Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues: Research and Practice for Promoting Participation in Rural Sri Lanka Masateru Higashida Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues:

Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues: Masateru Higashida Ashoka Disability Research Forum 978-0-359-49868-0 To my wife Contents CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 CHAPTER 10 PREVIOUS PUBLICATION REFERENCES INDEX

i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 213 INDEX accessibility, 130, 139, 143, 154, 178 achieved participation, 12, 99, 181 actual opportunities, 20, 23 adaptation, 12, 187 administrative power, 53, 146 advocacy, 17, 20, 58 African contexts, 7 agency, 15, 20, 26, 111, 181 alternative education, 173 Ape/ , 124, 145, 167, 174 Association of Women with Disabilities (AKASA), 48, 58, 134 attitudes, 119, 153, 154, 158, 174 awareness raising, 139, 141, 156, 160, 161 barriers, 23, 70, 83, 87, 90, 91, 94, 96, 100, 144, 151 beings, 11, 153 Biggeri et al., 37 bottom-up practices, 6, 56, 59, 60, 104, 146 Boyce, W., 105 Buddhism, 168 Canda, 173 capabilities, 11, 12, 15, 19, 26, 179, 187 capability approach, 2, 7, 11, 15, 16, 19, 23, 25, 118, 132, 177, 186, 187 capability set, 19, 24, 26, 119, 132, 133, 179, 181 capacity building, 33, 40, 115, 117, 127, 149, 178 capacity development, 16, 18, 47, 62, 63, 139, 140, 181 CBR guidelines, 4, 8, 16, 17, 49, 55, 64, 69, 145 CBR Management Information System, 54 CBR manual, 5, 51, 55 CBR volunteers, 36, 48, 56, 60, 120, 123, 127, 131, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 158, 159, 167, 171, 172 Chang et al., 10 choices, 12, 20, 133, 187 civil war, 36, 48, 68, 104, 105, 112, 116 Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 214 collective activities, 47 commodities, 12, 15 community mobilisation, 16, 70, 117, 147, 148, 158, 159, 173, 174, 181 Community Rehabilitation Committees (CRCs), 106, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117 community volunteers, 45, 47, 48, 55, 182 community workshops, 55, 56, 63, 69, 121, 123, 124, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 152, 166, 169 Community-Based Inclusive Development (CBID), 3, 4, 5, 42, 43, 55, 158, 159, 163 conflict-affected area, 68, 71, 103, 104, 105 context-specific approaches, 62 context-specific practices, 39, 188 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 2, 5, 8, 16, 35, 120 conversion factors, 24, 25, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 116, 147, 158, 159, 160, 173, 179, 180 coordinators, 158, 159 Cornielje et al., 7 cost-effectiveness, 42 , 167, 172 daily activities, 166, 167, 168 decision-making, 3, 20, 26, 180 deprivations, 11, 19 development economics, 11 dialogue, 15, 20, 66, 134, 146, 159 disability benefits, 139, 144 disability studies, 2, 11 disability-inclusive systems, 42, 64 disabled people's organisations (DPOs), 45, 47, 49, 52, 61, 116, 117, 159 disabled women's groups, 58 discrimination, 12, 180 Divisional Secretariats (DSs), 32, 67, 69, 121, 136, 157 doings, 11 Down's syndrome, 168 downside risks, 3 dropout, 127, 156 Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 215 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), 3, 71 education system, 46 educational experience, 80, 82, 84, 92, 99, 100, 178 educational experiences, 80, 82, 84, 92, 99, 100, 178 Ekamutu/ , 174 elderly people, 121 employment, 37, 46, 57, 64, 72, 108, 112, 180 empowerment, 2, 8, 19, 20, 32, 42, 47, 53, 56, 60, 61, 62, 64, 114, 116, 117, 131, 159, 188 environmental factors, 9, 12, 15, 101, 127 evidence-based, 37 Finkenflügel et al., 37, 119 freedom to participate, 11, 24, 130, 131, 133 FRIDSRO, 48, 55 functionings, 11, 12, 15, 19, 24, 130, 133, 179, 180, 187 Gandhi, M., 50 global South, 3, 104 global strategies, 3, 188 government-led policy, 49, 59 Grama Niladhari, 47, 97, 99, 155, 156, 157 hardship, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 90, 100, 116 health deprivations, 23 health-related policies, 43 human development model, 11 human diversity, 15, 23 human resources, 7, 46, 60, 61, 62, 119, 131, 148 human rights, 2, 5, 8, 20, 23, 178, 181 impairment, 19, 71, 73, 79, 80, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 93, 95, 98, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 122, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143, 156, 157, 160 impairment/activity-limitatio n, 79, 80, 82, 84 inclusive development, 3, 4, 50, 63, 159, 160, 188 inclusive education, 124 inclusiveness, 4, 163 India, 17, 29, 37 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, 51, 105 indigenous approach, 40, 60, 178, 188 indigenous knowledge, 49, 54 Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 216 indigenous social work practices, 162 inequalities, 11, 178 information accessibility, 12 information sharing, 127 International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), 8, 10, 11, 15 International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH), 8 International Labour Organization (ILO), 5 international organisations, 3, 37, 45, 48, 49, 53, 105 interpersonal interactions and relationships, 9 Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCVs), 56, 121 Kade/ , 86 , 167, 171 Karma/ , 50, 153, 172, 174 key persons, 97 Kuno, K., 8 Kuno, K. and Seddon, D., 102 Lajjayi/ , 98 leadership, 153, 181 legal systems, 51 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 104 limited opportunities, 3, 162, 177, 179 local context, 24, 61, 62, 66, 183 local customs, 6 