The Origin and the step of Development of Muslim Philosophy 01. Syful Islam Department of philosophy University of Barishal Bangladesh E-mail: syfulislam19966@gmail.com Mobile: +8801797145373 02. MD.Jannat Hossain Department of philosophy University of Barishal Bangladesh E-mail: mdjannathossainremon@gmail.com Mobile: +8801687029858 Abstract: This article tries to find out that what the real causes on origin of Muslim Philosophy were and how the philosophical thinking arises in the community of Muslim? Many Muslim scholars found the cause of the origin and development of Muslim philosophy and gave the historical view. We try the combine and overall view the origin and development of Muslim philosophy. we shows the contribution of Muslim philosophical school who discussed about various critical topic regarding God, attribute of God, The free will, eternity of Quran, creation of Quran, vision of God, the place of debate about Islamic rituals etc. Keywords: Origin, History, Gerrymandering, Ibn saba, Prophet Muhammad sm., Hazrat abubakar,Hazrat Omar ,Hazrat Osman and Hazrat Ali, Al Quran, Hadith, Qadaria,Jabaria,Asharia,Mutazila,etc. Introduction: The Muslim philosophy is the philosophical thinking of Islam by Muslim. The Muslims who think rationally, logically, about Islamic objects, their thought on it called the Muslim philosophy. However to undersy the origin and Development of Muslim philosophy, at first we should know the background basis of it and how it developed by age to age? How philosophical discussion aroused in Muslim. And When? Actually to find out it, is difficult. Because there have many schools of thought and classification into them. Some arose from social background, some from political background, some are from theological background. We will explain it as better as we can. Now a question arise that, if there is no classification in Islam. And Islam is called the religion of Universal Brotherhood, then why there are many schools and different thought or views? Generally it may be a question to general people but if we see deeply in Islam then we would able to find out the reason. During the Period of Prophet Muhammad (SM) and after his death , "the Mnafiqu" Or the gerrymander, who wants to gerrymander in Islam, was trying to silent destruction in Islam by throwing the critical concept as well as the doubtful concept. However. main focus to the origin and development of Muslim philosophy. To explain this we abound it intended two chapter namely Chapter 01 we discussed the origin of Muslim philosophy and in the Chapter 02 we explained the Development of Muslim philosophy. In first chapter, there have many points such as; Socioeconomic background, Policy background, The Sources of Muslim philosophy and so on. In chapter 02 we explained the development which included with many philosophical schools and their thoughts, Such as Mutazila, Asharia, Kadaria, and Jabaria and so on. The topic of discussion. Research Method: We used here "Historical Survey" Method to find out the real causes for origin and the steps of Development of Muslim Philosophy. We mentioned below the Literature review and The books and articles what we read and got concept. Literature Review Analysis Conclusion at a result Literature Review: To Write, about the cause of origin and the steps of development of Muslim Philosophy, I need the book namely" Muslim Philosophy(Volume-l)" Written by'Saiyed Abdul Hai'. He divided this book into 20 Chapter. He designed it from origin to development through step by step. First of all, he described in chapter-01; about the Nature of Muslim Philosophy. Chapter-02; Sources of Muslim Philosophy, chapter 03; Philosophical Teaching of Al-Quran, chapter -04 Rise of Different schools of thought in Islam, Then he described school by school. We took from him that chapter's datum which is related to origin the Muslim Philosophy. He also mentioned the name as "Muslim Philosophy" not as "Islamic Philosophy". Because he asserted that the area of Muslim Philosophy is wider than Islamic Philosophy. Because Islamic Philosophy deals with only Islamic rituals and norms, values. Out of this book we also read many article and books on Islamic Philosophy. Such as, watt's -" Islamic Philosophy ", and from many website like; www. Library genesis.org. www.philpaper.org etc. On Islamic Philosophy. Origin of Muslim philosophy: Introduction: In this discussion at first we will see the origin of different schools in Islam then the origin of Philosophical school and at last we will see the development of Philosophical school and we analyze it step by step. The origin of Muslim philosophy is not based on only one cause. It based on many different causes like Social, Economics, political, Theological and so on. These are main point for the origin and the sources have also for it. But Political background is more