-she-ma,-kao-i-Mal-tu-so-va,- pret-po-sta-vlja- da- se- je-din-ke- tak-mi-če- za- re-sur-se.- U- iz-ve-snom,- vrlo-ap-strakt-nom-smi-slu-mo-gli-bi-smo-da-ka-že-mo-da-se-i-je-din-ke- pod-vrg-nu-te-ve-štač-koj-se-lek-ci-ji-na-la-ze-u-kom-pe-ti-ci-ji,-ali-je-ona-u- tom-slu-ča-ju- to-li-ko-po-sred-na-da-je-pot-pu-no-ire-le-vant-na-ka-da-se- ob-ja-šnja-va-pri-su-stvo-ne-ke-oso-bi-ne.--Ka-da-je-u-pi-ta-nju-pri-rod-na- se-lek-ci-ja,-si-tu-a-ci-ja-je-iz-gle-da-sa-svim-dru-ga-či-ja.-Kom-pe-ti-ci-ja-je,- 21-De-pew-D.-J.-i-We-ber-B.-H.,-Dar wi nism Evol ving.-Systems Dyna mics and the Ge ne a logy of Na tu ral Se lec tion,-Cam-brid-ge-Mass-1996,-str.-131. 272 EVA KAMERER da-kle,-ob-lik-in-ter-ak-ci-je-ko-ji-na-sta-je-usled-ogra-ni-če-no-sti-re-sur-sa.- Ova-in-ter-ak-ci-ja,-bez-ob-zi-ra-na-svoj-na-ziv,-ne-pod-ra-zu-me-va-nu- žno-ne-ki-ne-po-sred-ni-kon-takt-iz-me-đu-je-din-ki-ili-agre-si-ju.-Po-znat- je-Dar-vi-nov-pri-mer-iz-Po stan ka-ko-ji-ka-že-da-se-bilj-ka-na-ivi-ci- pu-sti-nje-bo-ri-za-op-sta-nak,-ne-sa-dru-gom-bilj-kom,-već-za-vo-du- ko-ja-joj-je-neo-p-hod-na.22-Kom-pe-ti-ci-ja-je-da-kle-za-mi-šlje-na-vr-lo-ši- ro-ko-i-ona-uklju-ču-je-sve-in-ter-ak-ci-je-ko-je-su-uslo-vlje-ne-manj-kom- re-sur-sa-neo-p-hod-nih-za-pre-ži-vlja-va-nje.-Ona-sto-ga-či-ni-neo-p-ho-dan- ele-ment-Dar-vi-no-ve-za-mi-sli-pri-rod-ne-se-lek-ci-je.- Na-ko-ji-na-čin-kom-pe-ti-ci-ja-od-re-đu-je-pri-rod-nu-se-lek-ci-ju-i-u-ka-kvoj- je-to-ve-zi-sa-dar-vi-nov-skim-"usa-vr-ša-va-njem"-po-je-di-nih-oso-bi-na- or-ga-ni-zma?-Jed-no-sta-van-pri-mer-ka-že-nam-sle-de-će:-an-ti-lo-pa-ko-ja- be-ži-pred-la-vom-u-su-ko-bu-je-sa-pre-da-to-rom-ko-ji-že-li-da-je-po-je-de,- ali-po-sred-no-i-sa-dru-gim-an-ti-lo-pa-ma-u-kr-du,-jer-će-pre-ži-ve-ti-sa-mo- ako-bu-de-tr-ča-la-br-že-od-njih-ili-ako-se-bu-de-iz-bo-ri-la-za-po-volj-ni-ju- po-zi-ci-ju-u-kr-du-ko-je-se-na-la-zi-u-bek-stvu.-Ele-ment-kom-pe-ti-ci-je- šan-se-je-din-ke-da-pre-ži-vi-u-bit-nom-se-ve-zu-je-za-re-la-ci-je-u-ko-ji-ma- se-ona-na-la-zi.-U-tom-kon-tek-stu-se-za-go-vor-o-br-zi-ni,-sna-zi-ili-ne- koj-dru-goj-oso-bi-ni-je-din-ke,-pod-ra-zu-me-va-da-je-re-la-ti-van-i-da-nje- go-vo-zna-če-nje-su-štin-ski-za-vi-si-od-kon-kret-nih-uslo-va-u-ko-ji-ma-se- je-din-ka-na-la-zi.