The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 1 The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-DualMode Framework for Consciousness: Recent Development Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal* Abstract Previously (Vimal, 2009b) in Whitehead Psychology Nexus Studies, we discussed (i) the dual-aspect-dual-mode proto-experience (PE)-subjective experience (SE) framework of consciousness based on neuroscience, (ii) its implication in war, suffering, peace, and happiness, (iii) the process of sublimation for optimizing them and converting the negative aspects of seven groups of self-protective energy system (desire, anger, ego, greed, attachment, jealousy, and selfish-love) into their positive aspects from both western and eastern perspectives. In this article, we summarize the recent development since then as follows. (1) In (Vimal, 2009e), we rigorously investigated the classical and quantum matching and selection processes for precisely experiencing a specific SE in a specific neural-network. (2) In (Vimal, 2009i), we unpacked the quantum view of superposition related to the superposition-based hypothesis H1 of our framework in terms of subquantum dualaspect primal entities (bhutatmas) and addressed the related explanatory gaps. (3) In, we developed alternative hypotheses of our framework, namely, the superposition-then-integration-emergence based H2, the integration-emergence based H3, the intelligent mechanism based H4, and the vacuum/Aether based H5. We concluded that our framework with H1 is the most optimal one because it has the least number of problems (Vimal, 2009j). (4) In, we found over 40 different but overlapping meanings attributed to the term 'consciousness' and suggested that authors must specify which aspect of consciousness they refer to when using this term to minimize confusion (Vimal, 2009f). (5) In, we proposed definitions of consciousness, qualia, mind, and awareness (Vimal, 2009h). (6) In, we investigated * Address for correspondence: Vision Research Institute, 428 Great Road, Suite 11, Acton, MA 01720 USA. E-mail: rlpvimal@yahoo.co.in. URL: http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home. Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal 2 the necessary ingredients for access (reportable) consciousness: wakefulness, reentry, attention, working memory and so on (Vimal, 2009g). (7) In, we discussed Nāgārjuna's philosophy of dependent co-origination with respect to our PE-SE framework (Vimal, 2009a). (8) In, we linked dynamic systems theory and fractal catalytic theory with standard representation theory using our framework (Vimal, 2009d). (9) In, we introduce the PE-SE aspects of consciousness in theoretical classical and quantum physics including loop quantum gravity and string theory (Vimal, 2009k). (10) In (Vimal, 2009c), we proposed that the SE of subject or 'self' in self-related neural-network is tuned to the self-related SEs/PEs superposed in other innumerable entities during samadhi state via matching and selection processes. This leads to bliss, ecstasy, or exceptionally high degree of climax at samadhi state. We conclude that, so far, the dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework with hypothesis H1 is the most optimal framework for explaining our conventional reality because it has the least number of problems. Keywords: Evolution of consciousness; Internal representation; Sensorimotor interaction; Dual-aspect model; Subjective experience; Proto-experiences, Explanatory gap; Mind-brain problem; Purusha; Prakriti; Eastern and Western perspectives; Yoga; Sublimation process; Whitehead; Process and Reality; Occasions of experience; Superposition; Subquantum dual-aspect primal entities (bhutatmas); Superposition-then-integration-emergence; Integration-emergence; Intelligent mechanism; Vacuum/Aether; qualia; Mind; Awareness; Nāgārjuna; Classical and quantum physics; Loop quantum gravity; String theory. Introduction Previously in Whitehead Psychology Nexus Studies (Vimal, 2009b), we proposed a dual-aspect-dual-mode proto-experience (PE)-subjective experience (SE) framework of consciousness based on neuroscience. This consists of four components: (1) dual-aspect primal entities; (2) the neural-Darwinism: co-evolution and co-development of SEs and associated neural-nets from the mental aspect (that carries the SEs/proto-experiences (PEs) in superposed and unexpressed form) and the material aspect (mass, charge, spin and space-time) of fundamental entities (strings or elementary particles), respectively