Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. This is a preview of the book THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega Universidad de Alcalá. 2018 ISBN: 978-84-16978-61-8 https://www.unebook.es/es/libro/the-informationalfoundation-of-the-act_59834 General index General index ...................................................................................................................................1 Index of Presentations ...................................................................................................................3 Introduction ................................................................................................................................6 Background and purpose of the research project ......................................................................6 Our methodology ............................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1: Bases to an informational theory of the human act ........................................ 10 The human act in context ........................................................................................................... 10 Kinetic respective telekinetic acts .............................................................................................. 14 Choices and the human act ........................................................................................................ 14 Studying complexity ..................................................................................................................... 21 Probability, complexity and the informational value of human acts ................................... 25 A relational theory of human acts ............................................................................................. 28 The destructive act or act of power .......................................................................................... 29 The mechanical act ...................................................................................................................... 30 The ludic act .................................................................................................................................. 31 Vital acts ........................................................................................................................................ 32 Measurement of informational value ........................................................................................ 33 Dimension of the individual human act ................................................................................... 36 Dimension of collective acts ...................................................................................................... 39 Organizational value in the relational theory of human acts ................................................ 40 Independent, complementary and repetitive acts ................................................................... 42 Embedded information as order ............................................................................................... 44 Zero-Sum informational/organizational system ..................................................................... 48 The hybrid act or "real act" ........................................................................................................ 50 Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. Chapter 2: The informational foundation of meaning ....................................................... 58 Communicative acts..................................................................................................................... 58 Presentations and managements ................................................................................................ 60 Informational value in ∞-free series of acts ............................................................................. 62 The informational reductions..................................................................................................... 66 Informational reductions and computational efficiency ........................................................ 68 Algorithmic reductions................................................................................................................ 73 Destructive augmentation ........................................................................................................... 81 Complexity .................................................................................................................................... 82 Complexity reductions ................................................................................................................ 85 Complexity and reduction of hybrid acts ................................................................................. 87 Chapter 3: Fragmented intentionality ................................................................................... 91 Intentionality and materiality as the concern of Modernity .................................................. 91 Embodiment by chance .............................................................................................................. 93 Chapter 4: Informational reduction of telekinetic acts ...................................................... 97 Chapter 5: Studying the Sign-act ......................................................................................... 105 Embodiment and the sign-act .................................................................................................. 105 Written communication ............................................................................................................ 107 The construction of signs ......................................................................................................... 111 Descriptions, demonstrations and the icon ........................................................................... 113 Chapter 6: Studying the cognitive synapse ........................................................................ 115 From pre-tagmatic presentation to tagmatic synapse .......................................................... 116 From pre-pragmatic presentation to pragmatic synapse ..................................................... 118 From pre-epistagmatic presentations to epistagmatic synapse ........................................... 119 Fragmented intentionality as Husserl's and Foucault's "indexes" ..................................... 121 Chapter 7: Knowing as searching and finding .................................................................. 125 The finiteness of memory ......................................................................................................... 125 The breakpoint of the world of resemblances and the rise of finding and searching ..... 128 Finding and searching ............................................................................................................... 132 Reducing fragmentation through "searching" ....................................................................... 134 Reducing fragmentation through "finding" ........................................................................... 140 Chapter 8: Modelling languages to transform telekinetic presentations into managements .......................................................................................................................... 