Alfa univerzitet, Beograd, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Institut za filozofiju i društvenu teoriju - Centar za religijske studije, Beograd DOI 10.5937/kultura1237340P UDK 17.026:2-726.6 originalan naučni rad LIČNI INTERES I MORALNA MOTIVACIJA VERNIKA Sa-že-tak:-U-ovom-ra-du-raz-ma-tram-je-dan-va-žan-pri-go-vor-mo-ral-noj-mo- ti-va-ci-ji-ver-ni-ka.-Reč- je-o-pri-go-vo-ru-da- je-nji-ho-vo-de-la-nje-mo-ti-vi-sa-no- lič-nim-in-te-re-som,-od-no-sno-lič-nim-spa-som.-Ta-kva-mo-ti-va-ci-ja-se-po-ne-kad- na-zi-va- i-se-bič-nom.-Tim-po-vo-dom-uka-zu-jem-na-di-stink-ci-ju- iz-me-đu- lič- nog-in-te-re-sa- i-se-bič-no-sti.-Pod-se-ćam-da-se-kri-ti-ka- lič-nog-in-te-re-sa-kao- mo-ral-ne-mo-ti-va-ci-je-ver-ni-ka-po-ja-vlju-je-već-unu-tar-sa-mih-tra-di-ci-ja-ve-li- kih-svet-skih-re-li-gi-ja.-Za-tim-argu-men-tu-jem-da-se-i-ne-ki-sa-vre-me-ni-ob-li-ci- se-ku-lar-ne- eti-ke,- čak- i- na- naj-vi-šim- stup-nje-vi-ma,- još- uvek- po-zi-va-ju- na- iz-ve-stan-ob-lik-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa. Ključ-ne-re-či:-lič-ni-in-te-res,-mo-ral-na-mo-ti-va-ci-ja,-re-li-gi-ja,-eti-ka Pri-go-va-ra-se-mo-ti-va-ci-ji-ve-ru-ju-ćih-da-bu-du-ve-ru-ju-ći1.-Pri-go-vo-ra- se-nji-ho-voj-mo-ti-va-ci-ji- za-mo-ral-no-po-na-ša-nje.-U-nji-ho-vim-mo- ti-vi-ma- se- uka-zu-je- na- lič-ni- in-te-res.- Ovo- pri-go-va-ra-nje- ni-je- bez- osnove.-Na-pro-tiv.-Ono-ima-znat-nu-te-ži-nu. Ne-ki-fi-lo-zo-fi-kom-bi-nu-ju-raz-ma-tra-nje-mo-ral-ne-i-re-li-gij-ske-mo-ti- va-ci-je-ver-ni-ka.-Iako-one-sva-ka-ko-ni-su-isto,-i-ma-da-ih-je-uglav- nom-va-žno-raz-li-ko-va-ti,-po-ne-kad-za-tim-i-ne-ma-ne-ke-po-tre-be.-U- ovom-tek-stu-ću-raz-mo-tri-ću-pri-go-vor-o-lič-nom-in-te-re-su-ver-ni-ka,- po-la-ze-ći-od-onog-ob-li-ka-ko-ji-je-iz-lo-žio-Mi-ha-i-lo-Mar-ko-vić.- U knji zi Slo-bo-da-i-prak-sa-on-na-jed-nom-me-stu-pi-še-da-"(...)-na- gli-ne-nim-no-ga-ma-po-či-va-sva-ki-onaj-mo-ral-či-ji-je-osnov-ni-mo-tiv- po-na-ša-nja- lič-ni- spas..."2.-Mar-ko-vić- ne-ga-tiv-no- vred-nu-je- „lič-no- 1- Rad-je-za-vr-šen-kao-deo-pr-o-je-ka-ta-br.-179064-i-43007-ko-je-fi-nan-si-ra-Mi-ni-star- stvo-za-pr-o-sve-tu-i-na-u-ku-Re-pu-bli-ke-Sr-bi-je.-Pr-va-ver-zi-ja-tek-sta-iz-lo-že-na-je-u- ob-li-ku-pre-da-va-nja-ko-je-je-odr-ža-no-u-okvi-ru-Na-uč-ne-tri-bi-ne-In-sti-tu-ta-za-fi-lo-zo- fi-ju-i-dru-štve-nu-te-o-ri-ju-Uni-ver-zi-te-ta-u-Be-o-gra-du-30.-apri-la-2008.-go-di-ne. 2- Mar-ko-vić-M.,-Slo-bo-da- i- prak-sa,- Za-vod- za- udž-be-ni-ke- i- na-stav-na- sred-stva,- Beo-grad-1997,-str.-271.- ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT 341 ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT in-ve-sti-ra-nje",3- od-no-sno- ona- do-bra- de-la- i-mo-li-tve- či-ja- je- svr-ha- „(...)- even-tu-al-no- po-sti-za-nje-mi-lo-sti- stra-šnog- stro-gog- oca,- sve- moć-nog-i-osve-to-lju-bi-vog-go-spo-dara"4.-Je-dan-in-ter-vju-ob-ja-vljen- pet-go-di-na-ka-sni-je-vra-ća-se-na-ovu-te-mu.