Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1596 International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) ||Volume||08||Issue||02||Pages||EM-2020-1596-1609||2020|| Website: www.ijsrm.in ISSN (e): 2321-3418 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v8i02.em06 The Impact of Entrepreneurial Intentions & Actions on Environmental Sustainability: The Case of SMEs in Cameroon. 1 Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, Ph.D., 2Ongia Cheyenne Fongum, 2Nkam Michael Cho, Ph.D. ICT University Keywords: Entrepreneurial Intention, Entrepreneurial Actions, Cameroon, Genuine sustainability. 1.0 Introduction: The importance of SMEs in every economy is indisputable as they constitute significant proportion of economic activities. Like most economies, SMEs in Cameroon contribute not less than 50 % of GDP. In cognizance of the extensive importance of SMEs in Cameroon, the government has consistently put in measures to support their progress. According to (National Institute of Statistic, 2018) over 35.1% of entrepreneurs in Cameroon are in Douala while 23.9% are in Yaoundé respectively. Over 61,366 SMEs were created in Cameroon between 2010 and 2016 of which 59,200 were local ownership while 2,166 were foreign owned. It is important to note that sustainable economic growth can only be achieved through sustainable actions (Huang, 2018). The objectives of the government to promote SMEs are to reduce unemployment and facilitate economic emergence of 2035 (African Development Bank, 2007). Entrepreneurship is a defining factor for economic growth (Thurik, 2003; Michael, 2015). To this effect, this study is aimed at examining the impact of Entrepreneurial intentions (EI) and actions (EA) on environmental sustainability involving 400 Entrepreneurs in Cameroon. 2.0 Theoretical Literature Review 2.1 Theories on Entrepreneurial Intention 2.1.1 The Theory of Shapero's Entrepreneurial Event (SEE) The Theory of Shapero's Entrepreneurial Event (SEE) (Shapiro & Sokol, 1982) investigates factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions as a result of the interaction between culture and social factors. Abstract The importance of corporate social responsibility is shaping investment decisions and entrepreneurial actions in diverse perspectives. The rapid growth of SMEs has tremendous impacts on the environment. Nonetheless, the economic emergence plan of Cameroon has prompted government support of SMEs through diverse projects. This saw economic growth increased to 3.8% and unemployment dropped to 4.3% caused by the expansion of private sector investments. The dilemma that necessitated this study is the response strategy of SMEs operators towards environmental sustainability. This study, thus seeks to examine the effects of entrepreneurial intentions and actions on environmental sustainability. The research is a conclusive case study design supported by the philosophical underpins of objectivism ontology and positivism epistemology. Data was sourced from four hundred (400) SMEs operators purposively sampled from the Centre and Littoral regions of Cameroon using structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using the Structural Equation Modelling technique with the aid of statistical packages including: SPSS 24 and AMOS 23. The study revealed that entrepreneurial action has weak positive statistical significant impacts on environmental sustainability; whereas entrepreneurial intention has strong positive statistical significant effects on environmental sustainability. Entrepreneurial intention comprised of self-efficacy and perceived control whereas, entrepreneurial actions involved entrepreneurial alertness and uncertainty. This study concludes that entrepreneurs in Cameroon have sustainable intentions to protect the environment but; the current actions taken are inadequate. This research recommends that entrepreneurs should enhance efforts toward attaining the state of genuine sustainability. Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1597 Perception of desirability, propensity to act and perception of feasibility are key factors influencing entrepreneurial intention (Sokol, 1982). This model explains entrepreneurship intention based on personal values, attitudes, and feelings (Augustine, 2016). 2.1.2 The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) Emerging from the Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) explains that intentions are expressed by attitude (Planned Behaviour), Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) and Subjective Norms. The Theory of Planned Behaviour states that behavioural achievements depend on both motivation and ability (Azjen., 1987). Aattitude relates to the means through which a person has favourable or unfavourable behaviour for the sake of behaviour interest (Azjen, 1991), whereas, subjective norms consists of demographic, personality traits, and external Influences that could influence certain behaviour. The demographic indicator assumed that people with similar backgrounds share similar characteristics and express similar behaviours (Xie, 2014). Subjective norms are demonstrated through demographic characteristics. Males have stronger intentions than females (Crant, 1996) as they show more interest in owning businesses than females. Entrepreneurial intentions for females are often low because of their low self-efficacy to start a