and co-tuning via sensorimotor interaction; (3) the "matching and selection processes: interaction of two modes, namely, (a) the non-tilde mode that is the material and mental aspect of cognition (memory and attention) related feedback signals in a neural-network, which is the cognitive nearest The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 3 past approaching towards present; and (b) the tilde mode that is the material and mental aspect of the feed forward signals due to external environmental input and internal endogenous input, which is the nearest future approaching towards present and is a entropy-reversed representation of non-tilde mode; and (4) the necessary ingredients of SEs (such as wakefulness, attention, re-entry, working memory, stimulus at or above threshold level, and neural-net PEs). This framework leads to structural and functional coherence between the mind and the brain, bridges the explanatory gap (the gap between SEs and their neural-correlates), and leads to our mundane subjective experiences. This dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework could be the fundamental basis of various religions and philosophies. This is a Western perspective. On the other hand, Eastern perspectives emphasize the practical methods for achieving altered experience at samadhi state. An important corollary of these methods (such as yogic method) is the sublimation of negative aspects of seven groups of selfprotective energy system (desire, anger, ego, greed, attachment, jealousy, and selfish-love) into their positive aspects. Their negative aspects create war and suffering, whereas their positive aspects advance science and technology, family values, peace, and happiness. Here, the Western perspective framework is extended to include the concepts of the sublimation process to encompass Eastern perspectives. The four elements (war, suffering, peace, and happiness) are ubiquitous in both space and time because they are essential contributors to the variations for natural selection in our evolutionary system. The sublimation process optimizes the system: minimizes war and suffering, maximizes peace and happiness, and enhances family values and individual progress. This is consistent with both Eastern and Western perspectives" (Vimal, 2009b). Here, we list the recent development in our framework and provide our current conclusion related to the working hypothesis H1 of our framework. 1. Matching and Selection Processes In (Vimal, 2009e), we incorporated "the dual-mode concept in our dualaspect PE-SE (proto-experiences subjective experience) framework. The two modes are: (1) the non-tilde mode that is the material and mental aspect of cognition (memory and attention) related feedback signals in a neural-network, which is the cognitive nearest past approaching towards present; and (2) the tilde mode that is the material Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal 4 and mental aspect of the feed forward signals due to external environmental input and internal endogenous input, which is the nearest future approaching towards present and is a entropy-reversed representation of non-tilde mode. We propose that (i) the quantum conjugate matching between experiences in the mental aspect of the tilde mode and that of the non-tilde mode is related more to the mental aspect of the quantum microtubule-dendritic-web and less to that of the non-quantum pathways, and (ii) the classical matching and selection processes to the mental aspect of the non-quantum pathways (such as classical axonal-dendritic neural pathway). In both cases, a specific SE is selected when the tilde mode interacts with the non-tilde mode to match for a specific SE, and when the necessary ingredients of SEs (such as wakefulness, re-entry, attention, working memory, and so on) are satisfied. When the conjugate match is made between the two modes, the world-presence (Now) is disclosed. The material aspects in the tilde mode and that in the non-tilde mode are matched to link structure with function, whereas the mental aspects in the tilde mode and that in the non-tilde mode are matched to link experience with structure and function" (Vimal, 2009e). 