-Te-o-rij-ski-go-vo-re-ći,-oso-bi-na-kao-što-je-ot-por-nost- na-za-ra-zne-bo-le-sti-ne-ma-ne-ku-vi-so-ku-adap-tiv-nu-vred-nost-u-okru- že-nju-u-ko-me-za-ra-znih-bo-le-sti-ni-ne-ma-i-ona-ne-će-pred-sta-vlja-ti- se-lek-tiv-nu-pred-nost-za-or-ga-ni-zam.-Je-din-ki-ko-ja-je-po-se-du-je-ona- ne-će-pred-sta-vlja-ti-po-moć-u-kom-pe-ti-ci-ji-sa-dru-gim-je-din-ka-ma,-ali- će-za-to-ne-ka-dru-ga-oso-bi-na-to-sva-ka-ko-da-či-ni.-Za-klju-čak-ko-ji- se-iz-ove-na-čel-ne-pri-če-na-me-će-je-da-je-efe-kat-ko-ji-se-oče-ku-je-iz- kom-pe-ti-ci-je-ne-ka-vr-sta-pro-gre-sa,- jer- re-zul-tat- tak-mi-če-nja- je,-po- de-fi-ni-ci-ji,-po-be-da-naj-bo-ljeg-tak-mi-ča-ra. Iako-'bor-ba-za-op-sta-nak'-kod-Dar-vi-na-ima-vi-še-me-ta-fo-rič-no-ne-go- do-slov-no-zna-če-nje,-ona-pre-sud-no-od-re-đu-je-per-spek-ti-vu-u-ko-joj- se-stva-ri-po-sma-tra-ju.-Ta-ko-se-kao-pa-ra-dig-ma-ti-čan-vi-še-ne-uzi-ma- su-kob-iz-me-đu-pri-pad-ni-ka-raz-li-či-tih-vr-sta,-npr.-iz-me-đu-pre-da-to-ra- i-ple-na,-već- su-kob- iz-me-đu- je-din-ki- iste-vr-ste,-od-no-sno- iste-po- pu-la-ci-je.-Ova-či-nje-ni-ca-je-od-sa-svim-po-seb-nog-zna-ča-ja.-Na-i-me,- Dar-vi-nu-su-u-ve-zi-sa-te-zom-o-kom-pe-ti-ci-ji-če-sto-upu-ći-va-na-dva- pri-go-vo-ra:-pr-vo,-da- je- iz-so-ci-jal-ne-na-u-ke-pre-u-zeo- je-dan-mo-del- i-ne-le-gi-tim-no-ga-pri-me-nio-na-pri-rod-ne- re-la-ci-je,- i,-dru-go,-da- je- te-o-ri-ja-evo-lu-ci-je-ne-ras-ki-di-vo-ve-za-na-za-uve-re-nje-da-in-ter-ak-ci-ja- iz-me-đu-se-bič-nih-je-din-ki-(bi-lo-da-su-u-pi-ta-nju-ak-te-ri-na-tr-ži-štu-ili- se-bič-ni-ge-ni)-si-stem-odr-ža-va-u-har-mo-nič-nom-sta-nju,-tj.-za-ide-ju- o-'skri-ve-noj-ru-ci'-Ada-ma-Smi-ta-(Adam Smith).-Se-ti-mo-se-sa-mo- po-zna-tih-En-gel-so-vih- re-či:- "Či-ta-vo- dar-vi-ni-stič-ko- uče-nje- o- bor- bi- za- op-sta-nak- jed-no-stav-no- je- pre-no-še-nje-Hob-zo-vog- uče-nja- o- 22-Dar-vin-Č.,-Po sta nak vr sta,-str.-61. 273 EVA KAMERER bellum om ni um con tra om nes-i-gra-đan-sko-eko-nom-skog-uče-nja-o- kon-ku-ren-ci-ji,-po-red-Mal-tu-so-ve-te-o-ri-je-o-sta-nov-ni-štvu,-iz-dru-štva- u-ži-vu-pri-ro-du.