" A Survey on Study and Research in Philosophy in India is a series of two volumes. It is an attempt to present an overv iew about status of teaching and research (Ph.D.) in Philosophy in India. Present volume aims to serve two basic purposes : 1. To prov ide aid to prospective researcher to refer already carried out works in the area. This is helpful to save time, energy and money of a researcher and making him/her aware of ex isting works so that he/she could forego further in the area. Conversely , it avoids duplication in research work. 2. To present an overv iew of the Ph.D. research areas, where neglected area or over pursued area may be observed and planning and support may be implemented. So far, there has been no attempt to gauge the research trends in the area of Philosophy in our country . This is partly because of unavailabil ity of database involv ing long correspondences and poor responses and partly because of lack of methodology for analyzing the trends. A novel concept of 'research inc lination' and innovative methodology for measuring the trends, have been developed in this book, which may be helpful for analyzing the status/ trends in Ph.D. researches in other subjects also. Doctoral Researches In Indian Universities A Survey on Study and Research in Philosophy in India Vol. 2 Dr. Sushim Dubey P h ilo so p h y D e a p rtm e n ts a n d F a c u ltie s in In d ia n U n iv e rsitie s About the Work "A Survey on Study and Research in Philosophy in India" is a multivoloume series. It is an attempt to present an overview about status of teaching and research in Philosophy in India. Present volume aims to serve two basic purposes: (1) To provide aid to prospective researcher to refer already carried out works in the area. This is helpful to save time, energy and money of a researcher and making him/her aware of existing works so that he/she could forego further in the area. Conversely, it avoids duplication in research work. (2) To present an overview of the Ph.D. research areas, where neglected area or over pursued area may be observed and planning and support may be implemented. So far, there has been no attempt to gauge the research trends in the area of Philosophy in our country. This is partly because of unavailability of database involving long correspondences and poor responses and partly because of lack of methodology for analyzing the trends. A novel concept of „research inclination‟ and innovative methodology for measuring the trends, have been developed in this book, which may be helpful for analyzing the status/trends in Ph.D. researches in other subjects also. First Edition 2013 (Deluxe) Pages: XVIII + 531 ISBN Number 978-935126663-1 " A Survey on Study and Research in Philosophy in India is a series of two volumes. It is an attempt to present an overv iew about status of teaching and research (Ph.D.) in Philosophy in India. Present volume aims to serve two basic purposes : 1. To prov ide aid to prospective researcher to refer already carried out works in the area. This is helpful to save time, energy and money of a researcher and making him/her aware of ex isting works so that he/she could forego further in the area. Conversely , it avoids duplication in research work. 2. To present an overv iew of the Ph.D. research areas, where neglected area or over pursued area may be observed and planning and support may be implemented. So far, there has been no attempt to gauge the research trends in the area of Philosophy in our country . This is partly because of unavailabil ity of database involv ing long correspondences and poor responses and partly because of lack of methodology for analyzing the trends. A novel concept of 'research inc lination' and innovative methodology for measuring the trends, have been developed in this book, which may be helpful for analyzing the status/ trends in Ph.D. researches in other subjects also. Doctoral Researches In Indian Universities A Survey on Study and Research in Philosophy in India Vol. 2 Dr. Sushim Dubey HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT & STATUS OF PHILOSOPHY In Indian Universities A Survey on Study and Research in Philosophy in India Vol. I Dr. Sushim Dubey Price 1990 550 A S u rv ey o n S tu d y an d R esearch in P h ilo so p h y in In d ia CONTENT Acknowledgement VII Preface VIII Introduction and Need of Innovative Methodology XIII SECTION 1 1.1 Growth and Decline in Doctoral Researches in Philosophy during Last 50 Years 1 1.2 