Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 1 AMELE SWITCH REFERENCE AS TEMPORAL RECENTERING Abstract Amele (Papuan, New Guinea) is a tense-mood-based language (in the typology of Bittner 2014) with an elaborate system of clause chaining, including switch reference (SR) and serial verb constructions (SVC) (see Roberts 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1996, 2001, 207). This draft analyzes two interlinear Amele texts (from Roberts 2007) in Update with Centering (UC, Bittner 2014). The basic idea is that an SR-chain is a topic-comment sequence about a topical development - in terms of UC, a topic time framing a chain of causally linked events. In contrast, an SVC is a chain of verbs that jointly introduce a single eventuality into discourse (i.e. complex predicate where multiple verbs co-specify the same eventuality). References Bittner, Maria. 2014. Temporality: Universals and Variation. Wiley-Blackwell. Roberts, John. 1987. Amele. Croom Helm, London. Roberts, John. 1988. Amele switch reference and the theory of grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 19:45–63. Roberts, John. 1990. Modality in Amele and other Papuan languages. Journal of Linguistics 8:75–118. Roberts, John. 1991. Reduplication in Amele. In T. Dutton, ed., Papers in Papuan Linguistics, No. 1, 115–146. Pacific Linguistics, A-73. Australian National University, Canberra. Roberts, John. 1996. A Government and Binding analysis of the verb in Amele. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 27:1–66. Roberts, John. 2001. Impersonal constructions in Amele. In A. Aikhenvald et al., eds., Non-Canonical Marking of Subjects and Objects, 201–250. John Benjamins, Amsterdam/Philadelphia. Roberts, John, compiler. Available 2007; Created 1978–1988. Amele interlinear texts. http://www-01.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=48963 http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 2 Glosses in Amele texts gloss & category in this ms. John Roberts 1987 E.g. (h--‐ 'come.3SG...') • matrix realis tense inflections PRS present PRS present hona PST past REMP remote past hon ~PST negative PST NEGP negative past qee hol TOD.P today's past TODP today's past hoia YST.P yesterday's past YESTP yesterday's past hoian HAB.P habitual past HABP habitual past holoi • matrix not (yet) realized tense/mood inflections FUT future FUT future hugian ~FUT negative FUT NEGF negative future qee hoiaun IMP/OPT imperative/optative IMP/INJ imperative/injunctive hoia ~IMP/OPT negative IMP/OPT PROH/APP prohibitive/apprehensive (cain) hoiaun IRR irrealis CONTR counterfactual houb INF infinitive INF infinitive hoc • medial switch-reference inflections (SU = subject) SS same SU INF infinitive hu SEQ.SS sequential, same SU SEQ.SS sequential, same SU humei SEQ.SS.M sequential, same SU, modal SEQ.SS.COND seq., same SU, conditional hufei SIM.SS simultaneous, same SU SIM.SS simultaneous, same SU hoi SEQ.DS sequential, different SU SEQ.DS sequential, different SU hocob SIM.DS simult., different SU SIM.DS.REALIS simult., different SU, realis hon SIM.DS.M simult., diff. SU, modal SIM.DS.IRREALIS simult., different SU, irrealis hob • medial inflection in verb series/clause series VV verb series PRED predicate marker hu • person & number inflections/pronouns E.g. (h--‐...--‐an 'come...PST') 1SG 1st singular 1S hugan 'I came (yst)' 2SG 2nd singular 2S hogan 'you came (yst)' 3SG 3rd singular 3S hoian 's/he came (yst)' 1DU 1st dual 1D howan 'we (2) came (yst)' 2DU 2nd dual 2/3D hosian 'you (2) came (yst)' 3DU 3rd dual 2/3D hosian 'they (2) came (yst)' 1PL 1st plural 1P hoqan 'I (3+) came (yst)' 2PL 2nd plural 2/3P hoigan 'you (3+) came (yst)' 3PL 3rd plural 2/3P hoigan 'they (3+) came (yst)' Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 3 [1] THE CHICKEN AND THE WALLABY (1) [A chicken and a wallaby]⊤ ... \m Mala cudumac=ca ale \g chicken wallaby=with they(2) \uc ⊤[x| chicken⊤Ω⟨x⟩]; ⊤[x| wallaby⊤Ω⟨x⟩]; ⊤[x| x =i ⊤δ $ ⊤′δ]; [2⟨⊤δ⟩]; ... made a canoe⊥ \m wag \g canoe \uc [x| canoe⊤ω⟨x⟩]; \m jel--‐esi.n \g wrape-3DU.PST⊤ \uc ⊤[t| t <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [e| make⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩, e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (2) Then⊤t ... \m Wag \g canoe \uc (((((∂[canoe⊤ω⟨⊥δ⟩]; \m jel--‐m--‐esi \g wrap⊥ε-SEQ.SS⊤-3DU \uc [make⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; ⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆i ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... they⊤ gave their canoe⊥ a push ... \m ale wag \g they(2) canoe \uc (∂[2⟨⊤δ⟩]; ∂[canoe⊤ω⟨⊥δ⟩]; \m sun--‐d--‐oco--‐bil \g push-3SG-SEQ.DS-3DU \uc [push⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆i ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... so that it⊥ slid down into the sea. ... \m macas=na n--‐oco--‐b \g sea=to go.down-SEQ.DS-3SG \uc ([into.sea⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ⟩, go.dwn⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆i ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... They⊤ climbed aboard⊥, ... \m ale wag \g they(2) canoe \uc (∂[2⟨⊤δ⟩]; ∂[canoe⊤Ω⟨⊥δ⟩]; \m tobi--‐m--‐esi \g climb.up-SEQ.SS-3DU \uc [climb.into⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... and off they⊤ went. \m bel--‐esi.n \g go-3DU.PST \uc ([⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [go.away⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 4 Model for (1)–(2) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p2 ⊆ (⊤)p1 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 ■■ ⊤t1: e0-past t1 <p0 e0 PST⊤ ● e1: chk. x1 $ wllb. x2 make e1 ⊆w0 t1 ve-PST canoe y1 ■■■■■ ⊤t2: e1--‐imm.future, e0-past e1 –<w0 t2 <p1 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ● e2.1: x1 $ x2 give y1 a push e2.1 ⊆w0 t2, e2.1 ⊆w0 we1 ve-SEQ ● e2.2: y1 slides down into sea e2.2 ⊆w0 t2, e2.2 ⊆w0 we2.1 ve-SEQ ● e2.3: x1 $ x2 climb up into y1 e2.3 ⊆w0 t2, e2.3 ⊆w0 we2.2 ve-SEQ ● e2.4: x1 $ x2 go away e2.4 ⊆w0 t2, e2.4 ⊆w0 we2.3 ve-SEQ (3) While⊤t they⊤ were out on they open sea in their canoe⊥ ... \m Wag=na macas launo \g [canoe=in sea ocean \uc (((([canoe⊤Ω⟨⊥δ⟩, in⊤Ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [on.open.sea⊤Ω⟨⊥ε⟩]; \m be.bel--‐esin \g go.goe⊥ε-SIM.DS⊤.3DU \uc [e| keep.going⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ⟩, ⊥ε =i xse]; ((⊤[t| t ⊆⊤ω s⊥ε]; [e| e ⊆i ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω s⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... a breeze⊥ sprang up ... \m fufu hu--‐m--‐ei \g wind come-SEQ.SS-3SG \uc ([x| breeze⊤ω⟨x⟩]; [arrive⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... and took hold of the chicken's tail⊤, ... \m mala uqa=na dodo \g chicken he=of tail \uc (⊤[x]; ![x| chicken⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ, tail.of⊤ω⟨⊤δ, x⟩]; \m hew--‐ece--‐b \g take.hold-SEQ.DS-3SG \uc [take.hold.of⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... so that it⊤ went "kom, ..., kom". \m kom--‐i kom--‐i kom--‐i--‐e.n \g kom-VV kom-VV ... kom-VV-3SG.PST \uc ([⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [keep.saying.kom⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 5 Model for (3) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p3 ⊆ (⊤)p2 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e2.4: x1 $ x2 go away e2.4 ⊆w0 t2, e2.4 ⊆w0 we2.3 ve-SEQ ●●●●●●●... e3.0: x1 $ x2 keep going in e2.4 = xse3.0 v⊥ε e in canoe y1 on open sea ■■■■■■... ⊤t3: during e3.0, e0-past t3 ⊆w0se3.0, t3 <p2 e0 SIM⊤... PST ● e3.1: breeze x3 arrives e3.1 ⊆w0 t3, e3.1 ⊆w0 se3.0 ve⊥ε-SIM ● e3.2: breeze x3 takes hold e3.2 ⊆w0 t3, e3.2 ⊆w0 we3.1 ve-SEQ of chicken x1's tail y3 ●●● e3.3: x1's tail y3 keeps saying e3.3 ⊆w0 t3, e3.3 ⊆w0 we3.2 ve-SEQ "kom, ..., kom" (4) When⊤ ... \m od--‐oco--‐b \g do⊥ε-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG \uc ((([e| e =i xs⊥ε]; ⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆i ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... the wallaby⊤x saw it⊤s, ... \m cudumac uqa \g wallaby he \uc (⊤[x| wallaby⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ]; \m f--‐ece--‐b \g see-3SG⊤s.SEQ.DS-3SG \uc ⊤[s| ⊥′ε =i xs]; [see⊤ω⟨⊥ε,⊤δ,⊤σ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, {e} ⋢i Dom ↑])) ⊤; ... it⊤σ made him⊤ jealous. \m gale _--‐d--‐o.n \g jealousy tv-3SG-3SG⊤σ.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [make.jealous⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤σ, ⊤δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (5) So⊤t ... \m od--‐oco--‐b \g do⊥ε-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG⊥ε \uc ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, {⊥ε} ⋢i Dom ↑]) ⊤; ... ... he⊤ said to the chicken⊥: ("Your tail is very nice when it goes kom, kom. My tail doesn't go kom, kom.") \m cudumac uqa mala \g wallaby he chicken \uc (⊤[x| wallaby⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ]; [x| chicken⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ]; \m ma--‐d--‐o.n "..." \g say.to-3SG-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [speak.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])) [p| say⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, p]; [ ... ⊥Ω ...]