Uni ver zi tet u Be o gra du, Fi lo zof ski fa kul tet, Be o grad DOI 10.5937/kultura1234341D UDK 608.1 608.1(497.11) pregledni rad RE CEP CI JA BI O E TI KE U SR BI JI Sa-že-tak:-Cilj ovog ra da je da upo zna či ta o ca sa za stu plje no šću i raz- vo jem bi o e ti ke u Sr bi ji. Naj pre se u uvo du ana li zi ra sam po jam 'bi o e ti- ka' i či ta lac se ukrat ko upo zna je sa pu tem nje nog di sci pli nar nog ute me- lje nja. Ka ko bi se pru ži la što ce lo vi ti ja sli ka ak tu el nog sta nja bi o e ti ke u Sr bi ji, nje na re cep ci ja se po sma tra sa dva glav na sta no vi šta: sta no vi šta bi o e tič ke edu ka ci je i sta no vi šta prav ne re gu la ci je i in sti tu ci o na li za ci je bi o e ti ke. Pri tom se skre će pa žnja na od re đe ne pro pu ste u pri stu pu bi o e- tič koj pro ble ma ti ci i, sa po seb nim osvr tom na pi ta nje klo ni ra nja i euta- na zi je, uka zu je se na mo men te ko ji bi tre ba li do pri ne ti nje noj potpu noj na uč noj i in sti tu ci o nal noj afir ma ci ji. Ključ-ne-re-či: bi o e ti ka, bi o e ti ka u Sr bi ji, bi o e tič ka edu ka ci ja, prav na re gu la ci ja, klo ni ra nje, euta na zi ja, in sti tu ci o na li za ci ja bi o e ti ke Uvod ili 'Šta je to bi o e ti ka?' Sr-bi-ja-spa-da-u-red-onih-(ma-lo-broj-nih)-ze-ma-lja-u-ko-ji-ma-ter-min- bi-o-e-ti-ka- još- uvek- ni-je- u- pot-pu-no-sti- shva-ćen- i- pri-hva-ćen.1-Ka- ko-u-aka-dem-skim-kru-go-vi-ma-ta-ko-i-u-ši-roj-jav-no-sti,-on-iza-zi-va- ne-do-u-mi-ce- i- ne-ja-sno-će- ali,- što- je- još- va-žni-je- is-ta-ći,- i- ne- bu-di- po-seb-no-ve-li-ku-pa-žnju-i-za-in-te-re-so-va-nost.-Sto-ga-će-mo-u-ovom- uvo-du- po-ku-ša-ti- da- či-ta-o-cu- pri-bli-ži-mo- po-jam- i- pred-met- ove- mla-de-di-sci-pli-ne. Ka-ko-bi-smo-da-li-što-pot-pu-ni-ji,-ali-ne-i-pre-op-ši-ran,-od-go-vor-na- pi-ta-nje- šta- je- to- bi-o-e-ti-ka- upo-zna-će-mo- se- ukrat-ko- sa- ko-re-ni-ma- nje-nog-na-stan-ka.-Sa-ma-eti-mo-lo-gi-ja- re-či- 'bi-o-e-ti-ka'- (grč.-bi os-=- ži-vot,-et hos-=-po-na-ša-nje)-upu-ću-je-nas-na-shva-ta-nje-da-je-u-pi- ta-nju-di-sci-pli-na-ko-ja-se-u-sve-tlu-mo-ral-nih-na-če-la-i-prin-ci-pa-ba-vi- 1- Ovaj-rad-je-na-stao-u-okvi-ru-pro-jek-ta-"Di-na-mič-ki-si-ste-mi-u-pri-ro-di-i-dru-štvu:- fi-lo-zof-ski-i-em-pi-rij-ski-aspek-ti"-ko-ji-se-od-vi-ja-uz-po-dr-šku-Mi-ni-star-stva-pro-sve- te-i-na-u-ke-Re-pu-bli-ke-Sr-bi-je. MILIJANA ĐERIĆ 342 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ raz-ma-tra-njem-pi-ta-nja-ko-ja-pri-pa-da-ju-pod-ruč-ju-ži-vo-ta.