-Upi-tan-da-po-ja-sni-ovu- oce-nu,-Mar-ko-vić- je-bri-gu-za-sop-stve-no-spa-se-nje-oka-rak-te-ri-sao- još-i-kao-se-bič-nu.-Na-vo-dim-nje-gov-od-go-vor:- "Na-jed-nom-sku-pu-Kru-še-vač-ke-fi-lo-zof-ske-ško-le-naš-uva-že-ni-psi- hi-ja-tar-i-te-o-log,-aka-de-mik-Vla-de-ta-Je-ro-tić-je-iz-re-kao-ne-što-što-je- ve-o-ma-bla-go-zvu-ča-lo,-ali-je-po-sa-dr-ža-ju-bi-lo-ve-o-ma-aro-gant-no,- na-i-me,-da-je-mo-ral-mo-guć-sa-mo-na-osno-vu-ve-re,-i-da-ni-je-dan-ne- ver-nik-u-su-šti-ni-ne-mo-že-bi-ti-mo-ra-lan.-Uvek-su-me-vre-đa-le-ta-kve- dis-kri-mi-na-ci-je-–-u-ime-re-li-gi-je-lju-ba-vi,-tj.-hri-šćan-stva.-Od-go-vo- rio-sam-ne-što-u-smi-slu-tek-sta-ko-ji-ci-ti-ra-te-i-ko-ji-je-na-šao-me-sta-u- knji-zi-ko-ju-sam-ta-da-pi-sao-(Slo-bo-da-i-prak-sa,-1997).- Ne-ga-ci-ja-mo-ral-no-sti-lju-di-ko-ji-ni-su-re-li-gi-o-zni-je,-pre-sve-ga,-em- pi-rij-ski-gru-bo-ne-i-sti-ni-ta.-Ve-ru-jem-da-je-sva-ko-u-svom-ži-vo-tu-sreo- lju-de-ko-ji-su-du-bo-ko-mo-ral-ni-iako-su-ate-i-sti-ili-ag-no-sti-ci.-Kao-što- je-sva-ko-sreo-i-iz-ra-zi-to-ne-mo-ral-ne-lju-de-ko-ji-ve-ru-ju,-idu-u-cr-kvu- ili-čak-no-se-sve-šte-nič-ke-man-ti-je. U-stva-ri,-pra-vi-mo-tiv-da-čo-vek-bu-de-mo-ra-lan-ne-mo-že-bi-ti-se-bič- na-bri-ga-o-svom-lič-nom-spa-su,-po-ga-đa-nje-s-Bo-gom-pre-ko-mo- li-tvi,-stal-nog-ka-ja-nja-i-tzv.-do-brih-de-la-ko-ja-se-ne-či-ne-da-se-po- mog-ne-dru-gom-već-lič-no-se-bi.-Pra-vi-mo-tiv-mo-ral-nog-po-na-ša-nja,- bez-ob-zi-ra-na-ne-či-ju-ve-ru,-je-ste-bri-ga-o-za-jed-ni-ci,-lju-bav-pre-ma- dru-gom-čo-ve-ku,-ne-se-bič-no-an-ga-žo-va-nje-za-do-bro-pr-o-tiv-zla.-Ne- mo-ra-te-da-ve-ru-je-te-da-bi-ste-se-za-to-an-ga-žo-va-li"5. Ni sam pri su stvo vao po me nu tom sku pu i ne znam kon tekst u ko-me-je-pr-o-fe-sor-Je-ro-tić-go-vo-rio,-ali-bih-re-kao-da-je-shva-ta-nje- po-ko-me-je-mo-ral-mo-guć-sa-mo-na-osno-vu-ve-re-pri-ma-fa-cie ne- u-ver-lji-vo.-Mo-ral- je-mo-guć-na-raz-li-či-tim-osno-va-ma.-Pre-ci-zni-je:- mo-ral-no-po-na-ša-nje-mo-že-da-ima-raz-li-či-te-mo-ti-va-ci-o-ne-osno-ve,-a- re-li-gij-ska-ve-ra-je-sa-mo-jed-na-od-njih.-Mo-žda-ta-kvo-shva-ta-nje-ne- bi-bi-lo-in-kom-pa-ti-bil-no-ni-sa-uče-njem-Svetog-Mak-si-ma-Is-po-ved- ni-ka.-Da-re-li-gij-ska-ve-ra,-po-nje-mu,-ni-je-je-di-ni-uzrok-zbog-ko-jeg- du-ša-pre-sta-je-da-gre-ši-vi-di-se-iz-jedne-od-nje-go-vih-400-gla-va-o- lju-ba-vi: 3- Ibid. 4- Ibid.-Otac- je,- ka-ko-mi- iz-gle-da- zbog-na-gla-ša-va-nja- za-stra-šu-ju-ćih- aspe-ka-ta-u- Mar-ko-vi-će-vom-opi-su,-ta-ko-đe-pred-met-ne-ga-tiv-nog-vred-no-va-nja.-Ili-mo-žda-iz- ve-snog-an-ta-go-ni-zo-va-nja.---- 5- Mi-len-ko-vić-P.,-Fi-lo-zo-fi-ja-kao-na-čin-ži-vo-ta:-raz-go-vor-sa-Mi-ha-i-lom-Mar-ko-vi- ćem,-Te-me-3,-2002,-str.-456. 