business (Fielden, 2004). Age influences the way people think and behave. Adult entrepreneurial intentions are influence by childhood competence (McClelland, 1961). By this, entrepreneurial desires are expressed from childhood. In addition, the middle-class are more likely to start a business compared to the high-class (Bhide, 2000). Legal rules, government support, and other important factors influence entrepreneurship (Stephen, Urbano, & Hemmen, 2005). Shapero & Sokol (1982) argued that social environmental factors act as modifying variable that influences individual attitudes and intentions (Shapero, 1975). Subjective norms are displayed in personality traits where one must possess and exhibit stable psychological characteristics and produce certain behaviours that people approve or disapprove (Xie, 2014), (Bird, 1988). Characteristics under the trait indicator of subjective norms include: the need for achievement (McClelland, 1961), risk-taking (Kirzner, 1973), internal control (Azjen., 1987; Kathleen, 2017), and tolerance for ambiguity (Boyd & Vozikis, 1994). The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) has been widely used to study human behaviour (Azjen, 1987; Azjen, 1991), such as patient's behavioural response towards drugs, student's entrepreneurial engagements response towards venture creation (Gelderen, 2007 & Zhengxia, 2012) and consumer behavioural response towards green products (Verbeke, 2006; Nee, 2012). Critics hold that the theory lacks predictive powers (Solomon, 2018). In order to solve this, the Process Theory introduced the dynamic entrepreneurial environment (Sarasvathy, 2001 & Santos, 2014). In relation to this, The Process Theory aids entrepreneurs to consider that change is possible in environment with plenty of opportunities and uncertainties (Sarasvathy, 2001). Perceived Behaviour Control relates to self-efficacy and perceive control. Self efficacy measures behaviours when associated with opportunity recognition (Krueger & Carsrud, 1999; Krueger & Reilly, 2000; Gustafsson, 2006) which is the main concept in entrepreneurship (Krueger, 1993; Krueger & Carsrud, 1999; Krueger & Reilly, 2000). Self-efficacy merges with the intention to start and exploit new opportunities. It is generally believed that entrepreneurs with high self-efficacy are more performing than those with low self-efficacies (Gustafsson, 2006). Perceived Control is a means of enhancing one's self-efficacy (Bandura & Wood, 1989). It is defined as a means of controlling intensions to achieve something (Ajzen., 2002). It involves shifting one's minds from trying to achieve collective goal to achieve personal goal (Bandura & Wood, 1989). In order to achieve organisational change, there are two levels of perceived control that need to be addressed (Bandura., 1986): personal efficacy to initiate change by using one's capabilities and one's influence on the environment (Bandura & Wood, 1989). One should be able to control oneself before being able to control what surrounds them. Below is Azjen's schematic diagram of d the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1598 Figure 1: The Theory of Planned Behaviour Source: (Azjen., 1987) 2.1.3 Entrepreneurship Theory-Theory of Effectuation (or Process Theory) Effectuation is a way of reasoning or a means of solving a problem with the concept that the future is volatile but can be controlled through human actions (Santos, 2014). Entrepreneurs are not managers because managers use an end to find the means, but entrepreneurs use their means to get an end. .The means justify the ends and not the end justifies the means (Santos, 2014). Entrepreneurs make decisions and perform actions by defining the next best steps while assessing the available resources (Sarasvathy, 2001). The intention pathway may not always be linear as opposed to Azjen's view, but it may change (Sarasvathy, 2001). Sometimes the initial intent is different from the final intent. Entrepreneurship is define by a lot of uncertainties and thus, it is inappropriate to say that intention is strictly linear (Sarasvathy, 2001; Santos, 2014). The gaps of the aforementioned theories are illustrated below. Table 1: Gap Analysis of Intention Theories & Entrepreneurship Theory Theories Contributions Particularity Limitations Shapero's Theory Cultural & social factors influence individual perception of becoming an entrepreneur. Used to analyze entrepreneurial activities Empirically not testable The theory could not explain certain constructs. Theory of Planned Behaviour This theory links one's beliefs and behavior. Intentions are determined by Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Its applicability power is low. The time frame between intent and action are not addressed. The intention is a linear pattern Has a high explanatory and predictive power, making a better Understanding of human behavior. Does not consider human behavior's influence on the economy and the environment. Sarasvathy's Process Theory Entrepreneurs make decisions by identifying the next best step with resources available to achieve goals. Describes the process for entrepreneurs to attain new ventures and offers a adjustment where necessary Resources used are limited to the time and scope of today and not tomorrow. Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1599 The intention is not always a linear pattern Source: Author's Compilation (2019) 2.2 Entrepreneurial Action Theories 2.2.1 Creative-destruction Theory The Creative-Destructive Theory is also known as the Schumpeter's Theory of Innovation. It explains the importance of entrepreneurs in advancing economies through innovations. Schumpeter believed that the economy moves in a circular flow. The introduction of innovations will advance an economy to another stage of development (Schumpeter, 1965). The theory is drawn on the basis of closed capitalist economic perspective. The health of the economy depends on the pursuit of opportunities by entrepreneurs (Schumpeter, 1965). Schumpeter concludes that even though entrepreneurship is planned, but the quality of their actions validates profitability. Schumpeter's theory argues that perceived uncertainty does not play a role in entrepreneurial action. He opined that opportunities are abundant and recognisable by all in a closed economic system and only the adventurous make gains of them. This is supported by the view that the lack of identification of unperceived opportunities makes some economies stagnant (McMullen, 2006). 2.2.2 Kirzner's Alertness Theory The search of opportunities in the face of uncertainties shows entrepreneurial alertness. Entrepreneurial alertness occurs when the market presents opportunities to be exploited by individuals who make the first move and fit the necessary profile (Kirzner, 1973). Therefore, entrepreneurs must be alert to spot perceived opportunities and make necessary actions (Kirzner, 1973;Tang, 2012). Entrepreneur's personality traits, social networks, and knowledge influence entrepreneurial alertness (Tang, 2012). In order for entrepreneurs to successfully identify business opportunities; entrepreneurial alertness is indispensable (Tang, 2012). Entrepreneurs manifest alertness when they conduct assessment of new changes, modifications and decide if such opportunities are profitable (McMullen, 2006). A defender of his theory argued that market research is not entrepreneurship (Dahl, Praag, & Thompson, 2014). 2.2.3 Uncertainty-Bearing Theory This theory is positioned on the importance of both knowledge and motivation that precipitate entrepreneurial actions (Knight, 1921). The theory argues that decisions are made under uncertainty and that profits are made such conditions and not necessarily through recognizing or creating opportunities (Knight, 1921). 2.3.1 Gap Analysis of Action Theories The limitations of entrepreneurial action theories as shown below Table 2: Gap Matrix for Action Theories THEORIES CONTRIBUTIONS LIMITATIONS Genuine Sustainability SCHUMPETER THEORY Economic development is as a result of the pursuit of opportunities by entrepreneurs. Perceived uncertainties are not for all entrepreneurs to act. An entrepreneur is solely profitdriven with little or no social and environmental responsibility in mind. KIRZNER'S THEORY Entrepreneurs need alertness to take advantage of opportunities and they act under uncertainty. Entrepreneurial alertness cannot be taught. Entrepreneurs focus is to take the economy toward equilibrium; Theory only bases attention on the role of the entrepreneur's economic power. KNIGHT'S THEORY Entrepreneurs make decisions in uncertainty Theory shows little knowledge on how to tackle Entrepreneurs are more opportunity-driven than sustainability-driven, Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1600 uncertainties Source: Compiled by authors (2019) 2.3.2 Empirical & Theoretical Gap (Justification) This study considers the following gaps between the empirical and theoretical literature to develop the conceptual framework of the research as shown below: Table 3: Gap Analysis of Indicators Entrepreneurial IntentionTheories Entrepreneurial Action Theories Latent Constructs Indicator (s) Shaper o Azjen Sarasvat hy Schumpet er Kizne r Knigh t Subjective Norms Personality traits (EI) √ √ √ X X X Planned Behaviour Perceived usefulness √ X √ X √ √ Perceived Behav. Cont. Self-efficacy, Perceived C √ √ √ √ √ Entrepreneur

Alertness Innovation Opportunity X √ √ X √ √ Uncertainty Risk X X √ X √ √ Sustainability People, planet and profits X X X X X X Source: Compiled by Authors (2019) 3.0 Developing of Hypothesis 3.1 Relationship between entrepreneurial intentions and sustainability Most behavioural studies attribute entrepreneurial intentions to venture creation, meanwhile others like Kirzner's support the fact that intention by itself is not sufficient if there is no action (Kirzner, 1973; Azjen, 1987; Krueger, 1993). Entrepreneurial intention consist of subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and planned behavioural control which explain the entrepreneurial intention and sustainability as shown below: 3.1.1 Subjective norms and Environmental Sustainability An investigation using the TPB framework to study consumer's purchase intention (subjective norm) towards green products led the conclusion that subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and consumer attitude have a remarkable positive influence on the purchase intention of green products (Kamonthip, 2016). Intentions are often the foundations of the choices people make and it contributes to behaviours that affect the environment. Subjective norms apply to the conviction that a person will validate a particular behaviour (Marija, 2015). Subjective norms are associated with the social pressure that individuals faced from what other people such