-Ka-da-je-ova-maj-sto-ri-ja-okon-ča-na-(a-ko-joj-ja-ap-so- lut-no-ospo-ra-vam-oprav-da-nost...,-na-ro-či-to-što-se-ti-če-Mal-tu-so-ve- te-o-ri-je),-on-da-se-ova-ista-te-o-ri-ja-pre-no-si-na-zad-iz-or-gan-ske-pri-ro- de-u-isto-ri-ju-i-tvr-di-se-da-je-do-ka-za-no-nje-no-va-že-nje-kao-več-nog- za-ko-na-ljud-skog-dru-štva"23. Dar-vi-nov-mal-tu-zi-ja-ni-zam-je,-da-kle,-pred-sta-vljao-spor-nu-tač-ku-u- mark-si-stič-koj-re-cep-ci-ji-te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci-je.-Ta-ko-je-to-bi-lo-u-kla-sič- nom-mark-si-zmu,-ka-sni-je-u-so-vjet-skoj-bi-o-lo-gi-ji,-a-on-da-i-u-po-sle- rat-noj-evo-lu-ci-o-noj-bi-o-lo-gi-ji-ko-ja-se-raz-vi-ja-la-u-na-šoj-ze-mlji.-Isto- ri-ja-tu-ma-če-nja-te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci-je-u-kru-gu-mark-si-sta-je,-uosta-lom,- vr-lo- kom-pli-ko-va-na- i- obe-le-že-na- mno-gim- dvo-smi-sle-no-sti-ma.24 Marks- i-En-gels- su-u-Dar-vi-no-voj- te-o-ri-ji- evo-lu-ci-je-vi-de-li-po-tvr- du- svog- sop-stve-nog- tu-ma-če-nja- stvar-no-sti- i- po-dr-ža-va-li- su- njen- ma-te-ri-ja-li-zam-i-pro-gre-si-vi-stič-ku-no-tu,-za-ko-ju-su-sma-tra-li-da-joj- je-svoj-stve-na.-Ipak,-ele-ment-kom-pe-ti-ci-je-je-du-go-vre-me-na-ostao- spo-ran-i-ozna-ča-van-je-kao-te-o-rij-ski-ne-le-gi-ti-man.-U-po-me-nu-tom- pred-go-vo-ru-pr-vog-kom-plet-nog-pre-vo-da-Po stan ka vr sta na naš je-zik- mo-že-mo- da- pro-či-ta-mo- sle-de-će- re-či:- "Iz-gra-đu-ju-ći- svo-je- uče-nje-o-bor-bi-za-op-sta-nak- i-pri-rod-no-oda-bi-ra-nje,-on- (Dar-vin)- je- ne-kri-tič-ki- i- na-iv-no- is-ko-ri-stio- ide-je-Mal-tu-sa- o- ras-te-nju- ljud- skih-po-pu-la-ci-ja,-re-ak-ci-o-nar-nu-te-o-ri-ju-en-gle-ske-ari-sto-kra-ci-je-ko-ja- je- po-rast- be-de,- uslo-vlje-ne- ka-pi-ta-li-stič-kim- raz-vit-kom,- tu-ma-či-la- kao- traj-nu- sud-bi-nu- čo-ve-čan-stva"25.-Ume-sto- kom-pe-ti-ci-je,- autor- sma-tra-da-je-mno-go-pri-me-re-ni-je-da-se-in-ter-ak-ci-je-u-ži-vom-sve-tu- po-sma-tra-ju-na-di-ja-lek-tič-ki-na-čin-i-da-se-pro-tiv-reč-no-sti-na-svim- ni-vo-i-ma-vi-de-kao-po-kre-tač-evo-lu-ci-o-nih-pro-ce-sa. Iako-ne-ma-sum-nje-da-je-ovaj-tip-kri-ti-ke-i-kod-nas-i-u-So-vjet-skom- Sa-ve-zu-bio-mo-ti-vi-san-ide-o-lo-škim-po-tre-ba-ma,-že-le-la-bih-na-kra-ju- da-skre-nem-pa-žnju-na-dve-in-te-re-sant-ne-stva-ri.