342 ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT "Du-ša- pre-sta-je- da-gre-ši- iz- ovih-pet- uzro-ka:- ili- zbog- stra-ha-od- ljudi,-ili-zbog-stra-ha-od-su-da-(Bož-jeg),-ili-zbog-bu-du-će-na-gra-de,- ili-iz-lju-ba-vi-pre-ma-Bo-gu,-ili,-na-kra-ju,-zbog-gri-že-sa-ve-sti"6. Ako-Maksimovih-pet-razloga-zbog-kojih-duša-prestaje-da-greši- protumačimo- mutatis mutandis- kao- pet- moralnih- pokretača,- onda-vidimo-da-je-barem-jedan-od-njih-(prvi)-potpuno-nezavistan- od-religijske-vere,-a-izvesna-autonomija-bi-se-mogla-pronaći-i-u- petom7. A-sada-o-primedbama-Mihaila-Markovića.-Re-li-gij-ska-mi-sao-po- ku-ša-va-da-se-uhva-ti-u-ko-štac-sa-pri-med-ba-ma-kao-što-je-ova-koju- je pomenuo - da ima lju di ko ji su du bo ko mo ral ni iako su ate- i-sti-ili-ag-no-sti-ci,-od-no-sno-da-ima-iz-ra-zi-to-ne-mo-ral-nih-lju-di-me- đu-ver-ni-ci-ma,-čak-i-oni-ma-ko-ji-no-se-sve-šte-nič-ke-man-ti-je.-Neki- sa-vre-me-ni- te-o-lo-zi- ne- ospo-ra-va-ju- sa-mo- za-pa-ža-nje.-Bio- sam-na- pre-da-va-nju-Mi-tro-po-li-ta-Per-gam-skog-Jo-va-na-Zi-zju-la-sa-odr-ža-nom- na-Pra-vo-slav-nom-Bo-go-slov-skom-fa-kul-te-tu-Uni-ver-zi-te-ta-u-Be-o- gra-du-24.-09.-2004,-na-ko-me-je-on-re-kao-de-je-uvek-u-isto-ri-ji-bi-lo- i-bi-će-bo-ljih-lju-di-ne-go-što-su-hri-šća-ni.- Pri-go-vor-upu-ćen-mo-ral-noj-mo-ti-va-ci-ji-ver-ni-ka-–-da-pra-vi-mo-tiv- da-se-bu-de-mo-ra-lan-ne-mo-že-bi-ti-se-bič-na-bri-ga-o-svom-lič-nom- spa su – ve o ma je ozbi ljan8.-Tu-bi-se-mo-gla-na-pra-vi-ti-raz-li-ka-na- dva-aspek-ta.-Pr-vi-bi-bio-od-nos-oso-be-i-za-jed-ni-ce.-Dru-go-pi-ta-nje- je-kon-cep-tu-al-no:-da-li-je-lič-ni-in-te-res-isto-što-i-se-bič-nost.- Iako-to-ov-de-i-ni-je-od-pre-sud-nog-zna-ča-ja,-is-ta-kao-bih-di-stink-ci-ju- iz-me-đu-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa-i-se-bič-no-sti,-ko-ju-Mar-ko-vić-ne-pra-vi.-Ne-ke- rad-nje,-mo-ti-vi-sa-ne-lič-nim-in-te-re-som,-oči-gled-no-mo-že-mo-na-zva-ti- se-bič-nim,-ali-za-ne-ke-to-ni-je-ta-ko-jed-no-stav-no-us-tvr-di-ti.-Da-ovo- me-đu-tim- ni-ka-ko- ni-je- tek- ne-ki-Mar-ko-vi-ćev- pre-vid,- upe-ča-tlji-vo- po-ka-zu-je-pri-mer-Pi-te-ra-Sin-ge-ra-(Peter-Singer),-u-či-jim-radovima- te-ma-ti-zo-va-nje- opo-zi-ci-je- iz-me-đu- sop-stve-nog- in-te-re-sa- i- etič-kog- po-na-ša-nja- igra- na-gla-še-nu-ulo-gu,- a- što- ga- ipak-ne- spre-ča-va- da- iz-ra-ze-,,lič-ni-in-te-res''-i-,,se-bič-nost''-upo-tre-blja-va-isto-znač-no.9 Me-ni-iz-gle-da-da-raz-li-ka-ipak-po-sto-ji-i-da-je-mo-ral-no-re-le-vant-na.- Mo-gu-će-je-na-i-me-za-mi-sli-ti-da-ne-ko-uči-ni-ne-što-iz-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa,- a-da-u-to-me-ne-bu-de-ni-če-ga-za-osu-du.- 6- Mak-sim- Is-po-ved-nik-Sv.,- Iza-bra-na-de-la,-Epar-hi-ja- ra-ško-pri-zren-ska,-Pri-zren- 1997,-str.-78. 7- Pod-moralnim-pokretačem-imam-u-vidu-moralnu-motivaciju:-držim-da-je-biti- motivisan-da-se-nešto-uradi-isto-što-i-biti-pokrenut-da-se-to-uradi.-Za-suprotan- stav-upor.-Parfit.-D.,-Reasons-and-Motivation,-Proceedings-of-the-Aristotelian- Society,-Supplementary-Volume,-Vol.-71,-1997,-str.-100. 