" , .......- •• p a • \ D5Volume 1 PRAGMATICS Fiche /1'MlCROFICHE 1975 ~. i PRAGMATICS ':\",,'1) INDEXICALIIY Charles Sayward Department of Philosophy University of ;\'ebraska Lincoln , ~. .... . \ \' n6 , . current cancention of ~rãMatic~ s. c frõ 8~mantic5 nroner ih terms tion les is iv~~ as a ~U8St ~õ, a truth definition for vlith The ~leãest exnre sion or this pos- i ',semantics'; , ) , ( 195 {; ), .j 5 G ~:3 7 9 • ) I sett5nc: 0'11:" the vie~**; iust desC'rt S hi~'3' ttention to artificial lañu~~es. ~hU5 he offers a tion' l~ to any '~eãonable ! xt ies ~~er:e:::aJ. they will also apply, _ think, to the rare 1 Elsewhere J ~nve ar~u~d that the rti tion ,sYntax, senantics and prar;natics as orielna11 f,et out; bv '~orris ar':r\ Carn;:u) is defect;i ve in varloas re ::J. 'The ?eceived Distiñtion between nrãm8ti s, -----~~*------~~•.-----....9~......~ \

D7 .' , '. ~e~antiCs añ Svntax'. , . ~7-1~~.) 5nv ~ttennt to improve on their formulations is to no sach attennt . . will, be successful if ry fñã ~ .~ñerroes q'systematic hut not cñre3~ondiñ to each exnression wi~h chañinp ti~es and , 'I ã tirert' is ~rue a at t if and only i~ r i~ tire~ at '~he hook was stolen' is true as (~otentia1lv) and onl'1 the book demon-1 9 v 'a t t: ~ \ .. -.~ an. 'Truth and ~eanlñ', 17, 0 9 x is true in L" index~_. an index is j~st an ordered pair consistiñ ~f a person and time; for others an index is a more complicated ~he"basic form the bruth-nredicate introduced is:' ..

D8 Vol., J: In . ' (JCi(0), Pnor)lernR ~ect1on III and Ancend1x.) ic s 1'. 3 .;. xical l~ñ~ães ñcrl~cates of .1 :- -;") . , , f - , . ',.-!rlter~}r...t:~ter) cf },t:~ for i.e. "'hi;; rel - ation ;\I'j or subject or st~dy: ~ay be the relation of s to i.nt ~his r~].Rtion will be ~a:led the ?he relation of signs to õe another 1~ the ãs~rtln . , ~-... D9 each dimension is cal ic~ qñ syntactics. w~ dist 7u1sh three fie ds oP lrivesti~ation' of s .. Tr in an jnv~~ti~ation icit. reference '.1 from the a also , -.;~\e whole..,,, sc ience of lañuage , ~ ~:".:p th"'~'*; '] :'~:s ~'ierit 1oned 'is c(l11ed semiotic.~ .. t e relation: i~S is] ~asy to r~concile lth ~ ~orris' c1~ss!~lcn iõ, ror tHe truth value of a e~r ~eers to be related ~o both t~p eotence and his snace-time position' the contrary, I fine: l:alish's account imposfiible to r~c0ncile with ~orr~sl .. ''''here the truth .nred1cat*e 0:' the lRn'fJ"uRr;o:e r!elR'tes sentence, ./II' . \ teR e*c D10~ õ ~hat Jañtiãe will RccOtmt '-3.. theory ahout . . ate . On the .' is "rar:l"1atical It is c C1 1l::'valent," ,Tust consider .KuliHh's sense but L ." ~ndexical items ar~ For in the for~pr case Vlithout ñ use of definitionsindexical ~xnressions, one~!oulrl, b~ lent truth theor:i ~ith indexical rererences. ificant to one of the areas--theorv of shou be .11 " Dtl syntax, semantics Dr nramnatics. And it is not VerY hard to show that th~re is ~6r~ to strnificant Investl~atioti of a lañuãe, even an art:i fi cial lanrfuave, than determi'nin9" , . its syntax and truth e :Ujon. se there*ls vailsble an ~rlp0uate sVntacti~al . elate t::O'.1th rl",f>in1 , tion of ttat Dortion*: of 1"nvl ~ sh consj ~t:1.n7 of :1. (': sentEmc:es rNhich' have truth corydi tions, , . and th~lt .:-l* nCln-sp*e(lke.f1 of: is~ masters these two theories. '-, see;n,) plain t:1at, :1(, n.on-soeaker does not therehykn0!'1 enoumh about this portion or Eñlish to 6oñerie with a' , nat tv!", sn/.7;ctk'fer, who, yre shall sunnOse~ is hi~sel~ t6 the u~terances of ~entences of Fñllsh *truth eond!tions. the :llJocuti':mary force of tJiPse erances. A case ih utters 'Ill' (~) I will see you tomorrow '. and, in so doiñ., ses to see the noñsneaker tomorrow. Thp non-sQ~ãer h~s no way of dist shiñas~ertions from nron:! es ;:a()e bV the "J.tterance of" Enr;lish ,sentences. Hence , , he does,~ot understand the illocutionary force of {~}. same point can .be made with re~ard 0 artificial It is hard to see what ,"QuId rule out the pqssib- ili 'Of' constructlll1!'; an .artiflci~l lanp;uap:ein' such a way , ,1" .. ' , that rules r;overr; utterances of its*s,Emtences. And these s would det~rmine when Ã utterance is an assertion,' \.;hen it ,lsa . promise';,'\,lhen j.t has . some other:*illocU*tiona:r\'y , , . \ . ,. '-"11' '-_-,~~-'- ". '\ " '. D12 .' • .f.orq t?.t ' S cjstinct:lon'he'tweerL syntax, semantics and org~~atjcs does reform,ulation. B~t Kplish's account ,.'.~ Indexica.lit? is not a feature that ~an beL: used to cantu]:",€añJthinp; like Hhat Morris and Carnan had in :"1inq .. .,. .' \