-Pr-vo,-po-le-mi-ka-sa- Dar-vi-no-vim-mal-tu-zi-ja-ni-zmom-ni-je-za-po-če-la-tek-sa-do-mi-na-ci-jom- mark-si-zma:-u-pred-re-vo-lu-ci-o-nar-noj-Ru-si-ji-je-po-sto-ja-la-du-ga-tra- di-ci-ja-kri-ti-ke-mal-tu-sov-skih-ele-me-na-ta-u-Dar-vi-no-voj-te-o-ri-ji-evo- lu-ci-je,- i- to- ne- sa-mo-u-kru-gu- le-vi-čar-ski- ori-jen-ti-sa-nih-bi-o-lo-ga.26 23-Bri-ef-F.-E.-i-Law-row-P.,-15.-17.11.1785,-u:-Marx-K.-i-En-gels-F.,-Wer ke,-Bd.- XXXIV,-Ber-lin-1966,-str.-170.- 24-Up.-Stack-D.-A.,-The-First-Dar-wi-ni-an-Left:-Ra-di-cal-and-So-ci-a-list-Re-spon-ses- to-Dar-win,-1859-1914,-Hi story of Po li ti cal Tho ught,-Vol.-XXI.-No.-4,--2000. 25-Stan-ko-vić-S.,-Ume-sto-pred-go-vo-ra,-u:-Č.-Dar-vin,-Po sta nak vr sta,-str.-9. 26-Up.-Ta-u-ber-A.-I.-i-Chernyak-L.,-Metchni koff and the Ori gins of Im mu no logy. From Me tap hor to The ory,-New-York-Ox-ford-1991.-Re-kon-stru-i-šu-ći-po-sta-nak- mo-der-ne-imu-no-lo-gi-je-auto-ri-po-ka-zu-ju-da-je-Meč-ni-kof-is-pr-va-oštro-kri-ti-ko-vao- Dar-vi-na-zbog-po-gre-šne-ge-ne-ra-li-za-ci-je-mal-tu-sov-skog-prin-ci-pa-ko-ja,-po-nje-mu,- ume-sto-da-obez-be-di-oslo-ba-đa-nje-te-o-ri-je-o-ži-vom-sve-tu-od-ele-me-na-ta-unu-tra- šnjih-po-ri-va-i-mo-ti-va-do-pri-no-si-da-ovi-ele-men-ti-bu-du-još-iz-ra-že-ni-ji-(Ibid.,-str.- 76).-Za-ob-u-hvat-nu- sli-ku- re-cep-ci-je-Dar-vi-no-ve- te-o-ri-je-evo-lu-ci-je-u-Ru-si-ji-up.- 274 EVA KAMERER Dru-go,-tra-di-ci-o-nal-no-sta-no-vi-šte-o-neo-p-hod-no-sti-kom-pe-ti-ci-je-za- pri-rod-nu-se-lek-ci-ju-je-u-sa-vre-me-noj-na-u-ci-na-pu-šte-no.-Ume-sto-to- ga,-sva-ki-ge-no-tip-se-aso-ci-ra-sa-dar-vi-nov-skom-adap-tiv-nom-vred- no-šću.-Pri-rod-na-se-lek-ci-ja-se-do-ga-đa-čak-i-u-po-pu-la-ci-ja-ma-ko-je- ni-su-ogra-ni-če-ne-re-sur-si-ma,- jed-no-stav-no-za-to-što-su-ne-ki-ge-no- ti-po-vi-in-he-rent-no-plod-ni-ji-od-dru-gih.-Ge-no-tip-mo-že-da-po-sta-ne- pro-duk-tiv-ni-ji-pu-tem-ne-kih-stra-te-gi-ja-ko-je-ne-ma-ju-ni-ka-kve-ve-ze- sa-bor-bom- (npr.- ko-o-pe-ra-tiv-nost,- skla-pa-nje-pri-ja-telj-stva,- ino-va- tiv-nost-itd).-Čak-i-u-po-pu-la-ci-ji-je-din-ki-ko-je-su-ge-ne-tič-ki-iden-tič- ne-i-me-đu-ko-ji-ma-ne-po-sto-ji-kom-pe-ti-ci-ja-zbog-manj-ka-re-sur-sa,- mo-že-da-do-đe-do-evo-lu-ci-je,-re-ci-mo-za-hva-lju-ju-ći-slu-čaj-nom-ot- kri-ću- ka-ko- da- se- ko-ri-sti- ne-ki- fak-tor- ko-ji- će- uve-ća-ti- adap-tiv-nu- vred-nost-je-din-ke.