2. Subjective Experience Aspect of Consciousness: Integration of Classical, Quantum, and Subquantum Concepts Originally in (Vimal, 2008b), we hypothesized that (1) strings or elementary particles have two aspects (material and mental) and are carriers of subjective experiences (SEs)/proto-experiences (PEs) aspect of consciousness in their mental aspect in superimposed form, and (2) a specific SE is selected by the matching and selection processes in a neural-net (Vimal, 2009e). This closes the Type-1 explanatory gap (how SEs can emerge from non-experiential matter). Furthermore, we discussed phenomenal time and its biological correlates based on our PE-SE framework (Vimal & Davia, 2008a, 2008b). In (Vimal, 2009i), we unpack "the quantum view of superposition in terms of subquantum dual-aspect primal entities (bhutatmas). This also integrates eastern and western perspectives, but leads to another type of subquantum Type-2 explanatory gap: how it is possible that our SEs (such as happiness, sadness, painfulness, and similar SEs) were already present in the The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 5 primal entities, whereas there is no shred of evidence that such SEs were conceived at the onset of universe. To address both gaps, the previous working hypothesis (H1) is extended, which is proposed as follows: (1) String, elementary particles, and inert matter are the carriers of superimposed fundamental (not derived) SEs/PEs (Vimal, 2008b). (2) Neural Darwinism and the matching and selection processes assist in embedding and selecting a specific SE in a neural-net (Vimal, 2009e). (3) Some of the SEs (such as happiness, sadness, and the like) that entail Type-2 explanatory gap can be derived from the fundamental SEs/PEs (such as emotion-related PE) and the stimulus-context (such as emotional stimuli). (4) To eliminate any the residual Type-2 explanatory gap, (a) we assumed that fundamental SEs/PEs follow the principle of the emergence of SE and anti-SE (or bhutatma and antibhutatma) in a dual-aspect vacuum at the onset of universe, which is similar to the principle involved in the emergence of matter and antimatter in vacuum; and/or (b) the cycles of universe (that may have memory) might have preserved irreducible fundamental SEs/PEs in the mental aspect of primal entities. And (5) SEs occur/emerge in neuralnetworks when essential ingredients of SEs (such as wakefulness, attention, re-entry, working memory and so on) are satisfied" (Vimal, 2009i). 3. Subjective Experience Aspect of Consciousness: Integration of Classical and Quantum Concepts for Emergence Hypothesis Previously, we proposed a superposition-based hypothesis (H1) in the dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework to address the Type-1 explanatory gap (how subjective experiences (SEs) aspect of consciousness can emerge from non-experiential matter) as follows: (1) fundamental entities (strings or elementary particles: fermions and bosons) have material and mental aspects and are carriers of SEs/protoexperiences (PEs) in their mental aspect in superimposed form (Vimal, 2008b), and (2) a specific SE is embedded in a neural-net via neural Darwinism and is selected by matching and selection processes (Vimal, 2009e). Then, we unpacked the quantum view of superposition in terms of subquantum dual-aspect primal entities (bhutatmas) and discussed Type-2 explanatory gap: 'how it is possible that some SEs (such as Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal 6 happiness, sadness, painfulness, and similar SEs) were already present in primal entities, whereas there is no shred of evidence that such SEs were conceived at the onset of universe' (Vimal, 2009i). To address both gaps, we extended the working hypothesis H1 as summarized above in the premises (3)-(5) of Section 2. In (Vimal, 2009j), "we propose two alternative hypotheses (superposition-then-integrationemergence based H2, and integration-emergence based H3 where superposition is not required) in addition to other speculative hypotheses: (H2) fundamental entities and inert matter are the carriers of superimposed fundamental PEs (not SEs), which are integrated by interaction processes and neural-Darwinism (co-evolution via the evolutionary process of adaptation and natural selection, codevelopment, and sensorimotor co-tuning). In H3, a string or an elementary particle has its own PE; a matter is not a carrier of PE(s) in superposed form as it is in H2, rather it is a proto-experiential entity and has two aspects at every level; this is a dual-aspect panpsychism. In H2 and H3, a specific SE emerges in a neural-net from the interaction of its constituent neural-PEs, namely, from the interaction between the feed forward stimulus-dependent neural signals and the fronto-parietal feedback attentional signals, in analogy to water emerges from the interaction of hydrogen and oxygen. In all hypotheses, (a) interaction processes and neural-Darwinism are active, (b) there is a PE attached to every level of evolution (such as atomic-PE, molecular-PE, genetic-PE, bacterium-PE, neural-PE, neural-net-PE, and so on), and (c) SEs emerge/arise when essential ingredients of SEs (such as wakefulness, attention, re-entry, working memory and so on) are satisfied." 