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 6 Model for (4)–(5) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p5 ⊆ (⊤)p4 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ●●● e3.3: x1's tail y3 keeps saying e3.3 ⊆w0 t3, e3.3 ⊆w0 we3.2 ve-SEQ "kom, ..., kom" ● e4.0: process e3.3 begins e4.0 = xse3.3 v⊥ε e ■■■ ⊤t4: e4.0-imm.future, e0-past e4.0 –<w0 t4 <p3 e0 SEQ⊤... PST –––– ⊤s4: state beginning with e4.0 e4.0 = xs4 --‐3SG⊤s ● e4.1: wallaby x2 sees ⊤s4 e4.1 ⊆w0 t4, e4.1 ⊆w0 we4.0 ve⊥ε-SEQ ● e4.2: ⊤s4 makes x2 jealous e4.2 ⊆w0 t4, e4.2 ⊆w0 we4.1 ve-SEQ ■■ ⊤t5: e4.2-imm.future, e0-past e4.2 –<w0 t5 <p4 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ● e5: wllb x2 speaks to chk x1, e5 ⊆w0 t5, e5 ⊆w0 we4.2 v⊥ε-SEQ says p5 ("...") (6) Then⊤t ... \m Od--‐oco--‐b \g do⊥ε-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG \uc (((((((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆i ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... as they⊤ kept on going ... \m be.bel--‐esin \g go.go-SIM.DS.3DU⊤ \uc (⊤[x| x =i ⊤δ $ ⊥δ]; ∂[2⟨⊤δ⟩]; [keep.going⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω s⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... (again) a breeze sprang up ... \m fufu \g wind \uc ([x| breeze⊤ω⟨x⟩]; \m hu--‐m--‐ei \g come-SEQ.SS-3SG \uc [arrive⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... and took hold of the chicken's tail⊤, ... \m mala uqa=na dodo \g chicken he=of tail \uc (⊤[x]; ![x| chicken⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ, tail.of⊤ω⟨⊤δ, x⟩]; \m hew--‐ece--‐b \g take.hold-SEQ.DS-3SG \uc [take.hold.of⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... so that it⊤ (again) went "kom, ..., kom". \m kom--‐i kom--‐i kom--‐ece--‐b \g kom-VV kom-VV kom-SEQ.DS-3SG \uc [says.kom.kom.kom⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 7 ... The wallaby⊤ (again) saw it⊤s ... \m cudumac uqa \g wallaby he \uc (⊤[x| wallaby⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ]; \m f--‐ece--‐b \g see-3SG⊤s.SEQ.DS-3SG \uc ⊤[s| xs =i ⊥′ε]; [see⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊤σ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, {e} ⋢i Dom ↑])) ⊤; ... and it⊤σ (again) made him⊤ jealous ... \m gale _--‐d--‐oco--‐b \g jealousy tv-3SG-SEQ.DS-3SG⊥ε \uc [make.jealous⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤σ, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω we, {⊥ε} ⋢i Dom ↑])) ⊤; ... when he⊤ saw the fur⊥ on his own tail. \m uqa dodo uqa=na hohu--‐g \g it fur he=on tail-3SG \uc (∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; [x| fur⊤ω⟨x⟩]; ![x| tail.of⊤Ω⟨x, ⊤δ⟩, on⊤ω⟨⊥δ, x⟩]; \m f--‐e.n \g see-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [see⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (7) His own fur⊤ (lit. This⊤) was stiff. \m eu uqa tinag taw--‐e.n \g this it rigid stands-3SG.PST \uc ⊤[x| x =i ⊥δ]; [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [s| be.stiff⊤ω⟨s, ⊤δ⟩, ⊤τ ⊆⊤ω s]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (6)–(7) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p7 ⊆ (⊤)p6 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e5: wllb x2 speaks to chk x1, e5 ⊆w0 t5, e5 ⊆w0 we4.2 v⊥ε-SEQ says p5 ("...") ■■■ ⊤t6: e5-imm.future, e0-past e5 –<w0 t6 <p5 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ●●● e6.1: x1 $ x2 keep going e6.1 ⊆w0 t6, e6.1 ⊆w0 we5 v⊥ε-SEQ ● e6.2: breeze x6 arrives e6.2 ⊆w0 t6, e6.2 ⊆w0 se6.1 ve-SIM ● e6.3: breeze x6 takes hold of e6.3 ⊆w0 t6, e6.3 ⊆w0 we6.2 ve-SEQ chicken x1's tail y3 ● e6.4: x1's tail y3 says e6.4 ⊆w0 t6, e6.4 ⊆w0 we6.3 ve-SEQ "kom, ..., kom" ––– ⊤s6: state beginning w. e6.4 xs6 = e6.4 --‐3SG⊤s ● e6.5: wllb x2 sees ⊤s6 e6.5 ⊆w0 t6, e6.5 ⊆w0 we6.4 ve-SEQ ● e6.6: ⊤s6 makes x2 jealous e6.6 ⊆w0 t6, e6.6 ⊆w0 we6.5 ve-SEQ ● e6.7: wllb x2 sees fur x6 on e6.7 ⊆w0 t6, e6.6 ⊆w0 we6.7 ve-SEQ own tail ––––––––– s7: x2's fur x6 is stiff t6 ⊆W0 s7 vs--‐PST http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 8 (8) When⊤t he saw⊥ε that⊤σ ... \m Od--‐i od--‐oco--‐b \g do⊥′ε e-VV do-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG \uc (((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e =i ⊥′ε]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, {e} ⋢i Dom ↑]) ⊤; ... ... it⊤σ made the wallaby⊤ furious (lit. his liver came up) ... \m cudumac \g wallaby \uc (⊤[x| wallaby⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ]; \m gema--‐g b--‐ece--‐b \g liver-3SG come.up-SEQ.DS-3SG⊥σ \uc [make.furious⊤ω⟨e, ⊤σ, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, {⊥ε} ⋢i Dom ↑])) ⊤; ... ... and with his⊤ own tail he⊤ wiped the resin off the canoe⊥. \m uqa hohu--‐g=na \g he tail-3SG=INS \uc (∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; ![e| e ⊑↑ ⊥ε, tail.of⊤Ω⟨↓e, ⊤δ⟩, use⊤ω⟨e, ↑e, ↓e⟩]; \m wag \g canoe \uc ([x| canoe⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈ ⊥⇒δ]; \m baial cagah--‐e.n \g resin remove-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [remove.resin.from⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (9) Then⊤t ... \m od--‐oco--‐b \g do-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG \uc ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆i ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... sea water began to leak in continuously, with bubbling noises. \m macas \g sea.water \uc (⊤[x| sea.water⊤Ω⟨x⟩]; \m lalum dunuh l--‐i l--‐i bil--‐i buhu.baha--‐i--‐e.n \g leak inside go-VV go-VV sit-VV bubble.bubble-VV-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [keep.leaking.into⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩, keep.bubbling⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (10) Then⊤t (= when the water started leaking in) ... \m Od--‐oco--‐b \g doe-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG \uc [e| e =i xs⊥ε]; ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 9 ... the chicken⊤x said to the wallabyx: ("My friend, what have you done? We're going to perish. Don't you see?") \m mala uqa cudumac \g chicken he wallaby \uc (⊤[x| chicken⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊥⇒δ]; [x| wallaby⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ]; \m ma--‐d--‐o.n "..." \g say.to-3SG-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [speak.