local resources, 40, 70, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 126, 127, 130, 131, 133, 134, 144, 145, 146, 156, 178, 180, 182 local techniques, 145 local technologies, 119 low-income households, 53, 54, 56 low-prioritisation, 87, 94 macro level, 43, 61 mainstream society, 3 marginalisation, 32, 83, 87, 91, 94, 95, 101, 114, 115, 116, 178, 188 medical model of disability, 19 Medical Officer of Health (MOH), 46, 155, 157 Mendis, P., 48, 51, 52, 63 Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 217 microcredit, 50, 108, 112, 117 micro-macro practice, 18, 19, 24 Ministry of Social Services (MSS), 32, 45, 47, 60, 63 mixed methods, 66, 78 monitoring system, 51, 54, 63 Montessori preschools, 124 Morris, C., 11 multisectoral approach, 40, 45, 63, 70, 158, 159, 178, 180 mutual-help activities, 49 National Action Plan for Disability, 55, 63 National Action Plan for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, 52 National Council for Coordinating the Work of Disability Organizations, 52 National Council for Persons with Disabilities, 52 National Housing Development Authority (NHDA), 50 National Institute of Social Development (NISD), 45, 46, 53, 62 National Policy on Disability, 52 Navajeevana, 48 networking, 127 Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 32, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 58, 60, 64, 67, 75, 105, 120, 134, 145 non-linear process, 39, 65 non-western cultural societies, 162 norms, 51, 55, 59, 62, 118, 173 NVivo, 66 occupational activity, 56 Occupational Therapy, 46 out-of-school children, 127, 155, 156, 157, 159 ownership, 145 Pansil gannawa/ , 166, 167 Pantiya/ , 55, 58, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144 Papissa/ , 140 participant observation, 66, 165, 182, 183, 184 paternalism, 26 Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 218 Paw/ , 172, 174 Peat, M., 46, 104, 119, 120, 131, 146 peer-supporter, 85, 86, 150 personal assistance, 78, 87, 93, 94, 95, 101, 102, 131, 152 personal factors, 9, 127 physical environments, 19 Physiotherapy, 46, 110 Pin/ , 171, 174 policy triangle, 45 political contexts, 6, 7, 71, 104 potential opportunities, 11, 180, 188 poverty, 3, 5, 10, 11, 20, 23, 31, 47, 51, 72, 75, 77, 79, 82, 101, 116, 136, 155, 177, 188 power relationships, 26 Poya/ , 167 practical approaches, 54 prejudice, 12, 99 primary health care (PHC), 4, 5, 52 private activities, 166, 167, 169 Protection of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 52 public health, 43, 103 Puhunu Pantiya/ , 124 qualitative methods, 65 qualitative study, 66, 83, 99, 100, 101, 102 quality of life, 37, 112, 126, 134 quantitative survey, 66, 99, 100 Religion and Spirituality (RS), 53, 56, 79, 82, 87, 92, 93, 109, 112, 140, 144, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175 religious activities, 49, 56, 59, 62, 85, 100, 162, 165, 166, 167, 168, 174 religious and ethnic groups, 175 research questions (RQs), 39, 43, 78, 83, 106, 148, 158, 165, 177 resource information, 87, 96, 100, 178 Richmond, M.E., 118 Rohwerder, B., 117 Samurdhi Authority, 47 Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 219 , 167, 172 Sarvodaya/ , 48, 50, 51 Secretariat for Persons with Disabilities, 53 self-care, 9 self-determination, 20 self-employment, 55, 57, 72, 85, 86, 108, 140 self-stigmatisation, 12 semi-structured interviews, 66, 76, 78, 83, 106, 126, 135, 182 Sen, A., 11 Shramadana, 50, 56 Sil gannawa/ , 85 Sil samadan weema/ , 56, 85, 86, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174 Sinhalese, 31, 50, 52, 55, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 140, 143 situation analysis, 4, 40, 69, 70, 73, 78, 99, 103, 104, 105, 115, 117, 119, 120, 130, 131, 188 social barriers, 15, 83, 87, 159 social capital, 118, 147, 174, 180 social casework, 24, 26 social change, 23, 180 social constructionism, 66 social exclusion, 3, 42, 162 social investment, 18, 23, 40, 56, 58, 60, 68, 69, 116, 121, 124, 133, 178, 179, 187, 188 social justice, 23, 181 social model of disability, 8, 78, 187 social services officer (SSO), 55, 82, 98, 121, 124, 126, 130, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 160, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174 social withdrawal, 126 sociocultural contexts, 6, 7, 15, 31, 40, 49, 104 sociocultural image, 87, 96, 98, 101 socioeconomic development, 8 socioeconomic equality, 23, 178 socioeconomic inequalities, 19, 20, 23 , 57 Sri Lanka Spinal Cord Developmental Social Work in Disability Issues 220 Network, 48 stakeholder-influenced implementation dynamics, 39, 43 strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT), 139, 144, 146 structural resources, 119, 131 subjective experiences, 11 sustainability, 40, 119, 145, 147, 181 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 2, 5, 8 Tamils, 50, 71, 74 Teren-nae/ , 98 top-down approach, 7, 59, 146 traditional sociocultural phenomena, 49 tragedy and charity model, 11 training programme, 7, 46, 181 Trani et al., 15 United Nations (UN), 5 United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 48, 52 Van Breda, T., 24 Vanni Rehabilitation Organization for the Differently-Abled (VAROD), 48, 58, 106, 107, 108, 110 vicious cycle, 3, 188 , 57, 85, 89, 91, 97, 133 war-related impairments, 51, 107, 114, 116, 117 welfare systems, 49 well-being, 20, 26, 105, 150 WHO-DAS-II, 79, 80, 81, 84 win-win relationship, 145, 159 Women's Bank, 50 World Bank, 121 World Health Organization (WHO), 5, 121 youth services officer (YSO), 124, 152, 153, 154,