O N T R A C T A R IA N L A W B ar ry S m it h U ni ve rs it y o f S he ff ie ld "' It i s cl ea r" , w ro te W IU ge ns te in i n t he T ra ct at us , "t h at e th ic s ha s no th in g lo d o w it h pu ni sh m en t an d re w ar d in t h e us ua l se ns e o f th e te rm s" ( 6. 42 2) . B ut h e in si st ed a lso t ha t th er e m us t b e so m e ki iid o f cth ic: a1 p un is lu nc nl a nd r ew ar d; " th e re w ar d" , h e te lls u s, " m u st b e so m et hi ng p le as an t, a nd t he p un is bm cn l so m e th in g u np le as an t" ( ib id .) . W h at I w is h to ar gu e he re is l b at w e ca n un de rs ta nd w ha t W it tg en st ei n m ea nt b y "r ew ar d " an d "p u n is h m en t" b y c on c:e ivi ns t he se n ot io ns a s el em en ts i n a sy st em o f in te rr el at ed c on ce pt s co nn ec te d w it h th e id ea o f la w . L e t us r ef le ct , fo r a m om en t, up on t he f ra m ew or k o f a le g a l sy st em . T he o p er at io n o f su ch a f ra m ew or k in vo lv es t h e ex is te nc e o f a ju dg e, a n d o f a le ga l pr oc es s o f so m e ki nd , cu lm in at in g in a j ud ge m en t. I t in vo lv es a n a p p e a l t o so m e ch ar ac le ris tic s et o f fe at ur es w ho se pn :s en cc o r ab se nc e in t he l if e o f a gi ve n su bj ec t is h el d to J: O Q St itn te h is g ui lt o r in no ce nc e. A n d i t pr es up po se s th er ew ith a d iv is io n o f o u r ac ti on s in lo t ho se w hi ch a rc l eg it im at e an d th os e w hi ch a rc i ll eg it im at e. M y cl ai m , no w , is t h a t eq ui va le nt s o f ea ch o f th es e no ti on s un de rl ie t he e th ic al t h e o ty e m pl ic it i n th e T ra ct at us , th at w e ca n co m e cl os er to u nd er st an di ng th is t h e o ry w he n w e re co gn is e th at i t re la te s n o t to t ra di ti on al e th ic al n ot io ns o f go od a n d * ev il , b u t r at he r t o w ha t a rc in s om e se ns e le ga l n ot io ns o f r ew ar d an d p un is hm en t. E ve ry a ct U al ly e xi st in g sy st em o f. p en al _ la w n :s ts o n a m o re o r le ss a rb it ra ry d iv is io n o f ia st lt nt lo as i n s oc ie ty a nd , o n a s er ie s o f ri te s an d c us to m s (f ro m m ar ri ag es t o de cl ar at io ns o f w ar ) ha vi ng a q ui te s pe ci al s ta to s in r el al io n to .o th er e ve nt s w it hi n th e so ci et y; a nd t he se in t h ei r tu rn i nv ol ve a n i nt ri ca te n ct w O rk o f pi ct nr in g/ m ir ro ri ng /r ep n: sc nt ln g re la tl oo sh ip s be tw ee n th e va ri oo s di ff er en t le ve ls . W h at is p re cl ud ed t o th e m em be rs o f a so ci et y su bj ce l to s uc h a sy st em i s an y ki nd o f ac ce ss t o th e to ta lit y o f al l re le va nt f ac ts ( m c: lu di ng f ac ts re la ti ng t o th e co ns eq ue nc es o f th e w or ki ll g o f th e sy st em i ts el f) . II i s !h os i m po ss ib le f o r m em be rs o f a so ci et y o f th is k in d to g ai n an i as ig bt i n to a n y i nt ri ns ic r ig ht ne ss o r ju st ic e w it h th e sy st em m ay p os se ss : th ey si m pl y ha ve to a a: cp t i t a s il is . T h er e is t yp e o f id ea li sa ti on o r re -s tr uc tu ri ng o f sy st em s o f th is ki nd , ho w ev er , w hi ch re st s o n a r ad ic al s ep ar at io n o f th e p R S id in g e le m en ts o f th e la w ( to