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; [p| say⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, p]; [ ... ⊥Ω ...])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (11) And then⊤t ... \m od--‐i ma--‐d--‐um--‐ei \g do-VV say.to-3SG-SEQ.SS⊤-3SG \uc [spk.to⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... he⊤ (went on to) say: ("My friend, it's you I'm talking about. As for me, I'm going to leave you.") \m ma--‐d--‐o.n "..." \g say.to-3SG-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [speak.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; [p| say⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, p]; [ ... ⊥Ω ...])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (8)–(11) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p11 ⊆ (⊤)p10 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e6.6: ⊤s6 makes x2 jealous e6.6 ⊆w0 t6, e6.6 ⊆w0 we6.5 ve-SEQ ● e6.7: wllb x2 sees fur x6 e6.7 ⊆w0 t6, e6.6 ⊆w0 we6.7 ve-SEQ on own tail ––––––––– s7: x2's fur x6 is stiff t6 ⊆W0 s7 vs--‐PST ● e8.0: ⊤s6 makes x2 jealous e8.0 = e6.6 v⊥ʹ′εe ■■ ⊤t8: e8.0-imm.future, e0-past e8.0 –<w0 t8 <p7 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ● e8.1: ⊤s6 makes x2 furious e8.1 ⊆w0 t8, e8.1 ⊆w0 we8.0 ve--‐SEQ ● e8.2: x2, using own tail, e8.2 ⊆w0 t8, e8.2 ⊆w0 we8.1 ve--‐SEQ wipe resin off canoe y1 ■■ ⊤t9: e8.2-imm.future, e0-past e8.2 –<w0 t9 <p8 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ●● e9: water leaks into canoe y1 e9 ⊆w0 t9, e9 ⊆w0 we8.2 ve--‐SEQ ● e10.0: process e1 begins e10.0 = xse9 v⊥εe ■■ ⊤t10: e10.0-imm.fut, e0-past e10.0 –<w0 t10 <p9 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ● e10.1: chk x1 speaks to wllb x2 e10.1 ⊆w0 t10, e10.1 ⊆w0we10.0 ve--‐SEQ says p10 ("What hv u done?") ■■ ⊤t11: e10.1-imm.fut, e0-past e10.1 –<w0 t11 <p10 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ● e11: chk x1 speaks again to x2 e11 ⊆w0 t11, e11 ⊆w0we10.1 ve--‐SEQ says p11 ("I'm leaving") http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 10 (12) And then⊤t ... \m od--‐i--‐m--‐ei \g do-VV-SEQ.SS⊤-3SG \uc ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... he⊤ flew up onto the mast. \m uqa \g he \uc (∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; \m fulul--‐i t--‐i failiel=na bil--‐e.n \g fly-VV go.up-VV mast=on sit-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [fly⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩, go.up⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩, sit.on.mast⊤ω⟨(ys⊥ε)⊤ω, ⊤δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (13) From his perch on the mast⊤t ... \m failiel=na bil--‐im--‐ei \g mast=on sit⊥ε e-SEQ.SS⊤-3SG \uc [e| sit.on.mast⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ⟩, e = (ys⊥ε)⊤ω]; ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... he⊤ said to him⊥: ("My friend, I am leaving you. You can perish.") \m uqa \g he \uc ∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; \t, \m ma--‐d--‐o.n "..." \g say.to-3SG-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [speak.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; [p| say⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, p]; [ ... ⊥Ω ...])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (14) The chicken then⊤t flew away (= after this speech) and ... \m mala uqa \g chicken he \uc ⊤[x| chicken⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊤⇒δ]; \m fulul--‐im--‐ei \g flye-SEQ.SS⊤-3SG \uc [e| fly.away⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ⟩, e =i (xs⊥ε)⊤ω]; ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... went to Sel. \m Sel nu--‐e.n \g Sel go.to-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [go.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, Sel⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 11 Model for (12)–(14) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p14 ⊆ (⊤)p13 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e11: chk x1 speaks again, e11 ⊆w0 t11, e11 ⊆w0we10.1 ve--‐SEQ says p11 ("I'm gonna lv") ■■ ⊤t12: e11-imm.fut, e0-past e11 –<w0 t12 <p11 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ●● e12: x1 flies up onto mast y12 e12 ⊆w0 t12, e12 ⊆w0 we11 v⊥εe--‐SEQ ● e13.0: x1 lands on mast y12 e13.0 = (yse12)w0 v⊥εe ■■ ⊤t13: e13.0-imm.fut, e0-past e13.0 –<w0 t13 <p12 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ●● e13.1: chk x1 speaks to wllb x2 e13.1 ⊆w0 t13, e13.1 ⊆w0we13.0 ve--‐SEQ says