important than any other else. Socioeconomic background: Socio-economic background requires the social and economical background for the origin of Muslim philosophy. Muslim philosophy fullest began in the third century of the "Hijrah" at that time the Islamic empire speeded from Damascus to Baghdad. For this reason Islamic empire had to manage the economical era and Cultural understanding of those people. As a result new culture and economic system arose many problems. To solve these problems the Muslim scholars provide their opinion according to Islamic concept, but among them some shows different view. As a result from this point of view much Muslim philosophical school arose. By the time, Islam dominated such areas as Egypt, Syria, and Persia, all places which were thoroughly immerged in Greek culture. The new rulers sought to apply the learning which existed in the empire to their own purpose. Much of this knowledge was practical, being based on Medicine, Astrology, Astronomy, Mathematics, and engineering. During the ruling period Khalifa All mamun founded in Baghdad " by at all hikma" (the house of Wisdom) in 217 AH / 832 CE .It used as a library and publication as well. In this house many Greek books are transmitted into Arabic. The Greek thought has mostly influenced on Islamic thought. Such as the freedom of will, logic and reason controversy and so on. Political Background: To know the political background of rising different schools, at first we may draw an outline some points. The points are given below. 1. Clash of Community and political debate 2. Leadership of Abu bakers 3. Accepting Islam of Ibn saba 4. Weak points of Osman 5. Death of Ali 6. Gerrymandering of Munafique ( non believer) 1. Clash of Community and political debate: The clash of Umayyad and Housemaids is one of the main causes for political cause. This type of rivalry was in other group also. This clash was before the birth of prophet H. Muhammad (SM.) and after the death of H. Muhammad (SM). But why this clash arose again after the death of H. Muhammad SM? It may be a basic cause ,the gerrymandering of Munafique and community clash as deep. The root cause for the clash historically asserted by S.Amir Ali as follows; "In the fifth century kossay, a descendent of fihr, made himself the master of mecca, and gradually the whole of Hijaz...kossay died about the year 480 A.C and was Succeeded by his son Abd-ud-dar.Upon abd-ud-dar's death a dispute broke out among his grandson and the sons of his brother And manaf about the succession to the rulership of mecca. This dispute was settled by a division of Authority ,the mecca and the raising of taxes were entrusted to and -ushshams, a son of Abdmanaf; withist the guardianship of kaba of the council chember,and of the military standard,was given to the grandson of and ud dar. And we shams transferred the authority to his brother hasim, a leading merchant of mecca and a man of consequence, noted for his generosity of strangers. Hasim died about the year 510 AC. And was succeed by his brother Muttalib,surnamed" the generous ".Muttalib died towards the end of the year 520 AC and succeed by his nephew shyba, better known by his surname of Abdul Muttalib a son of Hasim. The grandson of And uddar were meanwhile growing rich. Jealous of the position of hasims family occupied in the public estimation. They were typing to grasp the entire authority and to make themselves rulers of Mecca. On their side was ranged ommeya. The ambitious son of and -us Shams. But in spite of this ,the high character of AbdulMuttalib,and the veneration in which he was held by all the koraish, enabled him to rule mecca for nearly fiftynine years. He was assisted in the government by the elder, who were the heads of The ten principal families." -S.Amer Ali- 2.Leadership of AbuBakar: After the death of prophet Muhammad (SM).Abu Bakar selected as the Khalifa of Muslim Ummah.In the case selection of abu Bakar ,there Creat a political clash among Muslim in silently. The people of hasemi tribe and the followers of Ali(R), there desire was that, Ali would be the Khalifa after the death of prophet Muhammad (SM*). When it did not then they include in silent clash and was publishing their opinion. As a result there created s political clash .But Ali (R) was not interested at Khalifa against the Abu bakar. They were as like friend as well. 3.Accepting Islam of Ibn Saba: During the ruling period of Hazrat omer rh. Many tribe and community accept Islam.But in these community some wanted to gerrymend the Islam because their motive was not to accept the Islamic teaching at all. The person who lead this community named "Ibn saba". For his silent gerrymandering there have been clash and breaking up point in Muslims. 