ge th er w it h, e .g ., t he en su in g re w ar ds a n d p un is hi nc nt s) f ro m t h e li fe o f th e so cie ty ; s uc h el em en ts b e in g c on ce iv ed as b el on gi ng t o a w ho ll y he te ro ge ne ou s re gi on a t th e li m it o f th e w or ld . H er c, t yp ic al ly , it * i s so m e co sm ic p ro ce ss -p er h ap s th e h is to ry o f th e w or ld a s a w h o le -w h ic h i s se en a s se rv jn g th e p u rp o se o f a tr ia l, a n d g u il t an d i nn oc en ce a rc s ee n as b ei ng d ec id ed i n te rm s o f th e pr es en ce o r ab se nc e o f ce rta in q ua li ti es ( re la ti ng t o m em b m b ip i n a n e le ct , o r to s i{ >l es m cs s. g ra ce , w ho le ne ss o f he ar t) . W it hi n so ci et ie s o f be lic ve r.o p en al s ys te m s o f th is t yp e c an b e pr es en te d as h av in g ab so lu te a ut ho ri ty , fo r of " t he d iv in e Ju dg e it c an in de ed b e cl ai m ed ' th a t H e is i n a po si ti on t o su rv ey t h e fi el d o f m ll ll da ne h u m an i nt er ac ti on a s a w ho le ; an d it i s n o t ac ci de nt al t ha t ev er y C ris tia n st at e, u p t o an d i nc lu di ng H ab sb ur g A us tr ia , ha s so ug ht t o i nt ro du ce a bs ol ut e au th or it y in to t h e le ga l an d p ol it ic al S Ph cr c b y p re sc :ii tln g a pi ct ur e o f th e sy S te m o f la w w hi ch i s va li d at a n y g iv en s ta ge a s ha vi ng e m an at ed f ro m a G IJ tt/ U :h e & m w zg . L e t us m ov e, n ow , fr o m t he p ro ce ss es o r le g; i1 d ch 1J cr at to n w it hi n th e li fe o f a* so ci et y, to t h e pr oc es se s o f et hi ca l de li be ra ti on o r se lf -r cf ie ct lo n w it hi n th e m in d o f a si ng le s ub je ct . S uc h pr oc es se s, w lte n co nc ei ve d pu re ly p sy ch oi og ic :a ll y, a s el em en ts in a t em po ra l se qu en ce o f m en ta l ev en ts , cx lu l> it tr ai ts w hi ch a re pr ec is el y Pa ra lle l to t ho se c ha ra ct er is ti c ~ t s o f th epr oc es se s o f p_ cn al l aw w hi ch w e di sc us se d f! bo vc . H er e, t o o , th er e is a d iv is io n o f (w ha t 45 6 ar e in t hi s ca se ) ps yc hi c ex p cr i< ?= i nt o di ff er en t le ve ls , be tw ee n w hi ch t he re i s a co m pl ex ne tw or k o f pi ct ur in g re la ti on sh ip s: B u t m os t im po rt an tl y w e ha ve w ha t se em s to b e a m or e o r le ss a rb it ra ry s el ec ti on o f m en ta l ac ts o f ce rt ai n cu st om ar y fo rm s (d ec is io ns , re so lu ti on s, fe el in gs o f co ns ci en ce o r o f go i> d w ill ) as a ct s w hi ch a re se en a s en jo yi ng a q ui te s pe ci al s ta tu s in re la ti on to o u r ot he r e xp er ie ac es . Fo r th e se lf .r cf lc ct io g su bj ec t w bo a do pt s a p u rd y p sy ch ol og ic al v ie w o f th e pr oc es se s o f m eo ta l de li be ra ti on t he re c an c le ar ly b e no r ea so n fo r ac ce pt in g an y d e fa ct o se le ct io n o f ce rt ai n pa rt ic ul sr a ct s as h av in g an th or it y ov er ru . l if e. I nd ee d h e ca n ha ve n o g ro u n d s fo r re ga rd in g as i nt ri ns ic al ly b et te r a n y or de ri ng o f m en ta l ac ts i nt o po si tio ns o f re la !iv c do m in an ce . B ut a s in th e so ci op ol it ic al s ph er e, so a ls o he re , an i de al is at io n ca n be p ro je ct ed w hi ch s ee m s to r