Broad Area wise: Research Inclinations during the last 103 year 6 SECTION 2: 2.1 Indian Philosophy: Orthodox or Vadika Darśana 20 2.3 Indian Philosophy: Heterodox or Avaidika Darśana 25 2.3 Western Philosophical Traditions 29 2.4 Religion and religious concepts 32 2.5 Contemporary Indian Philosophy 37 2.6 Contemporary Vs Traditional Philosophies 40 2.7 Logic and Philosophy of Science 45 2.8 Core Areas of Philosophy 46 2.9 Epistemology 49 2.10 Ethics and Moral Philosophy 50 2.11 Cultural and Social Philosophy 51 2.12 Psychology, Consciousness studies and Others 53 SECTION – 3 An Analysis and Comparison of inclinations of Existing Faculties in Universities and carried out Doctoral Researches 57 SECTION – 4 How to use the directory 71 SECTION – 5 List of Doctoral Dissertations in Indian Universities 74 531 P h ilo so p h y D e a p rtm e n ts a n d F a c u ltie s in In d ia n U n iv e rsitie s Acknowledgement reparation and compilation of a doctoral dissertation of higher researches in Philosophy (also including Religion) is a mammoth task. There are two ends of this work which makes it voluminous – (1) collection of all carried research data, and organization of data in a way which should be most useful for researchers. For the first purpose it was first in the year of 2009 efforts were started with data collection. However, this task is unending as continuity of data related with compilation of new researches. Therefore, a sealing year for the present database is 2011. Organization of data being second stage of the work was another big challenge. For this purpose my already work experience on Directory of Doctoral Dissertation in Sanskrit in Indian Universities1* prove to be a useful guide. I hereby, most sincerely, acknowledge the help of all sources, individual, libraries specifically AIU library for their generous help for data collection from AIU Bulletin, without which this work could not have taken the shape. I devote this work to all for whom it could be helpful. May a scholar save his/her time by referring and consulting already carried researches and forego in his/her undertaking new researches towards his/her service to nation and mankind. 1 Available at Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan website http://www.sanskrit.nic.in/Thesis_Modified/ThesisE-H/H_f/myweb10/index.htm P A S u rv ey o n S tu d y an d R esearch in P h ilo so p h y in In d ia Preface tudy of Darśana in India may be traced back to ancient Āryan tradition, where it used to be pursued as highest branch of learning pertaining to highest goals in life. Verses of ancient literature records the usage of Darśana2 Nālandā and Takṣaśilā used to be ancient model university in Buddhist tradition where Teachings and Philosophy of Buddha used to be the subject of learning for the welfare and eradication of Duḥakhaṁ or sufferings from life. Conquering over sensual pleasures and also internal and external world, gave meaning to the word „Jin', „Jinendriya' which got manifested together with the Teachings of Tīrthaṅkars and have been followed in India‟s Jain traditions since the time immemorial. There has been systematic development of Ideas of logic, reasoning and validity of knowledge persuaded in Nyāya tradition. Central theme of inquiry was made as objective in Vaiśeṣika tradition. Sāṅkhya Tradition is said to be as old as nature itself as it made basis of its inquiry the Prakṛiti and Puruṣa. Yoga tradition perhaps most relevant towards the health benefits in modern society worldwide but its seed and rich tradition may be traced even back to the sage Patañjali whose name is known as compiler of aphorism on Yogic wisdom i.e. Yogasūtra. Vedic tradition got its culmination with its profound philosophical inquiry related with existence and nature of world and its ultimate reality. It got again thrived in Advaita, Viśiṣṭādvaita tradition and continued in its various other forms and patterns with its interpretation of Prasthāntrayī texts and nature of ultimate reality. These are even practiced and are existing in various streams of Vedāntika tradition across the Country, and perhaps, the world. With the establishment of colleges and university during British era, Indian Philosophy, which perhaps used to more in the form of Guru-Śiṣya tradition, got established in new education environment. Dr. Radhakrishan, Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, etc., not only emphasized the glorious tradition of Indian Philosophy and culture but presented it to the world, perhaps for the first time more precisely by the Vivekanand in 1891 at World Religion Congress at Chicago. Later on, as per the development of education system up to the Doctorate level, researches in philosophy found its way in prime enquiry by India‟s intellectual. Here, scholar carried out their researches on Indian Philosophical Traditions as well as Western Philosophical Traditions. However, as it be seen in onward analyses, enquiry into Ancient Indian Tradition have been still the most favoured areas of inquiry among highest degree aspirant in Philosophy. 