8- Iz-gle-da-da-i-Vla-de-ta-Je-ro-tić-sma-tra-da-je-bri-ga-za-lič-ni-spas-se-bič-na.-Upor.-Je- ro-tić-V.,-Psi-ho-lo-ško-i-re-li-gi-o-zno-bi-će-čo-ve-ka,-Be-se-da,-No-vi-Sad-1994,-str.-157.- 9- Sin-ger- P.,-How-are-we- to- li-ve?-Ethics- in- an-Age- of- Self-Interest,-Ran-dom- House-Austra-lia,-Austra-lia-1997,-str.-279.- 343 ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT Na-pri-mer,-obratimo-pažnju-na-sle-de-ću-si-tu-a-ci-ju:-vra-ća-ju-ći-se-iz- ško-le,-Ma-ri-ja-je-oglad-ne-la-pa-je-svra-ti-la-u-pe-ka-ru-i-ku-pi-la-se-bi- ki-flu.-Mo-gli-bi-smo-da-ka-že-mo-da-je-Ma-ri-ji-no-de-la-nje-mo-ti-vi-sa-no- in-te-re-som-da-uto-li-sop-stve-nu-glad,-pa-je-uto-li-ko-ono-mo-ti-vi-sa-no- lič-nim- in-te-re-som.- Slo-ži-će-mo- se- da- ova-kvo-Ma-ri-ji-no- de-la-nje- i- njen-mo-tiv-ni-ka-ko-ne-mo-gu-bi-ti-za-osu-du.- Pogledajmo-drugi-slučaj.-Drugarica-koje-je-zaboravila-tog-dana- užinu-kod-kuće,- zamolila- je-Anu,-koja- je- imala- sto-dinara,-da- joj- pozajmi- trideset- dinara- za- kiflu.-Ana- je-međutim- naumila- da-sebi-za-užinu-kupi-kiflu-a-za-preostali-novac-da-kupi-sedam- samolepljivih- sličica- koje- je- skupljala.-Pošto- nije- želela- da- se- tog- dana- odrekne- maksimalnmog- broja- sličica,- odbila- je- da- drugarici-iz-odelenja-pozajmi-novac.-Očigledna-je-razlika-između- Marijinog-i-Aninog-postupka:-za-prvi-bi-smo-mogli-da-kažemo- da- je-motivisan- ličnim- interesom,- a- za- drugi- da- je-motivisan- sebičnošću.-De-la-nje-iz-se-bič-nih-mo-ti-va-uvek-je-za-osu-du,-što-me- đu-tim-ni-je-slu-čaj-i-sa-de-la-njem-iz-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa.-Već-u-obič-nom- je-zi-ku,- iz-raz- ,,se-bič-nost''-uklju-ču-je-de-la-nje- iz-sop-stve-nog- in-te- re-sa,-ali-uz-za-ne-ma-ri-va-nje-in-te-re-sa-dru-gih,-bez-ob-zi-ra-na-in-te-res- dru-gih,-uz-bez-ob-zir-nost-pre-ma-dru-gi-ma. Sa-dru-ge-stra-ne,-či-ni-mi- se-da-iz-raz-,,lič-ni-in-te-res"-ne-ma-nu-žno-ovu-ko-no-ta-ci-ju-ne-za-vi-sno- od-kon-tek-sta.-U-ne-kim-kon-tek-sti-ma-nji-me-se-ozna-ča-va-ne-što-što- je-mo-ral-no-za-osu-du:-"Pre-tva-rao-se-da-to-ra-di-zbog-njih,-a-za- pra-vo-je-to-ra-dio-iz-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa".-U-ne-kim-kon-tek-sti-ma-iz-raz- mo-že-da-bu-de-ne-u-tra-lan-("Po-što-je-us-put-oglad-ne-la,-svra-ti-la- je- u-pe-ka-ru-i-ku-pi-la-ki-flu"),-a-mo-že-se-upo-tre-blja-va-ti-i-u-afir-ma-tiv- nom-kon-tek-stu-(„Po-što-se-sko-ro-sa-svim-opo-ra-vio,-on-je-po-no-vo- spo-so-ban-da-vo-di-ra-ču-na-o-svom-lič-nom-in-te-re-su").-U-ova-kvim- kon-tek-sti-ma-re-ći-da-je-ne-či-je-de-la-nje-mo-ti-vi-sa-no-lič-nim-in-te-re- som-isto-je-što-i-re-ći-da-je-mo-ti-vi-sa-no-bri-gom-o-se-bi.10 Iz-gle-da- mi- da- je- ovo- do-volj-no- da- se- uoči- mo-ral-no- re-le-vant- na- razli-ka- iz-me-đu- ono-ga- što- pod-ra-zu-me-va-mo- pod- iz-ra-zom- "sebičnosti"-i-ono-ga-što-pod-ra-zu-me-va-mo-pod-iz-ra-zom-,,lič-ni-in- te-res''.