- LI-TE-RA-TU-RA: Ci-cva-rić-K.,-Kri tič ki ese ji,-Be-o-grad-1912. 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Nes-se-R.-M.,-Ma-la-dap-ta-tion-and-Na-tu-ral-Se-lec-tion,-The Qu ar terly Re- vi ew of Bi o logy,-Vol.-80.-Nr.-1,-March-2005. So-ber-E.,-Fi lo zo fi ja bi o lo gi je,-Be-o-grad-2006. Stack-D.-A.,-The-First-Dar-wi-ni-an-Left:-Ra-di-cal-and-So-ci-a-list-Re-spon- ses-to-Dar-win,-1859-1914,-Hi story of Po li ti cal Tho ught,-Vol.-XXI.-No.- 4,-Win-ter-2000. To-des-D.-P.,-Dar win Wit ho ut Malt hus. The Strug gle for Exi sten ce in Rus sian Evo lu ti o nary Tho ught,-New-York-Ox-ford-1989. 275 EVA KAMERER Stan-ko-vić-S.,-Ume-sto-pred-go-vo-ra,-u:-Č.-Dar-vin,-Po sta nak vr sta,-Be-o- grad-1948. Stoj-ko-vić-B.-i-Tu-cić-N.,-Dar vi ni ja na. Vo dič kroz evo lu ci o nu bi o lo gi ju, Be-o-grad-2009. Ta-u-ber-A.-I.-i-Chernyak-L.,-Metchni koff and the Ori gins of Im mu no- logy. From Me tap hor to The ory,-New-York,-Ox-ford-1991. To-des-D.-P.,-Dar win Wit ho ut Malt hus. The Strug gle for Exi sten ce in Rus sian Evo lu ti o nary Tho ught,-New-York,-Ox-ford-1989. Eva-Ka-me-rer Uni-ver-sity-of-Bel-gra-de,-Fa-culty-of-Phi-lo-sophy--- De-part-ment-of-Phi-lo-sophy,-Bel-gra-de THE-ORY-OF-EVO-LU-TION-BET-WE-EN- DAR-WI-NISM-AND-LA-MARC-KISM SO-ME-ASPECTS-OF-RE-CEP-TION-OF-DAR-WIN'S- THE-ORY-IN-SER-BIA Ab-stract The- aim- of- this- text- is- to- trace- the- main- lines- of- the- interpretation- of- natural- selection- in- the- early- phase- of- reception- of- the- theory- of- evolution-in-Serbia,-as-well-as-the-resistances-met-by-some-of-Darwin's- ideas.-The-analysis-is-directed-at-the-controversies-concerning-the-ideas- regarding- the- evolutionary- mechanisms,- i.e.- the- question- of- natural- selection- and- inheritance- of- acquired- characteristics,- as- well- as- the- concept-of-competition,-which-is-of-crucial-importance-for-Darwinian- natural-selection.-As-a-matter-of-fact,-these-aspects-of-the-interpretation- of-Darwin's- theory-were-very-significant-for-culture- in-a-broad-sense- and- they- can- be- considered- as- a- kind- of- symptom- of- the- general- state-of-mind. Key-words: theory of evolution, Darwin, Lamarck, natural selection