es ol ve t he -p ro bl em o f ap pa ra nt a rb it ra ri ne ss w hi ch a ris es w hc D a d el ib er at iv e pr oc es s is s ee n as p os se ss in g an th or it y ov er i ts d f, ( th e pr ob le m o f K om pe tm zK om pe te nz , a pr ob le m m uc h di sc us sc :I b y A us tr ia n le ga l th eo ri st s in t h e la te 1 9t h c: co .tu ry : cf . Jo ns to n, 19 72 . a. . S) , T h e id ea li sa ti on h er e co ns is ts i n d is tin gu is hi D g in t he p sy ch ol og ic al s ph er e tw o ab so !u td y he te ro ge ne ou s re al m s, a n e m pi ri ca lps yc ho lo gi ca l re al m p ro pe r, a n d a c ir cu m sc n' bi ng e th ic al o r m et ap hy si ca l re al m w ho ll y di sj oi nt f ro m t h e f or m er a nd s tr uc tu re d in a qu it e di ff er en t w ay . T h e cl ai m i s th en a dv an C ec l th at f ro m t h e st an dp oi nt o f th e la tt er i t is p os si bl e to g ra sp t h e em pU ic al p sy ch ol og ic al r ea lm a s a w ho le ; no th in g th e n s ta nd s in t h e w ay o f th e fu rt he r cl ai m t h at f ro m t hi s_ v a n ta g e p oi nt t h e su bj ec t m ay a cq ui re a n i ns ig ht * in to t h e in tr in is ic ri gh tn es s o f s om e pa rt ic ul ar ty p e o f o rd er in g o f th is r ea lm a nd t h er eb y o f hi s li fe . T he t w o re al m s w ou ld t ht is b ea r to e ac h ot he r a re la !i on c or re sp on di ng , in t he a bo ve , to th a t b et w ee n th e cm pi ri ca lco ci al r ea lm o f hu m an i nt er ac ti on a nd t he d iv in e re al m o f ul ti nu lt c pe na l a ut ho ri ty . T he t ab le w hi ch c on cl ud es t hi s pa pe r is a s ke tc h o f th e pr oc es s le ad in g to o ae s uc h id oal is al io n. I t w ill b e cl ea r, I h op e, t h at w ha t th is t ab le r ep re se nt s is a n i nt er io ri sa ti or i o f la w w hi ch w ou ld co rr es po nd , ho w ev er cr ud el y, to i de as un de rl yi ng W it tg en st ei n' s T ra ct at us . W ha t di st in gu is he s th e T rs cw ia n t he or y fr on l it s p ar al le ls ,fo r ex am pl e in t he w or ks o f S ch op en ha ue r, K ie rk eg aa rd , an d W ei n in g er -i s th e m an ne r fu w hi ch t he i nt er io ri sa ti on i s ef fe ct ed . T o ta lk o f in te ri or is at io n at a ll im pl ie s, o f co ur se , th at t he t w o he te ro ge ne ou s re a1 m s ar e in s om e se ns e ps yc ho lo gi ca l in c ha ra ct er ; fo r W "ll lg en st ei n ho w ev er t he c ru ci al co nc ep ts o f le gi tim ac y an d il le gi ti m ac y ci o n o t ap pl y di re ct ly t o p sy ch ol og ic al e nt it ie s: t he pr im ar y ap pl ic at io n o f th es e co nc ep ts i s to u se s o f /a ng 11 11 ge , an d th e is su e o f th e le g iti m a cy o f m en ta l. a c ts -a n d i nd ee d o f ac ts o f ov er t b eh av io u ris t n: at cd a s se co nd ar y to a m uc h m or e fu nd am en ta l is su e co nc er ni ng t he l eg it im ac y o f th e us es o f la ng ua ge a ss oc ia te d th er ew it h. A s W iU ge ns te in p u t it t o a f ri en d: " It w ou ld n' t m at te r w ha t y o u 'd d on e; y ou m ig ht ev en h av e ki ll ed s om eb od y. I t w ou ld m at te r h o w y o u t al ke d ab ou t i t" ( qu ot ed f to m M cG ui nne ss , 19 78 ). (T hu s it c ar ut ot b e th e ca se t h at e ve ry th in g in t h e w or ld i s "o f eq ua l va lu e" a s W it tg en st ei n, a r el ac ta