-Što-se- ti-če-kri-ti-ke- lič-nog- in-te-re-sa-u- re-li-gij-skom-ži-vo-tu,- na-ve-šću-preg-nant-nu-i-sa-že-tu-ver-zi-ju-ove-kri-ti-ke-ko-ju-je-for-mu- li-sao-Tol-stoj:- "Ako- slu-žiš-Bo-gu- ra-di- več-nog- bla-žen-stva,- on-da- slu-žiš-se-bi,-a-ne-Bo-gu"11.-Ova-upe-ča-tlji-va-kri-ti-ka-ego-i-zma-u-re-li- gij-skom-ži-vo-tu-formulisana-je-iznutra.12 10-Na-ro-či-to-je-Fu-ko-ba-cio-sve-tlo-na-struk-tu-re-sa-mo-od-no-še-nja-ko-je-su-se-od-grč-ke- i-rimske-antike-raz-vi-ja-le-pod-ozna-kom-"bri-ge-o-se-bi".-Upor.-Fu-ko-M.,-Her- me-ne-u-ti-ka-su-bjek-ta: pre-da-va-nja-na-Ko-lež-de-Fran-su-1981-–-1982.-go-di-ne, Sve-to-vi,-No-vi-Sad-2003. 11 Put-u-ži-vot:-zbor-nik-mu-dro-sti-/--sa sta vio Lav Tol stoj,-Kul-tu-ra,-Be-o-grad-1990,- str.-10. 12-Sa-druge-strane,-u-etičkom-mišljenju-Bernarda-Vilijamsa-(Bernard-Williams),- koji- je- bio- ateista,- prigovor- o- egoističkoj- motivaciji- upućen- religijskim- 344 ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT Mar-ko-vić-mo-ti-vu-bri-ge- za- lič-ni- spas-pr-o-tiv-sta-vlja-mo-tiv-bri-ge- o-za-jed-ni-ci,-lju-ba-vi-pre-ma-dru-gom-čo-ve-ku-i-ne-se-bič-nom-an-ga- žo-va-nju-za-do-bro-pr-o-tiv-zla.-Pri-tom-do-da-je-da-ne-mo-ra-te-da-ve- ru-je-te-da-bi-ste-se-za-to-an-ga-žo-va-li.-Pa-ipak,-u-iz-ve-snom-smi-slu- upra-vo-mo-ra-te-da-ve-ru-je-te-da-bi-ste-se-za-to-an-ga-žo-va-li-–-ba-rem- da-ve-ru-je-te-da-je-to-ne-što-vred-no-an-ga-žo-va-nja.-U-ovom-bi-smi-slu- shva-ta-nje-da-je-mo-ral-mo-guć-sa-mo-na-osno-vu-ve-re-bi-lo-pot-pu-no- pla u zi bil no. Ve-ru-jem-da-bi-se-la-ko-mo-glo-po-ka-za-ti-hri-šćan-sko-po-re-klo-poj-ma- za-jed-ni-ce-ko-ji-je-po-seb-no-raz-ra-đi-van-upra-vo-unu-tar-cr-kve-ne-dog- ma-ti-ke,-uto-li-ko-bi-se-čak-mo-glo-go-vo-ri-ti-o-se-ku-la-ri-za-ci-ji-ovog- poj-ma-u-Mar-ko-vi-će-vom-argu-men-tu.-Što-se-ti-če-mo-ti-va-"lju-ba-vi- pre-ma-dru-gom-čo-ve-ku",-nje-go-vo-bi-blij-sko-po-re-klo-ni-je-čak-ni- po-treb-no- do-ka-zi-va-ti.-Ovo-me-đu-tim- ne- tre-ba- shva-ti-ti- kao- obe- sna-ži-va-nje-Mar-ko-vi-će-vog-argu-men-to-va-nja,-već-kao-nedoumicu- povodom- argu-men-ta-tiv-ne- stra-te-gi-je- ko-ja- kri-ti-ku- hri-šćan-skog- mo ra la spro vo di uka zi va njem na na vod no kon ku rent ske vred- no-sne-nor-me,- jer-one-za-pra-vo-svoj-ko-ren- ima-ju-u-hri-šćan-stvu.- Jed-na-po-svom-po-re-klu-bi-blij-ska-stra-te-gi-ja-kri-ti-ke,-či-ni-mi-se-da- bi-bi-la-da-le-ko-efekt-ni-ja:-to-bi-bi-la-kri-ti-ka-fak-tič-ke-mo-ral-no-sti-cr- kve-zbog-iz-ne-ve-ra-va-nja-te-melj-nih-mo-ral-nih-nor-mi-za-ko-je-se-na- re-či-ma-za-la-že.-Me-đu-tim,-čak-i-ova-ko-ka-ko-je-for-mu-li-sa-na,-Mar- ko-vi-će-va-kri-ti-ka-ne-zvu-či-to-li-ko-kao-spolj-na-kri-ti-ka,-ko-li-ko-kao- glas-unu-tar-jed-nog-po-ro-dič-nog-spo-ra.