p13 ("I'm leaving.") ● e14.0: chk x1 flies away e14.0 = (yse13.1)w0 v⊥εe ■■ ⊤t14: e14.0-imm.fut, e0-past e14.0 –<w0 t14 <p13 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ● e14.1: chk x1 goes to Sel e14.1 ⊆w0 t14, e14.1 ⊆w0we14.0 ve--‐SEQ (15) Then⊤t ... \m od--‐oco--‐b \g do⊥′ε-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG \uc ((((((((([e| e =i ⊥′ε]; ⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... while the wallaby⊤ was (still) sitting there dazed, ... \m cudumac uqa \g wallaby he \uc (⊤[x| wallaby⊤Ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊥⇒δ]; \m dadan--‐i bi.bil--‐en \g dazed-VV sit.sit-SIM.DS.3SG \uc [dazed⊤ω⟨s⊥ε,⊤δ⟩, sitting⊤ω⟨s⊥ε,⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ωs⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... out of the sea there appeared a turtle⊥, ... \m macas=na=dec gubai \g sea=in=from turtle \uc [in.sea⟨t⊥ε, ↑⊥ε⟩]; [x| turtle⊤ω⟨x⟩]; \m h--‐um--‐ei \g come-SEQ.SS-3SG \uc [come.up⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... picked him⊤ up on his⊥ back and carried him⊤ to the shore, whereupon ... \m cudumac gahi--‐d--‐u ah--‐u \g wallaby carry.on.back-3SG-VV take-VV \uc (∂[wllb⊤ω⟨⊤δ⟩]; ![e| ⊥ε = pe, carry.on.bk⊤ω⟨e, ⊥δ, ⊤δ⟩, take⊤ω⟨xse, ⊥δ, ⊤δ⟩, \m macas lan=na m--‐ud--‐ece--‐be \g sea shore=on put-3SG-SEQ.DS-3SG \uc put.on.sea.shore⊤ω⟨yse, ⊥δ, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 12 ... the⊤ wallaby (lit. he⊤) got up and ... \m uqa caj--‐i--‐m--‐ei \g he arise-VV-SEQ.SS-3SG \uc (∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; [get.up⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... went back down to the forest. \m n--‐u bahu nu--‐e.n \g go.down-VV forest go.to-3SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [go.down.to.forest⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (15) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p15 ⊆ (⊤)p14 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e15.0: chk x1 flies away e15.0 = e14.0 v⊥′εe ■■■■■■ ⊤t15: e15.0-imm.fut, e0-past e15.0 –<w0 t15 <p14 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ●● e15.1: wllb x2 sits dazed e15.1 ⊆w0 t15, e15.1 ⊆w0 we15.0 ve-SEQ ● e15.2: turtle x3 comes out of sea e15.2 ⊆w0 t15, e15.2 ⊆w0 se15.1 ve-SIM ● e15.3: x3 carries wllb x2 ashore e15.3 ⊆w0 t15, e15.3 ⊆w0 we15.2 ve-SEQ ● e15.4: wllb x2 gets up e15.4 ⊆w0 t15, e15.4 ⊆w0 we15.3 ve-SEQ ● e15.5: x2 goes dwn to forest e15.5 ⊆w0 t15, e15.5 ⊆w0 we15.4 ve-SEQ (16) That's how the wallaby and the chicken made a sea voyage. (17) That's all. Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 13 [2] WHAT I DID YESTERDAY (1) On Friday⊤s I ... \m Ija Fonde=na \g 1SG Friday=on \uc ∂[1⟨↑⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[s| s ⊆⊤ω fribfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; ... began to feel unwell (lit. sth. began to make me sick) \m hag sanan m--‐it--‐e.n \g sickness start tv-1SG-3SG.PST⊤ \uc ⊤[t| t <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; ![e| e = xs⊥ε, make.sick⊤ω⟨e, ⊤σ, ↑⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (2) My whole body⊤ ... \m Dewe--‐ni \g body-1SG \uc ⊤[x| body.of⊤Ω⟨x, ↑⊤ε⟩]; ... was aching. \m dain t--‐e.na \g pain 1SG-3SG.PRS⊥⊤ (NB: ⊥ε-rel. present) \uc ⊤[t| t =i θ⊤Ω ⊥ε]; [s| in.pain⊤ω⟨s, ⊤δ⟩, ⊤τ ⊆⊤ω s]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (3) [A splitting headache and a backache]⊤ ... \m Ilo--‐mi q--‐it--‐ec=ca \g head-1SG kill-1SG-V\N=and \uc [x| head.of⊤Ω⟨x, ↑⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[s| ache⊤ω⟨s, ⊥δ, ↑⊤ε⟩, s ⊑i ⊥σ]; \m gogodo--‐mi dain t--‐ec=ca \g back-1SG pain 1SG-V\N=and⊤s \uc [x| back.of⊤Ω⟨x, ↑⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[s| in.pain⊤ω⟨s, ⊥δ, ↑⊤ε⟩, s ⊑i ⊥σ]; ⊤[s| s =i ⊤σ $ ⊤′σ]; ... began all of a sudden. \m cal--‐i h--‐o.n \g arise-VV come-3SG⊤σ.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [e| e =i x⊤σ, e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (1)–(3) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p3 ⊆ (⊤)p2 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 –– ⊤s1: cause of illness s1 ⊆w0 tfri.bfr.e0 Fri=on ■■ ⊤t1: e0-past t1 <p0 e0 PST⊤ ● e1: s1 starts to make ↑e0 sick e1 ⊆w0 t1 ve-TNS ■ ⊤t2: e1--‐instant, e0-past θp1 e1 = t2 <p0 e0 PRS⊥⊤, PST ––––– s2: ↑e0's body is in pain t2 ⊆w0 s2 vs-TNS –––– ⊤s3.1: ↑e0's head aches badly s3.1 ⊑σ s2 vs-TNS ––––– ⊤s3.2: ↑e0's back is in pain s3.2 ⊑σ s2 vs-TNS ––––– ⊤s3.3: ↑e0's head & back aches s3.3 = s3.1 $σ s3.2 =and⊤s ● e3: s3.3-onset e3 = xs3.3, e3 ⊆w0 t2 ve-PST http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 14 (4) So⊤t ... \m Od--‐oco--‐b \g do⊥ε-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG⊤σ \uc ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω t, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, {⊥ε} ⋢i Dom ↑]) ⊤; ... ... for two nights I lay sick. \m tu lecis hag nij--‐e.m \g night two sickness lie.down-1SG.PST \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε]; [lie.sick.2.nights⊤ω⟨s⊥ε, ↑⊤ε⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (5) Therefore⊤s, yesterday⊤t ... \m Eu=nu cum \g that⊥ε=for⊤ s yesterday⊤t \uc ⊤[s| s ⊑↑ wp⊥ε]; ⊤[t| t ⊆i daybfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; ... ... I went to Mrs. Fensky⊥ so that she⊥ would take a look at me. \m ono Mrs. Fensky=ca \g there Mrs. Fensky=with \uc ([x| x =i Mrs. Fensky]; [w| be.withw⟨w(y⊤σ)w, ↑⊤σ, ⊥δ⟩]; \m mec--‐it--‐igi--‐an=nu \g see-1SG-3SG-FUT⊥=for⊤σ p \uc [p| intend⊤ω⟨⊤σ, ↑⊤σ, p⟩]; !