nt m or al is t, w ou ld s om et im es m ai nt ai n. ) It w as a lm os t = ta in ly f\ 'O M t he w ri tin g s o f K ra us t h at W it tg en st ei n ac qu ire d th is c o n = n w it h th e le gi ti m ac y o f us es o f la ng ua ge ; (s ee m y 19 78 , an d al so B en ja m in , 19 SS ). B ut t he re i s a cr uc ia l di ff er en ce b et w ee n th ei r tw o ap pr oa ch es . I n K ra us 's w ri ti ng s b o th th at w hi ch b el on gs to t he o rb it o f th e la w a n d t he p ro ce ss es o f th e la w i ts d f ar e se en a s be in g lin gu is tic al ly ar tic ul at ed . N o t on ly d oe s he w is h u s to r eg ar d ev er y al ie n ut te ra nc e as a p ot en tl al c ri m e: he e xp ec ts f ur th er th a t w e sh al l c on ce iv e hi s o w n u tt er an ee s as th e ut te ra nc es o f a ju dg e. T hu s th e K ia us ia n pr og ra m m e o f le gi ti m is in g o r p u ri fy in g la ng ua ge i s th re at en ed w it h a pr ob le m o f K om pe le M .K om pe te nz h av in g pr ec is el y th e sa m e st ru ct ur e as t ho se w hi ch w e d isc us se d a b o ve . In t he T ra ct at us h ow ev er t h e le gi ti m is in g pr oc es s is s ee n as b e lo n g in g t o a r a d ic a lly no nli ng ui st ic s ph er e, a sp h er e th at i s ab so lu te ly d is jo in t fr o m t h e w or ld , i. e. fr om t h e to ta li ty o f th a t w hi ch a dm it s o f li ng ui st ic a rt ic ul at io n (m cl ud in g o u r ow n em pi ri ca lps yc ho Jo gi ca l ex pc ri c: nc es ). T hi s di sj oi nt ne ss r ef le ct s a di ff er ea ec o f lo gi ca l ty p e: q ue st io ns o f le gi ti m ac y c an o nl y b e fo rm ul at ed in r el at io n to c om pl ex es o f fa ct s in t he ' w or ld ; it i s im po ss ib le to r ai se su ch qu es ti on s O O D ce rn in g th e pr oc es s o f le gi ti m at io n it se lf , o r co ae er ui ug _ th e 4S 7 cr ite ri a o f le gi tim ac y. Q ue st io ns o f th is t yp e .a re i llfo rm ed ( as , w ith in t he e sc ha to lo gi ca ! fr am ew or k, a re q ue st io ns c on ce rn in g th e an th or ity o f C lo d) . W e m ig ht S U ill llG ltj sc W it tg en st ei n' s po si ti on w ith t he fo llo w in g w or ds : so lo ng a s la ng ua ge is in o rd er , a m or al o rd er ( of a ce rt ai n ki n d ) is t he re by a ls o in fo rc e, b ot h w it h in th e em pi ri c: al ps yc bo lo gi c: al s p h er e, a nd a ls o w ith in t he s ph er e o f ov er t hn m an a ct io n. T h e pr ec is e: n at ur e o f th is o rd er is a s ye t un c:t ea r. W ha t is c le ar i s th at it w il l sa tis fy f ew o f th e ba si c pr in ci pl es o f th e li be ra l m o ra li1 y w ith w hi ch w e ai e fa m ili ar . M or al o rd er i s c: xc lu si ve ly a m at te r o f th e be ar in g o f th e in di vi du al w itb iii t he w or ld ; it i s a m at te r o f do in g on e' s du ty , o f g., tt1 ng o n w ith t he j ob , o f ac ce pt in g on e' s de st in y w ith ou t qu es tio n. I t is o nl y w he n la ng ua ge c om es be tw ee n th is a ec cp ta nc c an d th e ev er yd ay c ou rs e o f on e' s lif e, w he th er a s ex cu se , ap ol og y, se lf -d ou bt , ra tio na lis at io n. o r co nc ei t, o r in *t he f or m o f sp ur io us a ct s o f w ill , th at e th ic al pu ni sh m en t a ri se s, p un is lu ne nt w hi ch is in se pa ra bl e fr o m th e ac ts in q u es ti o n , R E FE R E N C E S B en ja m in , W ., 19 sS : "K ar l K ra us ", in ll hu ni ll ll ll on en , Fn m kJ U rt: S ah rk am p. Jo hn st on , W ., 1! 