-(Ako-ne-ko-baš-pi-ta-o-ko-joj- po-ro-di-ci-je-tu-reč,-od-go-va-ram-da-je-reč-o-po-ro-di-ci-ju-de-o-hri-šćan- ske mo ral no sti). Ka-ko-god-se-po-sta-vi-li-pre-ma-uver-lji-vo-sti-di-stink-ci-je-iz-me-đu-se- bič-no-sti-i-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa,-osu-đi-va-nje-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa-kao-mo-ral-ne- mo-ti-va-ci-je,-po-ja-vlju-je-se-već-unu-tar-sa-mih-re-li-gij-skih-tra-di-ci-ja.- Pi-ta-nje-je-me-đu-tim-do-ko-je-me-re-je-ta-ko-ne-što-mo-gu-će-u-ne-re-li- gij-skoj-mo-ral-no-sti.-Čak-i-ono-što-Kol-berg-(Law-ren-ce-Kohlberg)- na-zi-va-post-kon-ven-ci-o-nal-nim-ni-vo-om-mo-ral-ne-sve-sti,-po-Ha-ber- ma-su-(Jürgen-Ha-ber-mas)-po-tre-bu-je-je-dan-do-pun-ski-prin-cip-ko-ji- bi-se-sa-sto-jao-u-to-me-da-lič-nost-ne-mo-že-sebe-da-po-štu-je-ako-ne- po stu pi u skla du sa post kon ven ci o nal nim mo ra lom: "Post-kon-ven-ci-o-nal-ni- stu-panj- mo-ral-ne- sve-sti- zah-te-va- do-pu-nu- kroz-pr-o-sve-tlje-no-eg-zi-sten-ci-jal-no-sa-mo-ra-zu-me-va-nje-po-ko-me-ja- se-be-mo-gu-po što va ti-kao-ne-ko-ga-ko-u-pra-vi-lu-či-ni-to-što-ta-ko-đe- sma-tra-mo-ral-no-is-prav-nim"13. učenjima-čiji- su-etički- razlozi- sankcionisani-pretnjom-kazne- ili-obećanjem- nagrade,- ne- smatra- se- dovoljnom- osnovom- da- bi- se- takva- učenja- učenja- odbacila-Upor.-Wil-li-ams--B.,--Et-hics-and-the-Li-mits-of-Phi-lo-sophy,-Ro-u-tlid-ge- 2006,-str.-32. 13-Ha-ber-mas-J.,-Smi-sao-„po-sled-njeg-ute-me-lje-nja"-u-mo-ral-noj-te-o-ri-ji-(od-go-vor- Ape-lu),-Srp-ska-po-li-tič-ka-mi-sao-vol-3,-3-4,-1996,-str.-118. 345 ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT Mo-ral-na-mo-ti-va-ci-ja-za-sno-va-na-na-sa-mo-po-što-va-nju-se,-na-kra-ju- kra-je-va,-ipak-svo-di-na-je-dan-ob-lik-lič-nog-in-te-re-sa.-Mo-glo-bi-se- obra-zla-ga-ti-da-je-taj-lič-ni-in-te-res-za-pra-vo-ide-al-ni-in-te-res-u-Ve-be- ro-vom- (Max-We-ber)- smi-slu,- ali- to-ne-uma-nju-je- sa-svim- te-ži-nu- pri-go-vo-ra.-Me-đu-tim,-u-raz-li-či-tim-re-li-gi-ja-ma,-ne-sa-mo-avra-mov- skim,-do-šlo-se-do-shva-ta-nja-da-stvar-no-slu-že-nje-Bo-gu-i-istin-ski- mo-ral-po-sto-je-od-tre-nut-ka-ka-da-je-lič-ni- in-te-res-pre-va-zi-đen.-Ta- kva-shva-ta-nja-mo-gu-se-na-ći-u-mi-stič-kim-tra-di-ci-ja-ma-ju-da-i-zma,- hri-šćan-stva,-isla-ma-ili-hin-du-i-zma.---- Vra-ti-mo-se-po-no-vo-na-na-ve-de-ni-stav-sve-tog-Mak-si-ma-Is-po-ved-ni- ka. Ori-gi-nal-ni-kon-tekst-ovog-is-ka-za-(ove-"gla-ve")-sva-ka-ko-tre-ba- tra-ži-ti-u-shva-ta-nju-o-ste-pe-no-va-nom-raz-vo-ju-od-stra-ha-do-lju-ba-vi.- Iz-gle-da-da-bi-im-puls-za-ovo-shva-ta-nje-u-hri-šćan-stvu-mo-gao-da- bu-de-iden-ti-fi-ko-van-u-Pr-voj-Sa-bor-noj-po-sla-ni-ci-Sve-tog-Apo-sto-la- Jo-va-na-Bo-go-slo-va:- ,,I-mi-smo-po-zna-li-i-po-vje-ro-va-li-lju-bav-ko-ju-Bog-ima-pre-ma-na- ma.-Bog-je-lju-bav,-i-ko-ji-pre-bi-va-u-lju-ba-vi,-u-Bo-gu-pre-bi-va-i-Bog- u-nje-mu.-Ti-me-se-lju-bav-po-ka-za-la-sa-vr-še-nom-u-na-ma,-da-bi-smo- ima-li-smje-lo-sti-na-Dan-su-da;-jer-kao-što-je-On-i-mi-smo-u-ovo-me- svi-je-tu.