([t| ⊤σ <⊤ω t]; [e| see⊥ω⟨e, ⊥δ, ↑⊤ε⟩, e ⊆⊥ω ⊥τ, θ⊥ω e =i θ⊥ω (y⊤σ)⊥ω]; [OPT{⊤Ω, ⊥Ω||⊤ω, ⊤σ} ⊆I ⊥ω||⊤σ]); \m nu--‐ig--‐an \g go.to-1SG-YST.P \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε, ⊤τ ⊆i daybfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; [e| go.to⊤ω⟨e, ↑⊤ε, ⊥δ⟩, e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, ⊤σ =i se]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (4)–(5) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p5 ⊆ (⊤)p4 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , –––––... ⊤s3.3: ↑e0's head & back aches s3.3 = s3.1 $σ s3.2 =and⊤s ● e3: s3.3-onset e3 = xs3.3, e3 ⊆w0 t2 ve-PST ■■ ⊤t4: e3--‐imm.fut e3 –<w0 t4 <p4 e0 SEQ⊤... PST ●● e4: ↑e0 lies sick for 2 nights e4 ⊆w0 t4, e4 ⊆w0 we3 ve-SEQ ––––– ⊤s5: part of pe4-conseq. state s5 ⊑↑ wpe4 that⊥ε--‐for⊤s ↑e0 intends Q5 ■■■ ⊤t5: e0--‐past in e0-yst t5 <p0 e0, t5 ⊆ tyst.e0 yst⊤... YST.P ●●● e5.2: ↑e0 goes to Mrs. F e5.2 ⊆w0 t5 ve--‐YST.P ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ w5 ∈ OPT(⊤p4, Q5) w5: Q5-optimal p4--‐world =for !( ■ tʹ′5: s5--‐fut s5 <w0 tʹ′5 FUT⊥ ● eʹ′5: Mrs. F sees ↑s5 (= ↑e0) eʹ′5 ⊆w5 tʹ′5, ve--‐FUT –– w(ys5)w5: ↑s5 is with Mrs. F θw5 eʹ′5 = θw5(ys5)w5 =for) Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 15 (6) I went down to the main road and waited for Malolo⊤'s car⊥, and⊤t ... \m ija Malolo uqa=na ka \g 1SG Malolo 3SG=of car \uc (((((∂[↑⊤ε]; ⊤[x| x =i malolo]; [x| car.of⊤Ω⟨x, ⊤δ⟩]; ... \m jic ana--‐g=na ono n--‐u sumu--‐d--‐i \g road mother-3SG=loc there go.down⊥ε-VV wait.for-3SG-VV \uc [e| e ⊑i ⊥ε, on.main.rd⊤ω⟨se, ↑⊤ε⟩, go.dwn⟨tpe, ↑⊤ε⟩, wait.for⊤ω⟨se, ↑⊤ε, ⊥δ⟩] \m bi.bil--‐igin \g sit.sit-SIM.DS⊤.1SG \uc ⊤[t| ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω s⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i↑⊥ε]) ... when it⊥ came down ... \m n--‐ece--‐b \g come.down-SEQ.DS-3SG \uc ([come.down⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... I climbed in⊥ ... \m tob--‐oco--‐min \g climb.up-SEQ.DS-1SG \uc ([climb.into⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... and off we (= me + Malolo) went. \m bel--‐ow--‐an \g go.away-1DU⊤-YST.P \uc ([⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε, ⊤τ ⊆i daybfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[x| x =i ↑⊤ε $ ⊤δ]; [go.away⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (6) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p6 ⊆ (⊤)p5 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ■■■■ ⊤t5.1: e0--‐past in e0-yst. t5.1 <p0 e0, t5.1 ⊆ tyst.e0 yst⊤... YST.P ●●●● e5.2: ↑e0 goes to Mrs. F e5.2 ⊆w0 t5.1 ve--‐YST.P ●● e6.0: ↑e0 [goes down &] waits e6.0 ⊑ε e5.2 ve⊥ε-VV v-VV by main rd. for car y6 of M. ■■■■■ ⊤t6: e6.0--‐now in e0-yst. e6.0 ⊆w0 t6 v.v--‐SIM⊤... t6 <p0 e0, t6 ⊆ tyst.e0 ... YST.P ● e6.1: M.'s car y6 comes down e6.1 ⊆w0 t6, e6.1 ⊆w0 se6.0 v.v--‐SIM ● e6.2: ↑e0 climbs into M.'s car y6 e6.2 ⊆w0 t6, e6.2 ⊆w0 we6.1 ve--‐SEQ ● e6.3: ↑e0 $ M. go away e6.3 ⊆w0 t6, e6.3 ⊆w0 we6.2 ve--‐SEQ http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 16 (7) As soon as we arrived⊤t ... \m Bel--‐im--‐eu \g go.away⊥ε e-SEQ.SS⊤-1DU \uc (((((([e| go.away⊤ω⟨⊥ε,⊤δ⟩, e =i (yw⊥ε)⊥ω]; ⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... we went to Mrs. Fensky⊥ and ... \m Mrs. Fensky ceme--‐nug=na \g Mrs. Fensky presence-3SG=loc \uc ([x| x =i Mrs. Fensky]; [in.the.presence.of⊤ω⟨w⊥ε, ↑⊥ε, ⊥δ⟩]; \m l--‐im--‐eu \g go-SEQ.SS-1DU \uc ([go.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... when she⊥ asked me about my illness, I explained it to her⊥.. ... \t ija hag=nu \g 1SG illness=about \uc (∂[1⟨↑⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[s| sick⊤ω⟨s, ↑⊤ε⟩, s ∈i ⊤⇒σ]; \m sisil--‐t--‐ece--‐b \g ask-1SG-SEQ.DS-3SG (NB: skipped clause) \uc ![e| ask.abt⊤ω⟨e, ⊥δ, ↑⊤ε, ⊤σ⟩, e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω we, ↑⊥ε ⋢i ↑e]; \m hag=nu \g illness=about \uc ∂[sick⊤ω⟨⊤σ, ↑⊤ε⟩]; \m sil--‐d--‐i ma--‐d--‐oco--‐min \g explain-3SG-VV speak.to-3SG-SEQ.DS-1SG \uc [explain.abt⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, ⊤σ⟩, speak.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... To check my temperature, she⊤ put a thermometer under my armpit. ... \m uqa glas=na \g 3SG thermometer=loc \uc (∂[1⟨⊥δ⟩]; ⊤[x| x =i ⊥δ]; [x| thermometer⊤Ω⟨x⟩]; \m ija=na hag f--‐igi--‐an=nu \g 1SG=of temperature see-3SG-FUT⊥=for⊥ε p \uc [p| intend⊤ω⟨°⊥ε, ↑⊥ε, p⟩]; !([s| s =i °⊥ε]; [t| ⊥σ <⊤ω t]; !