2 „आत्मनाश-विषयविपरीत-दशशनित्त्िादबिभेत,् तस्मात्तत्सामान्यादद्यत्िेऽप्येकाकीबिभेतत। ककिं चास्मदाददिदेिभयहेत-ुविपरीतदशशनापनोदकारणिंयथाभूतात्म-दशशनम।्‟ (BṛhadāraṇyakaUpaniṣad 2.2). S P h ilo so p h y D e a p rtm e n ts a n d F a c u ltie s in In d ia n U n iv e rsitie s This volume aims to present the account of doctoral researches carried out in various universities in India as earliest as 1908, 1909, 1910 and onward till 2011. Every research starts with a genuine idea and leads to the interpretation and outcome in a very unique way. Here, for quick accessing to the particular area, over 3414 Ph.D. researches have been broadly characterized into eighty six broad areas. Number of research tendencies happened to be in each areas are shown below: S.No Broad Areas Research Inclinations* 1. Advaita Vedānta 236 2. Analytic Phil., Phil. of Mind, Phil. of Lang. 83 3. Arts & Aesthetics 44 4. Astrology 5 5. Ātma, Self, Spirit 68 6. Āyurveda 16 7. B.R.Ambedkar-Darśana 9 8. Bauddha Dharma &Darśana 395 9. Bhagwan DasDarśana 5 10. Bible 4 11. Causation 24 12. Christianity 53 13. Consciousness Studies 27 14. Contemporary Ind. Phil. 37 15. Cosmology 10 16. Culture & Literature 62 17. Dayānanda-Darśana 25 18. Environmental/Ecology 10 19. Epistemology-Ind. 122 20. Epistemology-West. 129 21. Existentialism/Phenomenology 110 22. Feminist Phil./Gender Studies 16 23. Gāndhi-Darśana 107 24. Gītā 70 25. God, Īśwara 98 26. Hinduism 187 27. History of Philosophy 5 28. Humanism 65 29. Ind. Phil. With Foreign Phil. & Culture 35 30. Indian Philosophy 116 31. IqbālaDarśana 9 32. Islāma 84 33. J.Kṛṣamūrti-Darśana 15 34. Jaina Dharma &Darśana 179 35. Justice, Law, Human Rights 20 36. Logic, Philosophical Logic 34 37. Logic-Indian 6 38. M.N.Roy-Darśana 16 39. Metaphysics-Ind./West. 86 40. MīmāṁsāDarśana 53 A S u rv ey o n S tu d y an d R esearch in P h ilo so p h y in In d ia S.No Broad Areas Research Inclinations* 41. Mokṣa, Liberation, Mukti, Salvation 89 42. Moral Phil. & Ethics 228 43. Moral Phil. & Ethics-Ind. 72 44. Mysticism 39 45. Nyāya Darśana 158 46. Peace Studies 10 47. Philosophical Psychology 80 48. Philosophy of Education 33 49. Philosophy of Mathematics 5 50. Philosophy of Religion 128 51. Philosophy of Science 53 52. Philosophy of Technology 5 53. Political & Social Philosophy 156 54. Qurān 17 55. R.Tagore-Darśana 36 56. Research Methodology 3 57. S. Rādhākṛṣṇan-Darśana 55 58. Śaiva, Śākta, Vīra Śaiva & Kaśmīra Śaiva 113 59. Sāṅkhya Darśana 81 60. Sant, Sufi, Bhakti Darśana 68 61. Sikhism 64 62. Sri Aurobindo-Darśana 101 63. Tantra Darśana 27 64. Tribal Phil., Regional Phil. 49 65. Tribal/Regional Phil – Andhra 2 66. Tribal/Regional Phil – Assam 8 67. Tribal/Regional Phil.Bengal 3 68. Tribal/Regional Phil.Gujarat 9 69. Tribal/Regional Phil –Harayana 1 70. Tribal/Regional Phil.Karnataka 1 71. Tribal/Regional Phil.Kerala 3 72. Tribal/Regional Phil.Maharashtra 9 73. Tribal/Regional Phil.Odisha 2 74. Tribal/Regional Phil.Punjab 1 75. Tribal/Regional Phil.Tamil/South Ind. 13 76. Upaniṣad 45 77. Vaiśeṣika Darśana 24 78. Vaiṣṇavism 23 79. Vedānta 169 80. Vinoba-Darśana 14 81. Viśiṣṭādvaita 45 82. VivekanandaDarśana 59 83. VyākaranaDarśana 10 84. Western Philosophy 269 85. Yoga Darśana 103 86. Yogavāśiṣṭha 11 Total number of researches* 5169 P h ilo so p h y D e a p rtm e n ts a n d F a c u ltie s in In d ia n U n iv e rsitie s Introduction directory is an important source and a useful aid to any prospective researcher for information regarding already carried out works in the area of study. This is helpful to save time and energy of a researcher and making him/her aware of existing works and so that he/she could forego further in the area of research. It also helps avoiding duplicating the research work. On the other hand, for an Educational Policy maker, analysis over all researches should present overview of the area, where neglected area or over pursued