-U-lju-ba-vi-ne-ma-stra-ha,-ne-go-sa-vr-še-na-lju-bav-iz-go-ni-strah- na-po-lje;-jer-je-u-stra-hu-mu-če-nje,-a-ko-se-bo-ji-ni-je-se-usa-vr-šio-u- lju-ba-vi"14. Na-i-me,-na-do-ve-zi-va-nje-na-is-kaz-"sa-vr-še-na-lju-bav-iz-go-ni-strah"-iz- ove-po-sla-ni-ce,-i-nje-go-vo-tu-ma-če-nje-u-smi-slu-ste-pe-no-va-nja-raz- vo-ja-od-stra-ha-do-lju-ba-vi-mo-že-se,-ko-li-ko-mi-je-po-zna-to,-naj-ra- ni-je-da-ti-ra-ti-u-jed-noj-iz-ja-vi-ko-ja-se-pri-pi-su-je-avi-An-to-ni-ju.-Ona- gla-si:- "Ja- se- vi-še- ne- pla-šim-Bo-ga,- ne-go- ga- lju-bim"15.-Ka-sni-ji- raz-voj-ovog-shva-ta-nja-mo-že-mo-pra-ti-ti-pre-ko-Svetog-Va-si-li-ja-Ve- li-kog-i-Svetog-Gri-go-ri-ja-Bo-go-slo-va-(a-nje-gov-ko-men-ta-tor-je-bio- i-Mak-sim-Is-po-ved-nik),-pa-do-Svetog-Jo-va-na-Le-stvič-ni-ka-i-da-lje.- Evo-šta-ka-že-Gri-go-ri-je-Bo-go-slov-u-Be-se-di-na-Sve-to-Kr-šte-nje:- "Znam-da-po-sto-ji-tri-re-da-spa-sa-va-nih:-rop-stvo,-na-jam-ni-štvo,-si- nov-stvo.-Ako-si-rob,-boj-se-ka-zni;-ako-si-na-jam-nik,-gle-daj-sa-mo- da-pri-miš-(pla-tu).-A-ako-si-iz-nad-njih-i-sin-si-(Bo-ži-ji)-us-po-štuj-Ga- kao-Oca.-De-laj-do-bro-jer-je-do-bro-Ocu-se-po-ko-ra-va-ti,-ma-kar-i-ne- do-bio-ni-šta-(za-na-gra-du).-To-je-pla-ta-–-Ocu-da-ri-va-ti"16. Na- shva-ta-nje- o- ste-pe-no-va-nju- mo-ral-nog- raz-vo-ja- od- stra-ha- do- lju-ba-vi,-Mak-sim-Is-po-ved-nik-se-eks-pli-cit-no-na-do-ve-zu-je-na-dru- 14-1-Jn.-4,-16-18. 15-O-avi-An-to-ni-ju,-Sta-reč-nik,-Be-se-da,-No-vi-Sad-2000,-str.-56. 16-Gri-go-ri-je-Bo-go-slov,-Sve-ti,-Be-se-da-40:-Na-Sve-to-kr-šte-nje,-u:-Pra-znič-ne-be-se- de,-Gri-go-ri-je-Bo-go-slov-Sve-ti,-Ma-na-stir-Hi-lan-dar,-Ma-na-stir-Ostrog,-Ma-na-stir- Tvr-doš,-Brat-stvo- Sv.- Si-me-o-na-Mi-ro-to-či-vog,- Sve-ta-Go-ra,-Ostrog,-Tre-bi-nje,- Vr-njač-ka-Ba-nja-2001,-str.-99.- 346 ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT gim- me-sti-ma.- Ta-ko- se- u- Po-gla-vlji-ma- o- te-o-lo-gi-ji- i- iko-no-mi-ji- ova-pla-će-nog-si-na-Bo-ži-jeg-mo-že-pr-o-či-ta-ti-sle-de-će: ,,Strah-od-pa-kla-či-ni-da-po-čet-ni-ci-be-že-od-zla,-na-pred-ni-ji-ma-se- da-ru-je-že-lja-da-do-brim-de-la-njem-za-do-bi-ju-na-gra-du,-dok-taj-na-lju- ba-vi,-kod-onih-što-sle-pi-su-za-sve-ni-že-od-Bo-ga,-uz-no-si-u-iz-nad- stvo-re-nog.-Sa-mo-one-ko-ji-su-sle-pi-za-sve-od-Bo-ga-ni-že-Go-spod- umu-dru-je,-po-ka-zu-ju-ći-im-(ono-što-je-od-sve-ga)-sve-ti-je"17. Ovo-uka-zu-je-na-idej-no-okru-že-nje-iz-ko-jeg-iz-vi-re-i-ranije-citirano- Maksimovo- po-gla-vlje- o- lju-ba-vi.- Ono- ne- isklju-ču-je- či-ta-nje- Maksimove-,,gla-ve''-kao-uka-zi-va-nje-na-pet-ne-za-vi-snih-mo-ti-va.- Međutim,- ovaj- izvorni- kontekst- ukazuje- da- su- u- patrističkom- mišljenju-motivi- straha-od-kazne- i- želje- za-nagradom-priznati- kao-legitimni,-ali-ne-i-najviši-oblici-moralne-motivacije.