([e w| temp.onw⟨↓e, ⊥δ, θw e⟩, temp.ofw⟨↓e, ↑⊤ε, θw e⟩, seew⟨e, ⊤δ, ↓e⟩, e =i (y⊥σ)w, e ⊆w ⊥τ]; [OPT{⊤Ω, ⊥Ω||⊤ω, ⊥σ} ⊆I ⊥ω||]); \m gia--‐ni=na m--‐i--‐m--‐ei \g armpit-1SG=loc put-VV⊥σ-SEQ.SS-3SG \uc [x| armpit.of⊤Ω⟨x, ↑⊤ε⟩, put.in⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ, x⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊥σ]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 17 ... Then she⊤ took out the thermometer, and ... \m glass \g thermometer \uc (∂[thermometer⟨⊥′δ⟩]; [x| x =i ⊥′δ]; \m u--‐m--‐ei \g take-SEQ.SS-3SG \uc [take.out⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... saw my temperature. \m ija=na hag f--‐ei--‐an \g 1SG=of temperature see-3SG-YST.P \uc ([⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε, ⊤τ ⊆i daybfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; [temp.on⊤ω⟨↓⊥ε, ⊥δ, θ⊥ε⟩, temp.of⊤ω⟨↓⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, θ⊥ε⟩, see⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ↓⊥ε⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ])); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (7) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p7 ⊆ (⊤)p6 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e6.3: ↑e0 $ M. go away e6.3 ⊆w0 t6, e6.3 ⊆w0 we6.2 ve--‐SEQ ● e7.0: ↑e0 $ M. arrive e7.0 = (ywe6.3)w0 v⊥ε e ■■■■■■ ⊤t7: e7.0--‐imm. fut in e0-yst. e7.0 –<w0 t7 v--‐SEQ⊤ ... t7 <p6 e0, t7 ⊆ tyst.e0 ... YST.P ● e7.1: ↑e0 $ M. go & see Mrs. F e7.1 ⊆w0 t7, e7.1 ⊆w0 we7.0 ve--‐SEQ !( ● eʹ′7: Mrs. F asks ↑e0 abt ill. ⊤s3.3 eʹ′7 ⊆w0 t7, e7.2 ⊆w0 weʹ′7 ve-SEQ) ● e7.2: ↑e0 explains ⊤s3.3 to Mrs. F e7.2 ⊆w0 t7, e7.2 ⊆w0 we7.1 ve--‐SEQ ● e7.3: Mrs. F puts thermometer y7 e7.3 ⊆w0 t7, e7.3 ⊆w0 we7.2 ve--‐SEQ in ↑e0's armpit !( ––– sʹ′7 = °e7.3: Mrs. F intends Q7 sʹ′7 = °e7.3 =for⊥εp) ● e7.4: Mrs. F takes out therm. y7 e7.4 ⊆w0 t7, e7.4 ⊆w0 we7.3 ve--‐SEQ ● e7.5: Mrs. F sees ↑e0's temp. e7.5 ⊆w0 t7, e7.5 ⊆w0 we7.4 ve--‐SEQ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !(w7 ∈ OPT(⊤p6, Q7) w7: Q7-optimal p6--‐world =for⊥εp ■ tʹ′7: s7--‐future s7 <w0 tʹ′7 FUT⊥ ● e′′₺7: ↑s7 sees ↑e0's temperature e′′₺7 ⊆w5 tʹ′7, ve--‐TNS e′′₺7 = (yssʹ′7)w7 =for) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 18 (8) Then⊤t ... \m Od--‐im--‐ei \g do⊥ε-SEQ.SS⊤-3SG \uc ((⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... she⊤ gave me some medicin. \m marasin it--‐i--‐an \g medicin give.1SG-3SG-YST.P \uc ([⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε, ⊤τ ⊆i daybfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; ([e| medicin⊤ω⟨↓e, θ⊤ω e⟩, give⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ, ↓e⟩, dat e = ↑⊤ε, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] (9) She⊤ examined me [and said that ... \m uqa dewe--‐ni \g 3SG body-1SG \uc (∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; [x| body.of⊤Ω⟨x, ↑⊤ε⟩]; \m melel--‐d--‐oi--‐an \g examine-3SG-3SG-YST.P \uc [⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε, ⊤τ ⊆i daybfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; [e| examine⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩, e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]; !([e p| e = (ys⊥ε)⊤ω, say⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ, p⟩]; ... that pain in my body was just outside on the skin, not inside]. \m eu dewe--‐ni dain \g that body-1SG pain \uc (∂[1⟨↑⊤ε⟩]; [x| body.of⊤ω⟨x, ↑⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[s| in.pain⊤ω⟨s, ⊥δ⟩, s ∈i ⊤⇒σ]; \m gana--‐c=na himec \g skin-3SG=loc just \uc [w| on.skinofw⟨⊤σ, ⊥δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊥ω ⊤σ]); \m dunuh--‐ca qee \g inside-3SG=loc not \uc ~[insideof⊥ω⟨⊤σ, ⊥δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊥ω ⊤σ]; [∩(⊥Ω||⊤ω, ⊥ε) ⊆I ⊥ω||]); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (8)–(9) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p9 ⊆ (⊤)p8 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e7.5: Mrs. F sees ↑e0's temp. e7.5 ⊆w0 t7, e7.5 ⊆w0 we7.4 ve--‐SEQ ■■■ ⊤t8: e7.5--‐imm. fut in e0-yst. e7.5 –<w0 t8 v⊥ε--‐SEQ⊤ ... t8 <p8 e0, t8 ⊆ tyst.e0 ... YST.P ● e8: Mrs. F gives ↑e0 medicin e8 ⊆w0 t8, e8 ⊆w0 we7.5 ve--‐SEQ ●● e9: Mrs. F examines ↑e0 e9 ⊆w0 t8 ve--‐TNS !( ● eʹ′9: Mrs. F says Q9 (abt ⊤s9) eʹ′9 = (yse9)w0 examine--‐TNS [...]) –––––... ⊤s9: ↑e0's head & back aches s9 = s3.3 that pain⊤s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !(w9 ∈ ∩Q9 w9: ∩Q9-verifying world =for⊥εp –––––... ⊤s9: ↑e0 aches on outside only e9 ⊆w9 s9 examine--‐TNS [...]) Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 19 (10) Therefore⊤s ... \m Eu=nu \g that⊥ε=for⊤ s \uc ((((((((⊤[s| s ⊑↑ wp⊥ε]; ... ... she⊤ said to me: ("You may go back home now"). So ... \m "..." od--‐i ma--‐t--‐ece--‐b \g v.thus-VV speak.to-1SG-SEQ.DS⊤-3SG \uc [p]; ...; [e| say⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ, ⊥Ω⟩, speak.to⊤ω⟨e, ⊤δ, ↑⊤ε⟩, e =i x⊤σ]; ⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... I went back down with Malolo⊤, and ... \m cesel--‐i h--‐u \g go.back-VV come-VV \uc ([go.back⊤ω⟨xs⊥ε, ↑⊤ε⟩]; \m Malolo=ca uqa n--‐u \g Malolo=with he go.down-SS (NB: 'SS' = 'same place') \uc ⊤[x| x =i malolo]; [go.down.with⊤ω⟨(ys⊥ε)⊤ω, ↑⊤ε, ⊤δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, π⊤ωxse ⊑i π⊤ω(ys⊥ε)⊤ω]) ⊤; ... ... he⊤ took me up in his car and dropped me off at the baby clinic. Then ... \m ka=na ah--‐i b--‐i \g car=in take-VV go.up-VV \uc ([x| car⊤ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⊥⇒δ, take.in⊤ω⟨s⊥ε, ⊤δ, ↑⊤ε, x⟩, go.up⟨s⊥ε, ⊤δ⟩]; \m baby clinic cudun=na ono m--‐it--‐ece--‐b \g baby clinic place=loc there put-1SG-SEQ.DS-3SG \uc [x| baby.clinic⊤ω⟨x⟩, drop.off.at⊤ω⟨(ys⊥ε)⊤ω, ⊤δ, ↑⊤ε, x⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω wp⊥ε, ↑e ⋢i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... ... I and Lufani, a daughter of mine who had married a Graged man, went up to the market place, and ... \m ija Lufani=ca \g I Lufani=and \uc ∂[1⟨↑⊤ε⟩]; ⊤[x| name.of⟨x⟩ =i lufani]; \m ija=na mel_aid oso Graged dana o.n \g [I=of girl one [Graged man get.3SG.PST⊥⊥]] \uc [daughter.of⊤Ω⟨⊤δ, ↑⊤ε⟩]; ∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; [t| t <⊤Ω ⊥ε]; (NB: not-at-issue RC) ![e| graged.man⊤Ω⟨↓e⟩, marry⊤Ω⟨e, ⊤δ, ↓e⟩, e ⊆⊤Ω ⊥τ] \m uqa=ca \g she=and \uc ∂[1⟨⊤δ⟩]; ⊤[x| x =i ↑⊤ε $ ⊤δ]; \m ono maket cudun=na t--‐im--‐eu \g there market place=loc go.up-SEQ.SS-1DU \uc [x| market.place⊤ω⟨x⟩]; [go.up.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ⊤δ, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε]) ⊤; ... http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 20 ... there I caught an Oirep PMV (Public Motor Vehicles), which ... \m ono ka oso Oirep age=na ka PMV eu \g there car one Oirep that=of car PMV that \uc ([π⊤ω ⊥ε ⊑i ⊥δ]; [x| car⊤ω⟨x⟩, of⊤ω⟨x, oirep.PMV⟩]; \m u--‐m--‐ig \g get-SEQ.SS-1SG \uc ([get.on⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, ⊥δ⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... I took up to the Danben Road. And then ... \m b--‐i Danben jic=na ton--‐im--‐ig \g go.up-VV Danben road=loc descend-SEQ.SS-1SG \uc ([go.up⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε⟩, get.off.at⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, danben.rd⟩]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... I walked [back] up here. \m ene b--‐ig--‐an \g here go.up-1SG-YST.P \uc ([⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε, ⊤τ ⊆i day.bfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; [x| π⊤Ω ⊤ε ⊑i x, go.up.to⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, x⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]))); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (10) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p10 ⊆ (⊤)p9 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ●● e9: Mrs. F examines ↑e0 e9 ⊆w0 t8 ve--‐TNS !( ● e′9: Mrs. F says Q9 (abt ⊤s9) e′9 = (yse9)w0 examinee--‐TNS [...]) ––––... ⊤s9: ↑e0's head & back aches s9 = s3.3 that pain⊤s –––– ⊤s10: result of e9 s10 ⊑↑ wpe9 that⊥ε=for⊤s [... ● e10.0: Mrs. F says Q10 to ↑e0 e10.0 = xs10 ... ve] ■■■■■■■■ ⊤t10: e10--‐imm. fut in e0-yst. e10.0 –<w0 t10 v⊥ε--‐SEQ⊤ ... t10 <p9 e0, t10 ⊆ tyst.e0 ... YST.P ●● e10.1: ↑e0 goes back dwn w/M. e10.1 ⊆w0 t10, e10.1 ⊆w0 we10.0 ve--‐SEQ ●● e10.2: M. takes ↑e0 up in car & e10.2 ⊆w0 t10, ve--‐SS drops ↑e0 off at baby clinic πw0 xse10.2 ⊑δ– πw0 (yse10.1)w0 !(■■ tʹ′10: e10.2-past tʹ′10 <p9 e10.2 PST⊥⊥ ● eʹ′10: ↑e0's daughter L. marries eʹ′10 ⊆p9 tʹ′10 ve--‐TNS) Graged man ● e10.3: ↑e0 $ daughter L. go up e10.3 ⊆w0 t10, e10.3 ⊆w0 wpe10.2 ve--‐SEQ to market place l10.1 ● e10.4: ↑e0 takes PMV car y10 e10.4 ⊆w0 t10, e10.4 ⊆w0 we10.3 ve--‐SEQ from market place l10.1 ● e10.5: ↑e0 gets off PMV car y10 e10.5 ⊆w0 t10, e10.5 ⊆w0 we10.4 ve--‐SEQ at Danby Road l10.2 ● e10.6: ↑e0 walks up to e0-here e10.6 ⊆w0 t10, e10.6 ⊆w0 we10.5 ve--‐SEQ Maria Bittner (April 2014) http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~mbittner 21 (11) When I [got off] ... \m Od--‐im--‐ig \g do⊥′ε e-SEQ.SS⊤-1SG \uc [e| e = ⊥′ε]; ⊤[t| ⊥ε –<⊤ω t]; [e| e ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ, e ⊆⊤ω w⊥ε, ↑e ⊑i ↑⊥ε])) ⊤; ... ... I paid that PMV [driver] 20 toea. \m ka PMV eu \g car PMV that \uc [x| PMV.car⊤ω⟨x⟩, x ∈i ⇐⊥δ]; [x| driverof⊤ω⟨x, ⊥δ, θ⊤ω ⊥ε⟩]; \m twenty toea=na faj--‐ig--‐an \g twenty toea=with pay-1SG-YST.P \uc ([⊤τ <⊤Ω ⊤ε, ⊤τ ⊆i day.bfr⟨θ⊤Ω⊤ε⟩]; [pay.20.toea⊤ω⟨⊥ε, ↑⊤ε, ⊥δ⟩, ⊥ε ⊆⊤ω ⊤τ]))); ⊤[p| p = ⊤ω||⊤Ω] Model for (11) Dref Symbol: Description Temporal-modal cnds. Source ⊤w0 ∈ ⊤p10 ⊆ (⊤)p9 ... ⊤w0: candidate for e0--‐world ste0 ● ⊤e0: ↑e0 addresses ↓e0 ∃t: t = θp0 e0 ste0 , , , , ● e10.5: ↑e0 gets off PMV car y10 e10.5 ⊆w0 t10, e10.5 ⊆w0 we10.4 ve--‐SEQ at Danby Road l10.2 ● e10.6: ↑e0 walks up to e0-here e10.6 ⊆w0 t10, e10.6 ⊆w0 we10.5 ve--‐SEQ ● e11.0: ↑e0 gets off PMV car y10 e11.0 = e10.5 v⊥′ε e- at Danby Road l10.2 ■■ ⊤t11: e11.0--‐imm. fut in e0-yst. e11.0 –<w0 t11 ve--‐SEQ⊤ ... t11 <p10 e0, t11 ⊆ tyst.e0 ... YST.P ● e11.1: ↑e0 pays y10-driver e11.1 ⊆w0 t11, e11.1 ⊆w0 we11.0 ve--‐SEQ 20 toea (12) That's all.