Analytic Philosophy J.-M. Kuczynski Virginia Commonwealth University Kendall Hunt publishing company Cover image © Shutterstock, Inc. Used under license from Shutterstock, Inc. Kendall Hunt publishing company www.kendallhunt.com Send all inquiries to: 4050 Westmark Drive Dubuque, IA 52004-1840 Copyright © 2009 by J.-M. Kuczynski ISBN 978-0-7575-6383-6 Kendall Hunt Publishing Company has the exclusive rights to reproduce this work, to prepare derivative works from this work, to publicly distribute this work, to publicly perform this work and to publicly display this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my father Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski, whose example I sought to emulate in writing this book, and whose guidance enabled me to cross many of the bridges that I had to cross to do so.

CONTENTS Part I The Analysis of Analysis Chapter 1: Analytic Philosophy as Logical Analysis 3 Chapter 2: Properties and Non-Spatiotemporal Existence 59 Chapter 3: What Are Propositions and What Is Truth? 77 Part II Language and Thought Chapter 4: What Is a Language? 95 Chapter 5: Do We Think in Words? 121 Chapter 6: Russell's Improvements on Frege's Work 135 Chapter 7: Some Remarks on Logicism and on Frege's Formalization of Logic 153 Chapter 8: The Relationship between Thought and Language: Literal Meaning vs. Cognitive Content 177 Chapter 9: Putnam's Insight and Burge's Blunder: Semantic Externalism vs. Content-Externalism 219 Part III Knowledge and Inductive Inference Chapter 10: Knowledge 243 Chapter 11: Cartesian Skepticism and the Birth of Epistemology 273 Chapter 12: Skepticism and the Justification of Inductive Inference 295 Chapter 13: Empiricism and Its Limits 311 Part IV Necessity, Causality, and Personal Identity Chapter 14: Determinism, Randomness, and Unpredictability 343 Chapter 15: The Compatibilist Conception of Freedom 353 Chapter 16: Personal and Objectual Identity 373 Chapter 17: Causality 405 Chapter 18: Modality and Non-Existence 451 Part V Ethics and Religion Chapter 19: Some Fundamental Principles Relating to Ethics 481 Chapter 20: Emotivism 499 Chapter 21: Moral Conventionalism and Moral Nihilism 511 Chapter 22: The Nature of Subjecthood and the Connection between Self-Interest and Morality 525 Chapter 23: Kant's Ethics and His Attempt to Identify Morality with Self-Interest 547 Chapter 24: Hedonism, Egoism, Utilitarianism, and Deontology 559 Chapter 25: Religion 571 Chapter 26: Are We Free to Choose Our Own Values? Existentialism Examined 591 Chapter 27: The Ethical Basis of Law 599 Appendix 1: The Rudiments of Logic 603 Appendix 2: Important Terms and Principles 631 Bibliography