4.Weak points of Osman(R): Hazrat Osman was not as same ruler as hszrat Abu bakar and Omer (r). Taking his weak points, his relatives and kingroup took power of defence and politics. As a result other community become in grudge. Ibn saba take this weak point and creat a opposite group who killed Hazrat Osman(R).As a result the clash of it is settled. 5. Death of Hazrat Ali (R): When Hazrat Ali were killed by assailant. The Munafique group of Ibn saba took a plane and chance. He made a silent gerrymandering amo g Ali's followers and unit them in different view named " Shia". Theological Background: Behind the theological cause there have other cause too. Such as, the classification in the explanation of Quran, explanation of Hadith are two main cause. 1. Explanation of Quran: After the death of prophet Muhammad SM the Muslim fall in denger for arising problems. Because the ohi had stopped and to solve the new arising problems there created many different theodicy of the explanation of Quran among Muslim. 2.Explanation of Hadith: Accumulation of Hadith and explanation of them were most difficult for Muslim. So there have created different view in them and schools as well. Sources of Muslim Philosophy: There have mainly two section for the sources of Muslim philosophy. The external and internal sources. They are below; The internal sources: The external sources: 1.Quran. 1.Influence of Christian 2.Hadith. 2.Influence of Persian 3.Ijma. 3. Influence of Greek 4.Qias. 4.Influence of Indian 5.Istihad The Internal Sources: The Quran: The holy Quran is the main source of Muslim philosophy. It is not Covered only the book of religion but also regarded the all side of human and the universe . The philosophy deals with the love of wisdom. all related rational ,intellectual, questions are related to philosophy. In The Quran the first verse of Allah to human is " read" . Why Allah command to human to read? Because it indicate that the Quran is the store of Wisdom in which all sector of human life would be found. However in this context philosophy is mostly connected to Muslim philosophy. Actually in deeper senses The area of Islam is wide than the area of philosophy. Because in the Islam there have discussion of society, politics, economics, anthropology, archaeology, astronomy, Biology, Physics, Theology and so on. Quran discuss the monotheistic philosophy, Democratic and social equality in politics and economical system and Universal brotherhood. But how from Quran the philosophical discussion arose? To the answer some verses of Quran is explained in Hadith and some explained indirectly. But some topics arose a debate that ,such as; There is one God. Is he transcend or immanent or both? He is called in different names, but are these names of his essential attributes? He is eternal and everywhere and nowhere but what kinds of relation has he to time and space? From him all actions flow. Are men responsible for their doings in themselves? How is it possible? Such types of question arose from the Quran. From this topics the different schools are aroused. Not only from the Quran but there have other origin point also. The Hadith: The speeches of prophet Muhammad (SM) in the context if Islam is called Hadith, according to Islam. The time of living life of prophet Muhammad SM he gave the solution of arising problems in human life sections. But after the death of prophet Muhammad SM ,the Muslims felled in danger for accuracy and accumulation of Hadith. What said prophet Muhammad SM in every sector of life according to Islam? For this many prominent Muslim began to search the speech of prophet SM. But here a problem arose in justification, validity, nontraditional topic in Muslims according to explanation. So from this context arose some schools. There have other origin point too these are given below. The Qias: Qias means when a new problem arise in a society then in this case what was in the similar case in the ti time of prophet Muhammad SM? If it happen in that time then what was the solution in this context? To conclude it reach a solution .and this works are done by those time prominent Muslim. If there be contradictory group then from this some group may be arose. 4.Ijma: Ijma means to accumulate .When a problem arise and what would be solution? If it is not found in directly Quran and Hadith then the Muslim scholars accumulate themselves and take discussion to their resin and debate . so from this point of view there arose different thought and schools as well. The External Sources: 1. Influence of Greek: When Arabs and Greek communicate with one another then during the Khalifa mamun the many Greek books had been translated into Arabic language as a result there had make an influence in two culture and thought. 2. Influence of Christian: It is same case like Greek as well. The Christian influences make thinking point on Muslim thought and it spreader by the business, cultural, and political communication. 