Future Pasts: The Analytic Tradition in Twentieth-Century Philosophy ed. by Juliet Floyd and Sanford Shieh. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 19 Epistemology and Science in 1979 Publication of Richard Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature the Image of Modern Philosophy: Rorty on Descartes and Locke GARY HATFIELD As with most human activities, philosophy bas been shaped by its past. More importantly, it is, like other intellectual pursuits, deeply conditioned by its con- ception of its own history. For this reason, the history of philosophy is never far from the center of philosophical consciousness. Indeed, history is a prominent mode of philosophizing because of the self-knowledge it provides. 1 The more we know about bow our questions have been shaped by their original motivations, the better we will be able to see new possibilities in the problem-space to which they belong-new ways of posing old questions and new questions to pose. In the past two decades, the most widely discussed attempt to use history for philosophical ends has been Richard Rorty' s Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. 2 Rorty draws on a popular account of the rise of modern philosophy in order to diagnose the ills of contemporary philosophy. He traces those ills to the episte- mologies of Descartes and Locke and the attempt to frame a general picture of the relation between mind and world that could secure the foundations of knowledge. His prescribed cure is to give up the foundational quest-which, in bis view, amounts to abandoning the characteristic aims of modern philosophy. Philoso- phers should instead engage in the sort of edifying and hermeneutic conversa- tion found in literary criticism and cultural studies. Although I share Rorty' s reservations about some styles of contemporary philo- sophy, I accept neither bis diagnosis nor his remedy. Rorty's critical evaluation of epistemology in Descartes and Locke is vitiated by his failure to give sufficient attention to-or by his outright misunderstanding of-the relation between philosophy and science in the early modern period. One recurrent theme in recent work in the history of modern philosophy has been the central importance of the rise of modern science as a motivation for and topical object of early modern epis- temology and metaphysics. 3 If one adopts a contextual approach to modern phi- losophy from Descartes to Kant, the interplay between science and philosophy is apparent: the new science was at the center of Descartes' and Locke's philosophi- cal projects, and Newton's new science powerfully conditioned the work ofBerke