as friends and families consider important to them (Krueger, 1993). Several researchers have found positive relationship between subjective norm and sustainability (Verbeke, 2006). According to (Kamonthip, 2016), consumers' subjective norms are positive when purchasing sustainable green products. This implies that as long as consumer's subjective norms are involved, consuming green products yield positive relationship. Nevertheless, it has been argued that subjective norms are the weakest constructs in the Theory of Planned Behaviour that positively influences intention (Marija, 2015; Kamonthip, 2016). This is because intentions are greatly influenced by internal factors such as attitude and perceived behavioural control compared to subjective norms (Azjen., 1987). However, (Nee, 2012) observed that entrepreneurial intention is negatively related with the consumption of green products due to the fact that lowincome earners were not able to purchase sustainable green goods 3.1.2 Relationship between Perceived Behavioural Control and Environmental sustainability Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1601 Studies on consumer purchase intention toward green products supports environmental sustainability and thus conclude that perceived behavioural control positively influences customer's intention toward green products. An entrepreneur's ability to perform a task and the conviction that they have control over the situations (locus of control) is called perceived behavioural control (Kamonthip, 2016). This construct has greater positive influence over the environment than the others. Past experience and knowledge give individuals mastery to influence their environment (Marija, 2015; Kamonthip, 2016). The capacity to control the environment goes along with experience, knowledge, and skills (Wood, 1989). Nonetheless, when selfefficacies are weak, individuals are being influenced by environmental demands (Wood, 1989). This therefore supports the view that strong perceived behavioural control influences environment sustainability. Based on the respective components of entrepreneurial intentions, this study therefore hypothesised that; H1: Entrepreneurial Intention significantly affects environmental sustainability 3.2 Entrepreneurial actions and sustainability 3.2.1 Relationship between entrepreneurial alertness and environmental sustainability Entrepreneur's ability to response to opportunities, be creative and have motivation to carry out their activities influences entrepreneurship responsiveness to the business environment (Knight, 1921; Kirzner, 1973). Entrepreneurial alertness is the capacity for entrepreneurs to able to exploit cognitive skills, knowledge and the ability to response to the environmental dynamics. Entrepreneurs search for new opportunities by constantly exploring the environment (Tang, 2012). 3.2.2 Relationship between uncertainty and environmental sustainability Most entrepreneurs have the notion that if their predecessors could succeed with their limited resources, then they too can (Knight, 1921; Kirzner, 1973). Opportunities upset uncertainties and based on market potential, entrepreneurs can respond accordingly (McMullen, 2006). McClelland (2006) argued that entrepreneurs have moderate level of risk-taking propensity and would not pursue risk like gamblers because there is a limit to take uncertainty (McClelland, 1961). Contrary, (Knight, 1921) revealed that uncertainty can only be taken once the profitability of the uncertainty is known. Therefore, entrepreneurs will bear uncertainty depending on the level of profitability that it offers. Based on the aforementioned literature on entrepreneurial actions, this study hypothesised that; H2: Entrepreneurial Actions affects environmental sustainability. Considering the gap analysis above, it was observed that no single theory covers all six (6) latent constructs used in the study. Azjen's TPB has the most indicators on entrepreneurial intention, and thus appropriate for use. The following is a conceptual framework for the study where entrepreneurship 3.3 Conceptual Framework Figure 2: Proposed Conceptual Framework Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1602 Source : Adapted from (Azjen., 1987 & 2002) 3.3.1 Operationalization of Variables Table4: Operationalization of Variables and sources Variable Constructs Indicators Sources Entrepreneuri al Intentions Subjective Norms What influences individual (Azjen., 1987), (Crick, 1998), (Bhide, 2000) (Ajzen., 2002), (Verbeke, 2006), (Marija, 2015), (Sommer, 2011), (Xie, 2014), Perform task with what they have using something boosts output Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) The ease to perform a behaviour (Azjen., 1987); (Berglund H. , 2005); (Schumpeter, 1965); (Fielden, 2004), (Krueger N. J., 2000); (Bandura & Wood, 1989), (Gustafsson, 2006), (Sommer, 2011), (Cooke, 2004) and (Shane, 2000) (Chan, 2000). Reflects past experience Confidence to have resources to Perform a task Demography (age) Planned Behav. (Attitude) Acting promptly (Ajzen., 2002), (LaMorte, 2019), (Chiou, 2011), (Davidsson, 1995), Entrepreneuri al Actions Entrepreneuria l Alertness Perceived new opportunities (Robert, 2006); (Shook et al. (2003), (Frese, 2009), (Tang, 2012) Position oneself as a mkt. leader Foresee economic development Uncertainty Profit is possible with uncertainty (Knight, 1921), (McMullen, 2006), (Tang, 