3. Indian Influences: When Arabs communicate with India then India was mostly powerful in philosophical thinking like Indian philosophical school, sankha,carvaka,and and many other old schools. So the Muslim are influenced from the Indian thought. Result from above discussion: At last we can say that actually the origin of Muslim philosophy is not only one .It origin from different point of view and the basic cause historical guesses that their many thought and the silent gerrymandering of Munafique who are enemy of Islam as well as Muslim. The gape of Communication, The Uses of language is also reason for origin of different group in Islam. The Steps of development of Muslim Philosophy: Free-will Controversy Free-will means freedom of willingness. And the question is that , do we have the freedom of our own will? The Quranic view regarding free-will seems a little contradictory with the concept of predestination. To solve this problem there came the Qadariyas and the Jabariyas with two different contradictory conclusion. And after that , following the Qadariyas the Al-Ash'ari upheld the Jabariyas view with some modifications. The Qadariyas The Qadariyas believed in the liberty of human will and action. Ther point is that God cannot be responsible for man's right or wrong action. And for this, man must be the master of his own work, but God gives him the capacity their chosen action. The Jabariyas The Jabariyas view towards freedom of man's will is totally opposed to Qadariyas. They believed that man cannot have free-will. If he does it will be as there are creative agents in men. And this would mean limitation to God's power. But, God has no limitation. The Mu'tazilas The Mu'tazilas are generally known as "Rationalists of Islam". It is not certain that where the name Mu'tazila come from. Regarding this there are several theories. Whatever the name means it doesn't matter so much. According to them, both revelation and reason are sources of knowledge and criteria. Therefore, they must be in harmony. They tried to reconcile Qur'an with philosophy. The Mu'tazilas was based upon five doctrines and they are... 1: Divine attributes. 2: Creations of the Qur'an. 3: Vision of God. 4: Freedom of human will. 5: Nature of evil. They also have a theory regarding the creation of the world. 1: Divine attributes. In the Qur'an there mentioned ninety-nine beautiful names of God. Islam says about the unity of God. But, if God is one, He cannot have many Attributes. They said the Attributes of an eternal substance must be eternal. So, they denied the Attributes of God. They said the Attributes of God is nothing but His Essence His Being. 2: Creations of The Qur'an. The Qur'an isa revelation from God. God is the only one who is eternal. If Qur'an is eterna, then it gets oppose to is own principle of Divine Unity. Thus they held that Qur'an was created in time and was expressed in words and revealed to the prophet. 3: The Beatific vision (Vision of God). The Mu'tazilas denied the vision of God. Their point was, that vision of God requires God's position in certain space and time, which is contradictory to the idea of God. It brings limitation of God. So, the vision of God is to be denied. 4: Freedom of will. They developed their doctrine of freedom of will on the line of Qadariyas. They said if man has got no freedom on his own will, then the one who will be responsible for his action is God. But, man gets reward or punishment in the day of judgments. But, God never do any injustice . So, He must have given the freedom of man's will. 5: Nature of Evil. They said God is righteous, He cannot be the author of evil. They held that God has the power no doubt, but He does not do anything contradictory to His nature. So, God is not the author of evil. So, in this case they concluded that man himself who should be responsible for evil. Creation of the World. That developed this view in order to reconcile the Qur'an with the Aristotlian philosophy. The Aristotelian philosophy says that, the universe is eternal. But, Qur'an says it is created. So, to reconcile them Mu'tazilas held that the world is both created and eternal. Before creation or coming this from if the world it was In the essence of God. And later God put motion in it then it began to exist in time and space. This is the theory of creation of the world according to Mu'tazilas. The Mutakallim Movement Asharia: After the Mu'tazilas there came the Ash'ariyn movement. The Mu'tazilas is regarded as the first scholastic and Ash'ariyn is the second. The Ash'ariyan school came up with the doctrine regarding Attributesof God, the eternity of the Qur'an, vision of God etc. Some of them seems to be similar to Mu'tazilas, but some of them are not. Attributes of God: This view is not similar to Mu'tazilas. Al-Ash'ari said the Attributes of God should not be understood literally. The Attributes of