142 Ending words ......................................................................................................................... 150 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 154 Subject index .......................................................................................................................... 156 The number of pages displayed in this preview is limited and fragments are omitted. Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. Chapter 1: Bases to an informational theory of the human act The human act in context We find the term "act" and its derivations; "action", "actual", "actuality", "change and movement", "living", "existence", "labor" "praxis", etc., at the center of the history of the philosophy of the 20th Century. The concept "act" which appears in the metaphysics o Aristotle and then in the metaphysics of Scholasticism, from Latin actus "a doing or a driving, impulse; a part in a play" and actum "a thing done," "to do, set in motion, drive, urge, chase, stir up"1, is a basic concept to understand intentionality, technology and labor and any other concept that implies movement whatever intellectually or physically. In the Greek of the New Testament the word ergon is used to mean: "an act, deed, thing done" and related meanings. In the same context the word praxis is used to mean "a doing, a mode of acting, a deal, a transaction; the doings of the apostles; a thing to be done, business."2 Just because of its semantic amplitude this term and its related forms are problematic. Aristotle recurred to the term "actuality" to define change and movement as the consequence of the confrontation of substance and form. The first is general the second particular. Now, there is one class of existent things which 1 Online Etymology Dictionary.(2011-05-08). 2 The New Testament Greek Lexicon http://www.searchgodsword.org/lex/grk/view.cgi?number=2041 (2011-05-15). Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. we will call substances, including under the term: first, matter, which in itself is not a this or that, not a particular; second, shape or form in virtue of which it is then a this or that, a particular; third, the composition of the two. Matter is potentiality; form, actuality. And "actuality" is used in two ways: knowledge illustrated the one, exercise of knowledge the other.3 Aristotle introduces then, indirectly, a difference between "knowing" and "exercising knowledge". "Aristotle's terminological distinction in this regard is between poiesis as a kind of productive activity related to what is outside the agent and praxis as the activity concerned with the life (bios) of the human agent (Aristotle 1962: 1140 b 3-4). The knowledge about how to produce something outside the agent is called techne. In other words, techne and poiesis – the knowledge on how to produce something external to the agent and the production process itself – correspond to phronesis and praxis, i.e. to the knowledge about good life and the activity of good life itself."4 To act for Aristotle, is a property of the living and implies the involvement of the soul. Following Aristotle, it is possible then to affirm that knowledge is formal and actual and that there are two modalities of it: knowledge as thing, and knowledge as acting. Putting this in our words, we can say that Aristotle uses the term "actuality" to define knowledge and praxis (as exercising knowledge). Marx uses the term "labor" (Arbeit) to denote the economic manifestation of an act, emphasizing the semantic associations between the concept of "labor" and the subjective feelings associated 3 Aristotle. The Anima Book II. Published in Aristotle's De Anima in Focus. Michael Durrant (editor). Routledge 1993; p. 21. 4 Rafael Capurro; "Toward a Comparative Theory of Agents": http://www.capurro.de/agents.html Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. to pain and fatigue which are not semantically associated to the term "act". The term "labor" is a derivate from Latin laborem meaning just this "hardship, pain, fatigue". As a verb the term means "perform manual or physical work; work hard; keep busy; take pains, strive, endeavor". The term "act" at the other hand, means "something done, deed, action," the term is closer to the English term "work" which comes from Proto-Germanic werkan; for instance, the denomination "working class" is from 1789.5 This unnecessary distinction between labor and acting, led the work of Marx and the work of the philosophers of economy in general, to unnecessary difficulties. Marx purpose was that to explain the mechanisms of capitalism and in this attempt he emphasized the role of industrial acting over any other form of acting. As it was noticed by Hannah Arendt, for Marx, not all acting was interesting, the part of the industrial acting which was really interesting for him was the part which was not remunerated; that part that was appropriated by the capitalist. He called this no remunerated part of work "surplus labor". The concept of surplus labor is important for the Marxian theory of exploitation of the worker by the capitalist as the source of the creation of new capital. We believe that this circumstantial fact has contributed to the misunderstanding of the creative powers of acting in general. Searching carefully in Marx' texts we found that Marx acknowledges two groups of labor-acts. For instance, in Book III of Capital he distinguishes between "universal labor" and "cooperative labor". The first category includes "all scientific labor, all 5 Online Etymology Dictionary. Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. discoveries and all invention" and is based in both the "the cooperation of the living, and partly on the utilization of the labors of those who have gone before". The second "is the direct co-operation of individuals." Work and labor then in the economic sense of the word would be the co-operative form of action. Let see how Marx explains this: Incidentally, a distinction should be made between universal labor and co-operative labor; both play a role in the process of production, both flow one into the other, but both are also differentiated. Universal labor is all scientific labor, all discoveries and all invention. This labor depends partly on the co-operation of the living, and partly on the utilization of the labors of those who have gone before. Co-operative labor, on the other hand, is the direct co-operation of individuals. The foregoing is corroborated by frequent observation, to wit: 1) the great difference in the cost of the first model of a new machine and that of its reproduction. 2) The far greater cost of operating an establishment based on a new invention as compared to later establishments arising ex suis ossibus.6 This is so very true that the trail-blazers generally go bankrupt, and only those who later buy the buildings, machinery, etc., at a cheaper price, make money out of it. It is, therefore, generally the most worthless and miserable sort of moneycapitalists who draw the greatest profit out of all new developments of the universal labor of the human spirit and their 6 from their very bones. Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. social application through combined labor.7 From Marx' words can be deduced that he believed that the development of new embodiments (prototypes) includes the labor of earlier generations and therefore includes much more labor than a standard produced artifact which only consumed the labor of the actual generation of workers. From Marx words can also be deduced that this "universal labor" is the theoretical and praxical knowledge that has been inherited from the experience of earlier generations. As Marx shows, the first implementations of new technologies imply always very high costs. These costs originate in the necessary succession of decisions, which are tentative and prone to be wrong. The trial and error method, which is the natural way to implement new technologies, consumes much more labor than well-known processes. Kinetic respective telekinetic acts "Kinetic" acts for us are the acts performed through embodiment. These acts happen both in the lifeworld and in the projective world of "physics"; they are acts with materiality. On the other hand, "telekinesis" is our word to refer to the "mental acts". We understand the term "telekinesis" as the unicity between the subject and the lifeworld manifested as the directness of the intentional act. Choices and the human act The common way to classify the human act is that to distin- 7 Capital Vol. III Part I. "The Conversion of Surplus-Value into Profit and of the Rate of Surplus-Value into the Rate of Profit Chapter 5. Economy in the Employment of Constant Capital V. Economy Through Inventions." Marx Internet Archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894c3/ch05.htm Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. guish between simple and complex acts. For example, let us study the work of Donald A. Norman. According to Norman everyday tasks shows a simple structure: Everyday activities are conceptually simple. We should be able to do most things without having to think about what we're doing. The simplicity lies in the nature of the structure of the tasks.8 Norman distinguishes between wide and deep action structures which he represents as the sequences of a decision tree. An example could be the study of the game of chess: The sequences can be represented on a decision tree, a diagram that in this case takes the current board position as a starting point and shows each of my possible moves, each of the possible countermoves, each possible counter-counter move, each possible counter-counter-counter move, and so on, as deep as time and energy permit.9 The diagram of the decision tree of the game of chess is wide in the sense that for each choosing moment there are many open alternatives and it is deep in the sense that the consequences of each choice have far-reaching consequences. A simpler case is the game tic-tac-toe which is presented by Norman as follows: 8 Norman, Donald A. The design of everyday things. The MIT Press; London, 2001; p. 119. 9 Ibid. p. 119. Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. [...] Studying complexity Decisions in connection to acts create what we will call "organizational value" as bits that express order, which can be represented as series of 0 and 1 in a decision-tree. The organizational value intrinsic to human acts is related to decisions that either select an act in the same level of acting (horizontal decisiontree) or decisions that open for an act in another level of acting (vertical decision-tree). In the first case the act increases the amount of organizational value by repetition; in the second case the amount of organizational value increases by complexity. To study the concept of "complexity" we will use spatial references. Complexity in acting is achieved moving from the large to the little, from the unspecific to the specific, from the general to the particular. Each decision opens Presentation 1: Decision tree of the game of tic-tac-toe according to Norman. Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. a space of new possibility that increases the amount of order by adding new options-choices on that level that accumulate with previous ones. Notice that the everyday world is organized in levels of size among which the size of the human body is the natural point of reference or first level. That allows us to assemble the human acts in groups of frequencies of 0 and 1. Drawing from the frequency interpretation of probability developed by von Mises10 and taking into consideration neighborhood relations, Popper11 presented the concept of freedom in finite classes of occurrences of binary events. We will use this concept to describe the level of complexity of acts. A sequence of occurrences is said to be 1-free if it is insensitive to selection according to a single predecessor, i.e. if the resulting frequency (probability) does not change when taking all elements succeeding a 0 or a 1. Similarly, sequences can be 2-free, 3-free ...n-free depending on the number of predecessors that the sequence is insensitive to selection. A sequence is 0-free if any selection from any number of predecessors results in a constant sequence of 0s or 1s. A 0-free sequence is therefore predictable and presents a high level of organizational value. We argue that human acts present levels of freedom that are equivalent to Popper's description of freedom. Namely, each decision will increase in one unit the complexity of the act characterized by the sequence of occurrences that it represents. Higher values of freedom correspond to higher levels of complexity and higher levels of informational value, and lower levels of predictability and organi- 10 von Mises, Richard. Probability, statistics and truth. MacMillan; New York, 1957. 11 Popper, Karl R. The logic of scientific discovery. Hutchinson; London, 1980; p. 159. Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. zational value. Acts can therefore be set on a continuum according to its complexity in correspondence to the human and social levels of acting. [...] A relational theory of human acts There is another aspect in the study of human acts that complement the study of its complexity. We are referring to an act's relation to other acts. Let us present a general methodology to analyze the relational aspects of human acts. We will ask us if acts are destructive, reversible or reconstructible. Each answer will give us a family of acts as follows: Degree of freedom in different levels of lifeworld complexity  Decreasing complexity Less information More predictability More order Increasing complexity  More information Less predictability Less order Microlevel. Nonvisible by the eye. The level of the human finger The level of the human hand The level of the human body The social level of a building The social level of a city The social level of a country ideas, emotions, feelings, desires 0-free 1-free ... 10-free ... 103-free 106-free ∞-free Presentation 2: The scale of freedom of decisions Preview: THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018. We call these acts abstracts acts different from the real acts that we will study immediately after. Let us study these abstract acts independently from each other. [END OF PREVIEW] THE INFORMATIONAL FOUNDATION OF THE HUMAN ACT. Fernando Flores Morador & Luis de Marcos Ortega. Universidad de Alcalá. 2018 https://www.unebook.es/es/libro/the-informational-foundation-of-theact_59834 Presentation 3: A relational theory of human acts.