2012), (Frese, 2009), Source: Compiled by Authors (2019) 4.0 Methodology A conclusive case study design (Gomm, Hammersley & Foster, 2000; Yin, 2009) was adopted and supported by the philosophical orientations of positivism epistemology objectivism ontology (Younkins, 2012; Smith, 2013), and value-free axiology (Khan & Mubashera, 2012). Data was primarily sourced using structured questionnaires survey (Wiseman-Orr, 2006) and operationalized using five Likert scales (Mogey, 2007). The research approach is deductive (Burneyl, Saleem, & Hussain, 2008) and the sampling strategy Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1603 was purposive (Tongco, 2007). Data was analysed using Amos24 and SPSS 23 statistical packages. The analysis for missing data was completed using the Little's MCAR test (Little, 1988; Nishimura) and the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm was used to generate complete data set. Parametric assumptions for model fitness (Garson, 2012) were conducted and data cleaned using Exploratory Factor Analysis (Williams, Brown, & Onsman, 2010) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Prudon, 2013). Constructs were tested for validity using the construct validity test (Strauss, Milton & Smith, Gregory, 2009). The reliability of the research instrument was completed using alpha Cronbach (Bonett, Douglas & A. Wright, Thomas, 2014). Structural Equation Modelling was done based on the goodness of fit parameters supporting the analysis (Joop & Timo, 1999). The accessible population was focused in Yaoundé and Douala which cover over 60% of SMEs in Cameroon with 35.1% in Douala and 23.9% in Yaoundé ( National Institute of Statistics, 2019). According to Yemane (1967), sample size determination for a known sample is done using the formula; n = N , where, N = Population size, n = Sample size, e = Sampling error. N = 93,969 and e = 0.05. 1+N(e)2 Entrepreneurs in Douala = 35.1% x 93,969 = 32983.119. Entrepreneurs in Yaoundé = 23.9% x 93, 969 = 22458.591. nD = 32983.119 1+32983.119(.05)2 nY = 22458.591 1+22458.591(.05)2 = 395.20 entrepreneurs in Douala, = 393.00entrepreneurs in Yaoundé, nDouala = 395.20/2 = 197.6 ; nYaounde = 393.00/2 = 196.6, n = 197.6 + 196.6 = 394.1~400entrepreneurs 5.0 Data Analysis and Presentation of Results The Little's MCAR test was conducted to analysis missing data with Chi-Square (X2) = 50.560, DF = 26, Sig. = .873 indicating that missingness was completely at random (MCAR). Complete dataset was generated using the Expectation-Maximisation Algorithm (EMA). Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted to downsize indicators for respective constructs. Exploratory Factor Analysis for both entrepreneurial intentions and actions showed adequacy in sampling size with Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure (KMO = 0.705) and significant inter-correlation between sampled items (Bartlett's Test of Sphericity; P-value = 0.000) with ChiSquare (X2 = 1541.094) and Degree of Freedom (DF = 28). In addition, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used with extraction based on fixed factors of two and rotated using Promax. Two new components were extracted with 69.78% of total variance explained as shown below. Table 5: Total Variance Explained Total Variance Explained Co m Initial Eigenvalues Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Loadingsa Total % of Variance Cumulative. % Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total 1 3.768 47.095 47.095 3.768 47.095 47.095 3.767 2 1.815 22.685 69.779 1.815 22.685 69.779 1.819 3 .811 10.134 79.913 4 .715 8.943 88.857 5 .343 4.289 93.146 6 .254 3.170 96.316 7 .215 2.685 99.001 8 .080 .999 100.000 Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1604 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1605 Total retained indicators for both Entrepreneur Intentions and Entrepreneurial Actions constructs are shown on the Pattern Matrix table below: Table 6: Pattern Matrix Pattern Matrixa Component 1 2 EI1 .777 EI2 .888 EI3 .850 EI4 .832 EI5 .905 EA3 .578 EA4 .787 EA5 .886 Eigen value 3.768 1.815 Variance explained 47.095% 22.685% Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) 0.705 Bartlett's Test of Sphericity 0.000 Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Promax with Kaiser Normalization. a. Rotation converged in 3 iterations. Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted for environmental sustainability. The assumptions of KaiserMeyer -Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO = 0.511) and inter-correlation (Bartlett's Test of Sphericity; P-Value = 0.000) and Chi-Square (X2 = 202.645), and Degree of Freedom (DF = 6) were tested positive for EFA. 5.1 Validity and Reliability Measurement To ensure that all retained indicators are valid measurement, construct validity was conducted and results shown below: Table 7: Construct validity latent Constructs Indicators Factor Loadings (FL) Squared of FL STATUS Intention EI1 0.777 0.603729 AVE = 0.725 > 0.5 (Admissible) EI2 0.888 0.788544 EI3 0.85 0.7225 EI4 0.832 0.692224 EI5 0.905 0.819025 SUM 4.252 3.626022 AVE 0.8504 0.725204 Actions EA3 0.578 0.334084 AVE = 0.579 > 0.5 (Admissible) EA4 0.787 0.619369 EA5 0.886 0.784996 SUM 2.251 1.738449 a. When components are correlated, sums of squared loadings cannot be added to obtain a total variance. Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1606 AVE 0.750333 0.579483 Sustainability SJ3 0.885 0.783225 AVE = 0.795 > 0.5 (Admissible) SJ4 0.898 0.806404 SUM 1.783 1.589629 AVE 0.8915 0.794815 All three constructs were admissible as shown above. The alpha Cronbach test was conducted to verify internal consistency. Results revealed that all three constructs measurement were consistent as shown below: Table 8: Cronbach's Alpha Latent Constructs Cronbach's Alpha Threshold No of Indicators Status Entrepreneur Intentions 0.903 0.6/0.7 5 Reliable Entrepreneur Actions 0.642 0.6/0.7 3 Reliable Sustainability 0.797 0.6/0.7 2 Reliable Furthermore, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was completed based on: GFI, CFI, IFI, TLI, RMSEA, SRMR and the Chi-Square goodness of fit parameters. All observed regression paths in the model as shown below are statistically significant: Figure 3: Confirmatory Factor Analysis Table 9: Regression Weights: (Group number 1 Default model) Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label EI5 <--Intentions 1.000 EI4 <--Intentions 1.014 .061 16.630 *** par_1 Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1607 Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label EI3 <--Intentions 1.002 .061 16.555 *** par_2 EI2 <--Intentions 1.503 .074 20.393 *** par_3 EI1 <--Intentions .857 .058 14.771 *** par_4 EA3 <--Actions 1.000 EA4 <--Actions .408 .105 3.904 *** par_5 EA5 <--Actions .793 .107 7.439 *** par_6 SJ3 <--Sustainability 1.000 SJ4 <--Sustainability 1.026 .058 17.751 *** par_7 5.2 Structural Equation Model (SEM) Development and Specifications The hypotheses for the two predictors of environmental sustainability ( Entrepreneurial Intentions and Entrepreneurial Actions) were both tested using the specification of SEM and the results are as shown below: Table 10: Regression Weights: (Group number 1 Default model) Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label SMEAN <--EAMEAN .262 .031 8.593 *** par_1 SMEAN <--EIMEAN .894 .027 33.066 *** par_2 Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1608 International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) ||Volume||08||Issue||02||Pages||EM-2020-1590-1595||2020|| Website: www.ijsrm.in ISSN (e): 2321-3418 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v8i02.em05 Estimate S.E. C.R. P Label SMEAN <--EAMEAN .262 .031 8.593 *** par_1 SMEAN <--EIMEAN .894 .027 33.066 *** par_2 The effects of both entrepreneurial intention and actions explained 79.8% of environmental sustainability The Structural Equation Model with all specifications of goodness fits are as shown below: Figure 4: Structural Equation Model Table 11: Harmonised Test of Hypotheses Hypotheses P-Value @ 95% CI Size of Effects Decision/conclusio n Entrepreneurial Intention has positive impact on Environmental Sustainability P-V = 0.000 < 0.05 (significant at 1%, 5% and 10%) Strong (85%) positive Reject the null hypothesis Entrepreneurial Actions has positive impact on Environmental Sustainability P-V = 0.000 < 0.05 (significant at 1%, 5% and 10%) Weak (22%) positive Reject the null hypothesis 6.0 conclusions Two key objectives were statistically tested using a sample of 400 SMEs operated from doula and Yaoundé to predict the impacts of entrepreneurial intentions and actions on environmental sustainability. Data was analysed at the 95% confidence interval using Structural Equation Model and results revealed that entrepreneurial intention has strong positive statistical significance impacts on environmental sustainability. On the other hand, entrepreneurial action has positive but weak significant statistical impacts on environmental sustainability. The proposition of genuine sustainability is slow but achievable since that both intention and action are positively significant to environmental sustainability. Strong positive statistical significant results for both entrepreneurial intentions and actions would mean a healthy sustainability Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1609 International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) ||Volume||08||Issue||02||Pages||EM-2020-1590-1595||2020|| Website: www.ijsrm.in ISSN (e): 2321-3418 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v8i02.em05 ecosystem. This study therefore recommends more commitment from the entrepreneurs, the government and communities in developing positive intentions and actions towards environmental sustainability. References Ajimase, A. (2016). Créolité et créolisation dans les pays Caribéens: implications pour une mondialisation culturelle Ajimase, A. (2016). Littérature, politique et pouvoir aux Antilles Ajimase, A. A. (2019). Coolitude in an Era of Cultural Globalization and Creolization: An Epistemological Perspective. Lwati: A Journal of Contemporary Research, 16(2), 107-127. Ajzen., I. (2002). Perceived Behavior Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, pp. 665-683. Asuquo, O. O. (2018). The Role of the African Church Movement in Nigeria's Independence. Asuquo, O. O. (2019). A critical evaluation of the writing methods of selected scholars of African culture and traditional religion–EB Idowu; EG Parrinder and KA Opoku. Augustine, J. T. (2016). Shapero's Model: A Veritable Tool for Explaining EntrepreneurialIntentions and Attitudes among Management Technology. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, pp 19-26. Azjen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Massachusetts: Elsevier. Azjen., I. (1987). Attitudes, Traits and Actions: Dispositional Prediction of Behavior in Personality and Social Psychology. Advances in Ex-perimental Social Psychology. 1-63. Bandura, A., & Wood, R. (1989). Effect of Perceived Controllability and Performance Standards on SelfRegulation of Complex Decision Making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 5, 805-814. Bandura., C. A. (1986). Differential Engagement of Self-reactive influences in cognitive motivation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Bassey, O. O., Ajimase, A. (2016). A socio-psychological reading of Camera Laye's The Radiance of the King Berglund, H. (2005). Between Cognition and Discourse: Phenomenology and the Study of Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research., 472-288. Bhide, A. (2000). The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intentions. Illinois: Acad Manage Review. Bonett, Douglas & A. Wright, Thomas. (2014). Cronbach's alpha reliability: Interval estimation, hypothesis testing, and sample size planning. Journal of Organizational Behavior. Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The Influence of Self-Efficacy on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions. Sage Journals. Burneyl, Saleem, & Hussain. (2008). Inductive and Deductive Research Approach. Chan, S. F.-S. (2000). The Role of Perceived Behavioral Control in Predicting Human Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Review of Studies on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. Chiou, Y.-F. (2011). Perceived Usefulness, Perceive Ease of Use, Computer Attitude, and Using Experience ofWeb 2.0 Applications as Predictors of Intent to Use Web 2.0 by Pre-service Teachers forTeaching. Middleton: Yu-Fang Chiou. Cooke, P. R. (2004). Moderation of Cognition-intention and Cognition-behavior relations: A Metaanalysis of Properties of Variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology, 159186. Crant, M. J. (1996). The Proactive Personality Scale as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Crick, C. C. (1998). Does Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy distinguish Entrepreneurs from Managers? Dahl, M. S., Praag, M. v., & Thompson, P. (2014, May). Entrepreneurial Couples. IZA, p. 30. Davidsson, P. (1995). Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions. RENT IX Worshop, (pp. 23-24). Jönköping. Duke, E. O. (2013). Ecclesial Communion in the Theology of John Henry Newman (Doctoral dissertation, Pontificia università gregoriana). Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1610 Duke, E. O. (2016). Content Analysis of The Catholic School and Religion and National Values, Primary 1-6: Implications for Religious Education in Catholic Primary Schools within Calabar Archdiocese-Cross River State. Duke, E. O. (2016). Religion, Psychology and Globalisation Process: Attitudinal Appraisal. Legon Journal of the Humanities, 27(1), 119-143. Duke, E. O. (2016). Religious Culture in Mental Health Issues: An Advocacy for Participatory Partnership. Duke, E. O. (2018). „Eyen mi nyamkkenyam, nnọ ke ndọ...': Deconstructing Some Stereotypic Views on Marriage in Efik Culture. Duke, E. O. (2018). CHRISTIAN MILITARY CHAPLAINS'ROLE AND THE GOSPEL OF NON-VIOLENCE AND MUTUAL CO-EXISTENCE IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN SOCIETY: AN ETHICAL STUDY. Duke, E. O. (2019). FROM CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY TO ECO-FRIENDLINESS. Duke, E. O. (2019). Tract No. 90: An Ecumenical Opportunity from the 'Anglican'Newman. Economic Research, 738-748. Enor, F. N. Leadership, Governance and the Development Agenda: Old Wine in Old Wineskin. Enor, F. N., & Duke, O. O. Local Government Creation in Nigeria and its Implications for Inter-group Relations: The Case of Agbokim Mgbabo in Ikom Urban II, Cross River State, Nigeria. Enor, F. N., & Ekpo, C. E. (2018). The 2016 Abortive Coup in Turkey: Warning to Africa? Lessons for Nigeria?. Calabar Journal of Liberal Studies (CAJOLIS), 20(1), 287-308. Enor, F., & Ebaye, S. E. (2011). Military Coup as a Negation of Social Revolution: the Nigerian Experience. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(3), 419-425. Eyo, U. E. (2011). An interpretation of" And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us"(John 1: 14) to the Efik people. Institut oecuménique. Eyo, U. E. (2012). Religion and Gender-a Reflection on the Biblical Creation Accounts. American Journal of Social Issues and Humanities, 2(1), 20-28. Eyo, U. E. A Feminist Interpretation and Reconstruction of John 7: 53-8: 11 in the Light Violence against Women and Its Implications Today. Fielden, S. a. (2004). "Entrepreneurship and social inclusion". Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, pp 437-496. Fr, R., & DUKE, E. O. The Culture of Slavery in Traditional Context and Globalized Society. Frese, M. (2009). Toward a Psychology of Entrepreneurship -An Action Theory Perspective. Huang, L. (2018). Exploring the Strengths and Limits of Strong andWeak Sustainability Indicators: A Case Study of the Assessment of China's Megacities with EF and GPI. Sustainability, pp14. Joop, H., & Timo, B. (1999). An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling. Family Science Review. Journal of Business Venturing, 295–316. Journal of Small Business Management, pp42-49. Kamonthip, S. P.-C. (2016). Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model to Investigate Purchase Intention of Green Products among Thai Consumers. Sustainability Open Acess Journals. Kathleen, G. K. (2017). Shifting Curricular Approaches to Learning Beyond The Classroom. Sage Journals, pp. 22-31. Khan, T., & Mubashera. (2012). Axiology. Kirzner, I. (1973). Competiotion & Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Knight, H. F. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Washington, DC: Beard Books. Krueger, N. J., & Reilly, M. D. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial Competing models of entrepreneurial. Journal of Business Venturing,, Vol. 15, pp. 411-32. Krueger, N., & Carsrud, A. (1999). Entrepreneurial intentions:Applying the theory of planned behaviour. Bozeman: Taybr & Francia Ltd. Krueger. (1993). The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability",. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 5-21. LaMorte, W. (2019, September 20 Friday). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Retrieved from Behavioural Change Models: http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPHMarija , M. J. (2015). The role of subjective norms in forming the intention to purchase green food. McClelland, D. (1961). The Achieving Society. New York: Van No Strand. McMullen, J. (2006). Entrepreneurial Action and the Role of Uncertainty. Academy of Managerial Review, pp Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/ Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1611 National Institute of Statistics. (2019, July). National Accounts from 2018. National, p. pp19. Nee, A. A. (2012). Determinants of behavioural intention on sustainable food consumption among consumers of low income group: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. WEI International Academic European Conference, (pp. pp84-93). Zagreb. Nwosu, N., & Ajimase, A. (2016). FABULISTIC INSIGHTS INTO JUSTICE AND HUMAN DIGNITY AS DEPICTED IN LA FONTAINE'S FABLES TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH LANGUAGE. GLOBAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED, MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 11. Prudon, P. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis: a brief introduction and critique. Robert, B. (2006). Opportunity Recognition as Pattern Recognition: How Entrepreneurs "Connect the the Dots" to Identify New Business Opportunities. Academy of of Management Perspectives, 104-119. Santos, R. d. (2014, January 20). Effectuation – The Best Theory Of Entrepreneurship You Actually Follow, Whether You've Heard Of It Or Not. Retrieved from NECROPHONE: https://necrophone.com/2014/01/20/effectuation-the-best-theory-of-entrepreneurship-you-actuallyfollowwhether-youve-heard-of-it-or-not/ Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). What Makes Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurial? Daden Business Publishing, 9. Schumpeter, J. (1965). Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History. In: Aitken HG (ed) Explorations in. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,. Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities,Organization Science. Academy of Management Review. Shapero, A. (1975). The Displaced, uncomfortable Entrepreneur. Psychology Today. Alain Vilard Ndi Isoh, IJSRM Volume 08 Issue 02 February 2020 [www.ijsrm.in] EM-2020-1610 International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) ||Volume||08||Issue||02||Pages||EM-2020-1590-1595||2020|| Website: www.ijsrm.in ISSN (e): 2321-3418 DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v8i02.em05 Sokol, A. S. (1982). The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship. Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, 72-90. Solomon, D. M. (2018). Influence Of Financial Risk Management On Empowerment Ofwomen In Nakuru East Sub-County. Journal of Business Management and Economic Review, pp 16. Sommer, L. a. (2011). Intention as a Cognitive Antecedent to International Entrepreneurship: Understanding the Moderating Roles of Knowledge and Experience. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, pp111142. Stephen, F., Urbano, D., & Hemmen, S. (2005). The Impact of Institutions on Entrepreneurial Activity: Managerial Decision Economics. Strauss, Milton & T Smith, Gregory. (2009). Construct Validity: Advances in Theory and Methodology. Annual review of clinical psychology. Tang, K. L. (2012). Entrepreneurial alertness in the pursuit of new opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, pp 7-94. Tongco, M. D. (2007). Purposive Sampling as a Tool for Informant Selection. A Journal of Plats, People and Applied Research. Verbeke, V. I. (2006). Sustainable food consumption: Exploring the consumer attitude-behavioural intention gap. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 19, 1-14. Williams, B., Brown, T., & Onsman, A. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine. Wiseman-Orr, M. L. (2006). Validation of a structured questionnaire as an instrument to measure chronic pain in dogs on the basis of effects on health-related quality of life. Wood, R. (1989). Effect of Perceived Controllability and Performance Standardson Self-Regulation of Complex Decision Making. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, pp 805-814. Xie, C. (2014). Why Do Some People Choose to Become Entrepreneurs? An Integrative Approach. Journal of Management Policy & Practice vol. 15(1) 2014, 14pp.