4. Meanings Attributed to the Term 'Consciousness' In (Vimal, 2009f), we describe the "meanings (or aspects) attributed to the term consciousness, extracted from the literature and from recent online discussions. Forty such meanings were identified and categorized according to whether they were principally about function or about experience; some overlapped but others were apparently mutually exclusive – and this list is by no means exhaustive. Most can be regarded as expressions of authors' views about the basis of consciousness, or opinions about the significance of aspects of its contents. The prospects for reaching any single, agreed definition of The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 7 consciousness thus appear remote. However, much confusion could be avoided if authors were always to specify which aspects of consciousness they refer to when using the term. An example is outlined of how this can be done (using a 'PE-SE' framework)." 5. The Definition of consciousness, qualia, mind, and awareness In (Vimal, 2009h), we proposed the definition of consciousness, qualia, mind, and awareness based on our framework: "The optimal definition (that has the least number of problems) of consciousness is: 'consciousness is a mental aspect of a system or a process, which has two sub-aspects: conscious experience and conscious function.' A general definition (that accommodates most views) is: 'consciousness is a mental aspect of a system or a process, which is a conscious experience, a conscious function, or both depending on the context', where experiences can be conscious experiences and/or non-conscious experiences and functions can be conscious functions and/or nonconscious functions that include qualities of objects. The term context refers to metaphysical views, constraints, specific aims, and so on. Based on this investigation, (i) qualia are properties of conscious experiences and/or qualities of objects, (ii) mind includes experiences, functions, or both, and (iii) awareness includes experiences, conscious functions, and/or preand sub-conscious functions. These are a posteriori definitions because they are based on observations and the categorization." 6. Necessary Ingredients of Consciousness: Integration of Psychophysical, Neurophysiological, and Consciousness Research for the Red-Green Channel One of the aspects of visual consciousness is the visual subjective experience (SE) or the first person experience that occurs/emerges in the visual neural-network of thalamocortical system (which includes Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal 8 dorsal and ventral visual pathways and frontal cortex) during dynamic interactions among widely distributed neuronal groups (Vimal, 2009f). In (Vimal, 2009g), however, consciousness and SE are interchangeably used unless noted. "Consciousness can be either access (reportable) or phenomenal consciousness. For access consciousness, the interactions are between feed forward stimulus dependent signals and frontoparietal feedback attentional signals. The necessary ingredients for access (reportable) consciousness are (i) wakefulness, (ii) reentrant interactions among neural populations, (iii) fronto-parietal and thalamic-reticular-nucleus attentional signals that modulate consciousness, (iv) working memory that retains information for consciousness, (v) stimulus at or above threshold level, and (vi) neuralnetwork proto-experiences (PEs) that are superposed SEs embedded in a neural-network. Attention and the ability to report are not necessary for phenomenal consciousness. The neural source for the arousal system is the ascending reticular activating system in the brain stem, which brings the thalamocortical neural networks to wakeful state as a baseline for consciousness to occur. Reentrant interactions among neural populations bind stimulus attributes (such as location and features) and entail consciousness. Attention could be the results of reentry and competitive interactions, and modulates the stimulus related feed forward signal and consciousness. The 'sources' of attention may be thalamic reticular nucleus for bottom-up or frontal cortex for topdown direction. The 'target' of visual attention is 