-Najviši- oblik-je-više-nezavistan-od-ličnog-interesa-nego-u-pomenutom- slučaju-sekularne-etike. LI-TE-RA-TU-RA: Sta-reč-nik,-Be-se-da,-No-vi-Sad-2000. Sve-to-pi-smo:-No-vi-za-vjet-Go-spo-da-na-še-ga-Isu-sa-Hri-sta,-tre-će-is-pra- vlje-no-iz-da-nje,-Sve-ti-arhi-je-rej-ski-si-nod-Srp-ske-pra-vo-slav-ne-cr-kve,- Be-o-grad-1997. Gri-go-ri-je-Bo-go-slov-Sv.,-Be-se-da-40:-Na-Sve-to-kr-šte-nje,-u:-Pra-znič-ne- be se de,-Gri-go-ri-je-Bo-go-slov-Sv.,-Ma-na-stir-Hi-lan-dar,-Ma-na-stir-Ostrog,- Ma-na-stir-Tvr-doš,-Brat-stvo-Sv.-Si-me-o-na-Mi-ro-to-či-vog,-Sve-ta-Go-ra,- Ostrog,-Tre-bi-nje,-Vr-njač-ka-Ba-nja-2001. Fu-ko-M.,-Her-me-ne-u-ti-ka-su-bjek-ta: pre-da-va-nja-na-Ko-lež-de-Fran-su- 1981-–-1982.-go-di-ne,-Sve-to-vi,-No-vi-Sad-2003. Ha-ber-mas-J.,--Smi-sao-„po-sled-njeg-ute-me-lje-nja"-u-mo-ral-noj-te-o-ri-ji:-od- go-vor-Ape-lu,-Srp-ska-po-li-tič-ka-mi-sao,-vol-3,-3-4,-1996,--str.-115-125. Je-ro-tić-V.,-Psi-ho-lo-ško-i-re-li-gi-o-zno-bi-će-čo-ve-ka,-Be-se-da,-No-vi-Sad- 1994. Mak-sim-Is-po-ved-nik-Sv.,-Iza-bra-na-de-la,-Epar-hi-ja-ra-ško-pri-zren-ska,- Pri-zren-1997. Mak-sim-Is-po-ved-nik-Sv.,-Po-gla-vlja-o-te-o-lo-gi-ji-i-iko-no-mi-ji-ova-plo-će-nog- si-na-Bo-ži-jeg,-u:-Gno-stič-ki-sto-slo-vi,-Mak-sim-Is-po-ved-nik-Sv.,-Dru-štvo- Is-toč-nik,-Be-o-grad. Mar-ko-vić-M.,-Slo-bo-da-i-prak-sa,-Za-vod-za-udž-be-ni-ke-i-na-stav-na-sred- stva,-Be-o-grad-1997. Mi-len-ko-vić-P.,-Fi-lo-zo-fi-ja-kao-na-čin-ži-vo-ta:-raz-go-vor-sa-Mi-ha-i-lom-Mar- ko-vi-ćem,-Te-me-3,-2002,-str.-449-462. 17-Mak-sim-Is-po-ved-nik-Sv.,-Po-gla-vlja-o-te-o-lo-gi-ji-i-iko-no-mi-ji-ova-plo-će-nog-si-na- Bo-ži-jeg,-u:-Gno-stič-ki-sto-slo-vi,-Mak-sim-Is-po-ved-nik-Sv.,-Dru-štvo-Is-toč-nik,-Be- o-grad,-str.-67. 347 ALEKSANDAR PRNJAT Parfit.-D.,-Reasons-and-Motivation,-Proceedings-of-the-Aristotelian- Society,-Supplementary-Volume,-Vol.-71,-1997,-str.-99--130. Sin-ger-P.,-How-are-we-to-li-ve?-Ethics-in-an-Age-of-Self-Interest,-Ran- dom-Ho-u-se-Austra-lia,-Austra-lia-1997. Tol-stoj-L.,-Put-u-ži-vot:-zbor-nik-mu-dro-sti,-Kul-tu-ra,-Be-o-grad-1990. Wil-li-ams-B.,-Et-hics-and-the-Li-mits-of-Phi-lo-sophy,-With-a-commentary- on-the-text-by-A.W.-Moore,-Ro-u-tlid-ge-2006.- Aleksandar-Prnjat Alfa-university,-Belgrade,-University-of-Belgrade,- Institute-for-Philosophy-and-Social-Theory,- Center-for-Religious-Studies,-Belgrade- SELF---INTEREST-AND-MORAL- MOTIVATIONS-OF-BELIEVERS- Abstract In- this- paper,- I- consider- an- important- objection- to-moral-motivation- of- believers.- It- is- the- objection- that- their- acts- are- motivated- by- self-interest,i.e.-their-personal-salvation.-Such-motivation-is-sometimes- identified-as-selfish.-Therefore,- I-demonstrate- the-distinction-between- self-interest-and-selfishness.-I-would-like-to-remind-the-reader-that-the- critique-of-self-interest-as-moral-motivation-of-believers-appears-within- the-very-traditions-of-the-major-world-religions.-Then,-I-argue-that-some- contemporary-forms-of-secular-ethics,-even-at- the-highest- levels,-still- refer-to-a-certain-form-of-self-interest. Key-words:-self-interest,-moral-motivation,-religion,-ethics