area may be observed and planning and support may be implemented. Present directory work has been conceived to serve the prospective researchers in their research pursuits for selection of topics and avoid duplications; at least initially when it was thought in 2008-09. However, continuously working on the database has given the idea that if a overview of each decade may be presented alongside the Ph.D. Database then it will show the increase and decrease of interests in the area and in its entirety shall depict the growth and decline of the subject. To measure this, it is required to have the inclinations3 of researchers in each important broad area. These broad areas are should be taken as unitary in nature like „a thinker‟ (ex. Aurobindo), a „logy‟ (like Epistemology), an „ism‟ (Existentialism) etc., for statistical purpose. Therefore, in present work around 86 broad areas have been identified with an aim to cover the entire area of Philosophical and Religious studies in Indian Universities. Classifications of data have been made on the basis of these 86 broad areas and analyses have been performed over the 5121 research inclinations of researchers for last 100 years in around 3414 unique Ph.D. topics. It has been observed that prior and after the year "1960" a huge change of research pursuance occurred in academic field. In terms of percentage it is 7% ratio 93%. Secondly, there has been systematic growth and decline in inclinations of researchers in the Philosophy during the last 100 years. As depicted in graph below, it may be observed that during the decades of eighties and nineties, Philosophy as a subject has received its maximum growth and pursuance. However, a decline came, after that period, and presently it is below to the number of research inclinations, as of those during 1971-80. Out of many possible reasons, one may be enumerated as by the 1990 advent of Computer Sciences, and subsequently Managements and Engineering technology, there have been fewer takers of arts subjects. 3 'Research Inclination' may be understood in term of the selection of broad areas by a researcher. For example, if a topic is 'A comparative Study of Aurobindo and Hegel' then it is related with Contemporary Thinker – Aurobindo and Western Philosopher Hegel. Therefore, Ph.D. topic is one but inclinations are two one in Indian Philosophy and one in Western Philosophy. Total Research inclinations show the general tendencies towards each area by the scholars collectively, therefore, overall happening in the area. Here, for analysis Ph.D. topics and inclinations both are studied in the Philosophy and Religion. A A S u rv ey o n S tu d y an d R esearch in P h ilo so p h y in In d ia However, here is another very interesting observation about the increase of inclinations and pursuance of doctoral researches in Philosophy as depicted in the graph below. This graph is a further minute observation of inclinations in every five years. This reveals 0 500 1000 1500 2000 1908-1920 1921-1930 1931-1940 1941-1950 1951-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 2000-2010 Doctoral Reseraches Vs. Inclinations Inclinations broad areas wise Ph.D.s 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Inclinations In 100 years duration Inclinations* P h ilo so p h y D e a p rtm e n ts a n d F a c u ltie s in In d ia n U n iv e rsitie s that after the sharp decline during the year 2000 to 2005 there was static situation, and onward, from 2005 to 2010 there has been increase in the Ph.D.s and research inclinations in the subject of Philosophy. This picture confirms the news in local and electronic media about the saturation in the area of Management and Engineering etc., where, there is more number of seats are available then the number of aspirants and degree holders. Pertinent question is, „do we need to do anything for support to the subject?‟, as current status in number denotes to its stage less then what has been 1971-80. For this purpose we need to know increase and decrease of interest in broad areas, „ism‟, „thinkers‟ etc. A detail analysis of all these have been made in separate section as „Growth and Decline in Doctoral Researches in Philosophy, during Last 103 Years. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Inclinations In 50 years duration Inclinations broad areas wise Prior to > 1960 7% After the < 1960 up to 2010 93% % of Researches prior and after 1960 A Survey on Study and Research in Philosophy in India Vol. I