'V4/V8/VO' for RedGreen (R-G) channel. The neural correlates of the psychophysical entity R-G channel appear to be 'V4/V8/VO'-neural-network (retina → LGN ↔ V1 ↔ V2 ↔ 'V4/V8/VO', and areas for attention, memory, and wakefulness). The psychophysical Red-Green Channel, its neurophysiological correlates V4/V8/VO-neural-network, and related experience (such as redness) are integrated. The dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework (Vimal, 2008b) was used to address the explanatory gap problem of materialism. Neural-network and related SEs are the results of the co-evolution and co-development of the material aspect (mass, charge, spin, force, quanta, and space-time) and the mental aspect of fundamental particles (strings or elementary particles (fermions and bosons)). Their mental aspects are considered as the carriers of superposed multiple possible experiences (SEs/PEs) in unexpressed form. These possibilities are actualized when neuralnetworks are formed via neural Darwinism, and a specific SE is selected by a matching process when the necessary ingredients of consciousness/SE are satisfied. A simple experimental design is The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 9 suggested to address the necessary and sufficient attributes of consciousness" (Vimal, 2009g). 7. Dependent Co-origination and Inherent Existence In (Vimal, 2009a), we found that "Nāgārjuna rejects 'inherent existence' or 'essence' in favor of co-dependent origination, and that is also why he rejects causality. Causality is a major issue in metaphysical views; for example, one could argue that consciousness causes/affects our brain/behavior/function/matter or vice-versa. My goals are as follows: (i) which entities lack 'inherent existence' or 'essence' and which ones inherently exist? (ii) Do the entities that lack inherent existence dependently co-arise and hence can we reject causality as in Nāgārjuna's philosophy? (iii) Do the entities that exist inherently cause entities that lack inherent existence? (iv) Do structure, function, experience, and environment cause each other? And (v) we critically analyze, extend, and examine Nāgārjuna's philosophy of dependent coorigination with respect to the dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework (Vimal, 2008b). Our analysis suggests that: (i) all conventional entities lack inherently existence, except subjective experiences (SEs)/protoexperiences (PEs) that are fundamental and irreducible and hence inherently exist; (ii) the entities that lack inherent existence dependently co-arise, and hence causality for them can be rejected but instead conditions (such as efficient, percept-object, immediate, and dominant conditions) might be necessary, as in Nāgārjuna's philosophy; (iii) it is not clear that SEs that exist inherently cause entities that lack inherent existence, but one could argue that (a) Nāgārjuna's rejection of causality needs to be reconsidered and (b) superposed PEs/SEs in the mental aspect of stings or elementary particles might be the motivation for the evolution to form neural-nets to realize a specific SE; (iv) It is not clear that structure, function, experience, and environment cause each other, but they might be linked via conditions. (v) Furthermore, (a) an entity has double aspect: mental and material aspects, (b) string is a dual-aspect entity that dependently co-arises from string-vacuum or brane, and (c) the dual-aspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework is consistent with these premises. For example, PEs/SEs inherently exist and are in superposed form in the mental aspect of (a) string-vacuum and/or brane before Big-Bang, (b) strings, elementary particles (bosons and fermions) and all evolved entities after Big-Bang, and (c) entities Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal 10 before and after Big-Freeze/Big-Crunch or entities in cyclic universe as in the big bounce/quantum-bounce (Loop Quantum Gravity) framework. However, the selection of a specific SE has dependent coorigination (and hence not inherently existent, consistent with Nāgārjuna), i.e., a specific SE occurs in brain when (i) relevant neuralnet is formed via neural Darwinism, (ii) the specific SE is selected via matching and selection mechanisms, and (iii) the necessary ingredients ―such as wakefulness, re-entry, attention, working memory, stimulus at above threshold, and neural-net PEs― are satisfied. If this is true, then only experiences (PEs/SEs in superposed form) are inherently existent and other entities have dependent co-origination" (Vimal, 2009a). 