17 2: T he A llS lr itz n M "m d: A n l n td /e d u a / an d So da / H is to ry l lU B -1 9! 18 , U ni ve rs ity o f C al if or ni a P re ss . M cG ui nn es s, B . F ., 1 97 8: " W -J tl go ns td n' s ge /s tig e K ln de rs tu be ", p ap er r ea d at th e 3r d ln tc nl at io ua l W itt ga is te in S Jm po si um K irc hl ie rg !W ec bo d, 1 97 8. S m it h, B ., 1! 17 8: " L aw a nd I! se ba lo !o gy in W ill ge ns le in 's E ar ly T h o u g h t' ', In q u ir y, 2 1 (D ec em be r 19 78 ). S m it h, B ., 19 79 : "K af ka a n d B en ta no : A s tu d y in D cs cr ip liv e P sy ch ol og y" , fo rt hc om in g in S tn u: tll re a n d G es ta lt: P hi lo so ph y a n d U te ra Ju re In A 11 St ria -H U 11 g; 11 T, A m st en la m : ll ea ja m in . 45 8 ",. . . ; . *~ . -. APPENDIX I. Mundane Penal Law 11.DMnoLaw Ill. Tractarlan Law (an 'Idealisation of I) (an lnteriorisaUon of IO The court occks rt/all~ to a glveJI legal code, the lcs• ltlal/ve to a given rel/glow tode, the relative to o given canonical notation, to detemllne ality/lllegallty or actions embedded slnlC5$nCS$ (grace, wholeness of heart) the wellformedness or my empirical* In specific otate.seQuoncea Involving revealed in tho whole of the Ure of a psychological experiences (tho presence a given subject; (!acts to bo determln* given Individual subject or absence of thoughts) ed. are the existence or non-exbtence of states of affaln). Juda• some second Individual Ood (metaphorical exleRSlon of tho tho Individual himself qua ethical/ idea of a mundane judge) "metaphysical subject (an lnteriorlsed Ood) legal process a penal trial, a aequonce or fact* an Idealised version or a. mWldane an lnnu tribunal, a process of noncomplexes Involving Judge, plaintiff, penal trial conceived as lakln11 place artlculaled reOection upon my life/ defendant (and their various reprc-beneath a heavenly firmament upon the world as a whole (i.e. a proscntatlves) and structured by a set of ("celestial tent'?, itself a motaporlcal cess of reOcctlon upon the totaUty of plctnrlng rdatl•11Shlps botwecn these, amplification or a mundane court .or my thoughts and thus also upon that as between the trial IUelf and the !nit* law which is presented In thls totallty) ial facts at Issue ... means at the dis-language (sentences, pictures, models), lwtantanoous dellboradons of God, .. instantaneous ethlcal*mysdcal posal of tho court which depict, successively, specific who grasps, successively, the whole /eeTlng (which cannot bo prOJ>O$ition* states of affairs e.a. In the Ufe of tho of the life of each Individual subject ally articulated, since It would then accused belong to tho totality toward which it 11 luetr directed) pualshment I re* physical muUlaUon, Including death *living In hell/llvlng In heaveo; (both Uvlng in the world of the unhappy ward meted out or, more generally, the placing of cer* metaphorical extensions of the world man (ethical punlshment)/Uvlns In by the court lain restrictions upon future actions Itself, seen under certain aspects) the world of the happy man (ethical of the accuscd/acqulttal (tho absence reward) * of 1uch restrictions) & "'