God is not applicable on man. They are totally different than our attributes. And that is why it does not go against the unity of God. The Eternity of the Qur'an: Al-Ash'ari upheld the orthodox view that the Qur'an is uncreated and eternal. He said the Qur'an was eternal in God but it's expression in words was given in particular time. On this view he admitted Mu'tazilas. Vision of God: After denying the vision of God by Mu'tazilas the ash'ari came up with a new explanation of that. Al-Ash'ari said the vision of God is not as simple as we think it is. It will be in a different way than we have our vision in this world. That will be a spiritual vision which cannot be imagined now. Freedom of will: The Mu'tazilas said about the complete freedom of human action. Their point was that man is the creator of his own action. But, Al-Ash'ari said man cannot produce any effect on his action. God is the only agent of power. So, here man is only free to chose what he will do, but the power to do that comes from God. Atomism of Ash'ariyan: According to them atom is the fundamental element of the world. It has conscience and quality. And God controls the quality. The atom is nothing but combinations of quality. They are eternal and was in God as His Quality. CRITICISM Criticism regarding the freedom of will: The schools of Qadaria, Jabaria, Mu'tazilas and Al-Ash'ariya all of them discussed this topic. The Jabariyas view on this topic is totally not valid. Because they are going some kind of against of Qur'an, as they said we cannot have freedom of our own will. If they are right then God will do injustice to us. But, God never does that. That's why we think they are totally wrong. Though Qadariyas accepted that man has freedom of will but they did not gave enough explanation of that. The Mu'tazilas aslo accepted that, but we think their explanation is not enough rational to be right. According to them Man not only has freedom of will, but also has the power to do his action. So, to us it's not quite right. After all of them AlAsh'ari cane up with a developed idea. He gave the most rational explanation regarding freedom of will that we can accept happily. Al-Ash'ari said God gives us the freedom to choose our action, but the power to do that is also coming from God. So, it seems right to us. Criticism Regarding Divine Attributes: Our opinion regarding this topic is God has Attributes as it is mentioned in the Qur'an. The Mu'tazilas denied Divine Attributes, but we are agree with the Al-Ash'ari. Because, Al-Ash'ari gave a rational explanation that we cannot deny. Criticism Regarding Eternity of the Qur'an: God is the alpha and the omega. So there is nothing except God what can be eternal. According to our view towards the eternity of the Qur'an is that, the eternity of the Qur'an is not comparable to the eternity of God. Our view does not go against Mu'tazilas and Al-Ash'ari. So, we are agree with them that Qur'an was eternal in the essence of God and after God expressed it in language in time. Criticism Regarding the Vision of God: Our opinion on this topic is, as it is mentioned in the Qur'an that the righteous persons will get the vision of God. So, any how it will be possible. As this incident will happen in afterlife so miracle will happen by God. And this vision will be a spiritual vision which should not be understood literally. It will be quite different than we have our vision in this world. So in this topic we are agree with Al-Ash'ari. Criticism Regarding the Eternity of the World: As it says in the Qur'an that God created the universe in six days. So it is clear that the universe is created. We are not agree with the idea that the world is eternal. The universe is made of particles and God is capable of creating anything. So to exist the universe need not be eternal. And we don't want to reconcile the Qur'an with philosophy as Mu'tazilas did. Qur'an is the truth and we try to understand it. We are no-one to prove it right or wrong. But, to understand the Qur'an we may use philosophy. Criticism Regarding the nature of evil: The nature of evil is totally oppose to the nature of God. So, God is not the author of evil. But, where did it come from? As God gave His creation(men) freedom of will, then men is free to chose anything. So, our point is men himself is responsible for evil. And we are agree with the Mu'tazilas in this case . References and Bibliography: 01."Islamic Philosophy from it's origin to present " -by 'seeyed Hossein Nasr' (published from state University of new York press)- Chapter; 2&3 02."Muslim Philosophy (Volume-l)" -by 'Stayed Abdul Hai' ( Published by Islamic Foundation Bangladesh)- Chapter; 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 03. " Islamic Philosophy " by watt.c.04 ." Origin of Islamic Philosophy" www.philpaper.org 05 . "Islamic Philosophy" Www. library genesis. Org