8. Linking Dynamic Systems theory and Fractal Catalytic Theory with Standard Representation Theory using PE-SE framework Previously (Bruzzo & Vimal, 2007; MacGregor & Vimal, 2008; Vimal, 2008a, 2008b), to address the explanatory gap of materialism, it was hypothesized that strings or elementary particles (fermions and bosons) have material and mental aspects, which act as the carriers of superimposed fundamental subjective experiences (SEs)/protoexperiences (PEs). In addition, neural Darwinism and (conjugate) matching process help in generating and selecting a specific SE in a neural-net. We proposed that this PE-SE framework is complementary to all materialistic models and has the capability to integrate such models. In (Vimal, 2009d), "we integrate three competing models that strive to address structure, function, and experience: (i) Standard Representational Theory (SRT) and (ii) Dynamic-systems theory (DST) and (iii) Fractal Catalytic Theory (FCT) (Carpenter, Davia, & Vimal, 2009; Vimal & Davia, 2008a, 2008b). The SRT proposes that functions, such as perception (such as detection and discrimination) and action, are because of the representations of objects and events in brain, and SE emerges when feed forward stimulus dependent signals interact with cognition related feedback signals in relevant neural-nets. DST proposes that perception, action, and SE arise/emerge from some kind of unspecified interaction between the environment and organism, which is not reducible to the components. The FCT is a nonrepresentational model linked with DST, which proposes that functions The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 11 are catalytic processes and SE is a fundamental entity that emerges as an organism mediates/catalyzes the transitions in its surround/environment. Here, we will show that the data related to structure and function can be explained by both models: some data better by SRT and some better by DST-FCT. Some DST is compatible with and complementary to some SRT. Moreover, both models use emergence hypothesis (SE component of consciousness is an emerged entity) to link SE with structure and function. In addition, we argue that both types of emergence are equivalent because (i) external environment in DST-FCT is equivalent to external stimulus-signal input to the feed-forward pathway in SRT and (ii) the organism in DST-FCT is equivalent to organism's feedback signals in SRT. It is argued that SRT and DST are equivalent because both can explain most of the same data, and hence they can be linked. In addition, FCT could also be linked with DST and also SRT. When the term emergence is further unpacked in terms of elemental SEs/PEs, we get the PE-SE framework, from which both SRT and DST-FCT can be derived, and hence both can be linked." 9. Towards a Theory of Everything: Unification of Consciousness with Fundamental Forces in Theories of Physics In (Vimal, 2009k), we investigated if the superposition of SEs/PEs in the hypotheses H1 and H2, of our dual-aspect PE-SE framework is consistent with the mathematics of theoretical physics such as classical physics, quantum physics, loop quantum gravity, and string theory. We found that the material aspect of the behavior of system remains invariant with the introduction of mental aspect in physics under the PE-SE transformations. We concluded that it is possible to unify consciousness with all four fundamental material forces by the introduction of (i) SEs/PEs (as in H1) or PEs (as in H2) in superposed form in bosonic and fermionic strings or elementary particles or (ii) the bosonic-PE and fermionic-PE based on the integration principle (as in H3). This leads us towards the theory of everything. Ram Lakhan Pandey Vimal 12 10. Interpretation of Empirical Data of Samadhi State In (Vimal, 2009c), we discuss the empirical data related to samadhi state and explain it in terms of various frameworks. We conclude that our dual-aspect framework is the most optimal, which implies that the SE of subject or 'self' in self-related neural-network is tuned to the self-related SEs/PEs superposed in other innumerable entities during samadhi state via matching and selection processes. This leads to bliss, ecstasy, or extraordinarily high degree of climax at samadhi state. 11. Discussion and Conclusion The problems of various views are discussed elsewhere (Vimal, 2009h). For example: (1) materialism/emergentism has major problem is the Levine's explanatory gap (Levine, 1983): the gap between experiences and scientific descriptions of those experiences. In addition, it has the 'brute fact': qualia/SEs are assumed to mysteriously emerge or reduce to (or identical with) relevant states of neural-nets. In addition, it assumes that (i) material is the ultimate reality, and (ii) material reality is essentially objective and non-experiential (Skrbina, 2009). (2) Idealism has explanatory reverse of materialism, namely, how matter can emerge from mind. In addition, it proposes intelligent mechanism, which has never ending explanatory gaps. (3) Substance dualism has (a) the association or mind-brain interaction problem, (b) the problem of mental causation, (c) the 'zombie' problem, (d) the 'ghost' problem, and (e) neurophysiological problem of many-many correspondence. (4) Panpsychism has 7 problems (Vimal, 2009h): (i) the combination problem, (ii) the no sign or not testable problem, (iii) the inconclusive analogy or not-mental problem, (iv) the physical emergence problem, (v) the implausibility problem, (vi) the eternal mystery problem, and (vii) the restricted panpsychism problem (Skrbina, 2005). Each of the above views has it's own brute fact (that's just the way it is). Since it is hard to prove scientifically any metaphysical view, we need to investigate which view has the least problems. So far, the dualaspect-dual-mode PE-SE framework with hypothesis H1 passes this The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 13 'litmus test' because it has only one problem: its own brute fact that each primal entity has dual-aspect. Acknowledgments This work was partly supported by the Vision Research Institute and V. P. Research Foundation Trust. The author would like to thank (1) Michel Weber for the invitation to contribute and for his critical comments and suggestions, and (2) Manju U. C. Pandey-Vimal, VivekAnand Pandey Vimal, Shalini Pandey Vimal, and Love-Shyam Pandey Vimal for comments and editorial help. The author is also affiliated with Dristi Anusandhana Sansthana, A-60 Umed Park, Sola Road, Ahmedabad-61, Gujrat, India; Dristi Anusandhana Sansthana, c/o NiceTech Computer Education Institute, Pendra, Bilaspur, C.G. 495119, India; and Dristi Anusandhana Sansthana, Sai Niwas, East of Hanuman Mandir, Betiahata, Gorakhpur, U.P. 273001, India. 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Journal of Consciousness Studies: Special Issue on Defining consciousness (Ed. Chris Nunn), 16(5), 9-27. See also http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home/meanings-Vimal.pdf. Vimal, R. L. P. (2009g). Necessary Ingredients of Consciousness: Integration of Psychophysical, Neurophysiological, and Consciousness Research for the RedGreen Channel. Vision Research Institute: Living Vision and Consciousness Research, 1(1), Available at http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home/VimalNecessary-Ingredients-Conciousness-LVCR-2009-II.pdf. Vimal, R. L. P. (2009h). Quest for the Definition of Consciousness, Qualia, Mind, and Awareness. In review, available at http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home/DefineC-Vimal-LVCR-2009-V.pdf. Vimal, R. L. P. (2009i). Subjective Experience Aspect of Consciousness Part I Integration of Classical, Quantum, and Subquantum Concepts. NeuroQuantology, 7(3), Available at http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home/PE-SE-SQ-Vimal-LVCR-2009III.pdf. Vimal, R. L. P. (2009j). Subjective Experience Aspect of Consciousness Part II: Integration of Classical and Quantum Concepts for Emergence Hypothesis. NeuroQuantology, 7(3), Available at http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home/PE-SE-Emergence-Vimal-LVCR2009-IV.pdf. Vimal, R. L. P. (2009k). Towards a Theory of Everything: Unification of Consciousness with Fundamental Forces in Theories of Physics. Vision The Most Optimal Dual-Aspect-Dual-Mode Framework for Consciousness 15 Research Institute: Living Vision and Consciousness Research, 1(2), Available at http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home/Vimal-TOE-LVCR-2009-I.pdf. Vimal, R. L. P., & Davia, C. J. (2008a). How Long is a Piece of Time? Phenomenal Time and Quantum Coherence Toward a Solution. Quantum Biosystems, 2, 102-151. Vimal, R. L. P., & Davia, C. J. (2008b). Phenomenal Time and its Biological Correlates. In H. Muller (Ed.): KARL JASPERS FORUM: www.kjf.ca; Target Article: 105; see also http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/MindBrain/message/11984; Available: http://sites.google.com/site/rlpvimal/Home/Vimal-Davia-phenomenal-timeNCC.pdf. Pages 16-100 are for future development