-Me-đu-tim,- du-blja- ana-li-za- po-ka-zu-je- da- je- u- pi-ta-nju- mno-go- kom-plek-sni-ji- po-jam- ko-ji- pod- okri-ljem- svog- zna-če-nja- oku-plja- raz-li-či-te- per- spek-ti-ve- iz-ko-jih-se- ta-pi-ta-nja-po-sta-vlja-ju,-a-ko-ja-pred-stavlja-ju- njen-bo-ga-ti- sa-dr-žaj-ko-ji- se-pro-te-že-na-sve-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke- i-dru- štve-ne- na-u-ke.- Sam-ak-ce-nat- je-ste- na- re-či-eti ka,-me-đu-tim-bi-o-e- ti-ku- ne- sme-mo- shva-ti-ti- kao- do-sled-no- pri-me-nji-va-nje- ovih- ili- onih- etič-kih- prin-ci-pa- na- si-tu-a-ci-je- sa- ko-ji-ma- se- su-sre-će-mo- u- prak-si.-Bi-o-e-ti-ka- je- pre- je-dan-kri-tič-ki- re-flek-tiv-ni- po-du-hvat- ko-ji- se-pi-ta-ka-ko-o-ži-vo-tu,-kva-li-te-tu-ži-vo-ta,-zdra-vlju-i-smr-ti-čo-ve-ka,- ta-ko- i- o- ži-vo-tu-ne-ljud-skih- ži-vih-bi-ća- i- nji-ho-vih-pra-va,- ali- i- o- oču-va-nju-pri-rod-ne-oko-li-ne.- Bi-o-e-ti-ka-je-na-sta-la-60-ih-go-di-na-pro-šlog-ve-ka,-kao-od-go-vor-na- teh-no-lo-ško–na-uč-ni-na-pre-dak,-pre-sve-ga-u-bi-o-me-di-ci-ni-i-kli-nič- koj-me-di-ci-ni-i,-ne-što-ka-sni-je,-bi-o-teh-no-lo-gi-ji.-Ovaj-na-pre-dak-iz- ne-drio-je-no-ve-le-ko-ve-(kao-na-pri-mer,-ge-net-skim-in-že-nje-rin-gom- do-bi-je-ni-hor-mon-ra-sta),-no-ve-apa-ra-te-i-ma-ši-ne-(kao-što-su-ma- ši-na-za-di-ja-li-zu-i-me-ha-nič-ki-ven-ti-la-tor),-no-va-sa-zna-nja-i-teh-ni-ke- u- pod-ruč-ju- tran-splan-ta-ci-je- or-ga-na,- ge-ne-ti-ke,- asi-sti-ra-ne- re-pro- duk-ci-je-itd.-Uti-caj-ko-ji-je-on-iz-vr-šio-na-me-di-ci-nu-bio-je-re-vo-lu- ci-o-na-ran.- Jer- tra-di-ci-o-nal-ni-hi-po-kra-tov-ski-apa-ra-tus-u-me-di-ci-ni- i- kli-nič-koj-prak-si-je,-usled-pri-ti-ska-no-vih-i-na-ra-sta-ju-ćih-pi-ta-nja-u- ve-zi- sa-ve-štač-kom-oplod-njom-(oplod-njom-u-epru-ve-ti),-čak- i-u- onim- slu-ča-je-vi-ma- ka-da- no-vo-ro-đen-če- ne-će- ima-ti- ni-ka-kvog- ge- net-skog-do-di-ra-sa-maj-kom-ko-ja-ga-no-si,-upo-tre-bom-ma-ši-ne-za- di-ja-li-zu- i- me-ha-nič-kog- ven-ti-la-to-ra,- ma-ni-pu-la-ci-jom- ge-net-skim- ma-te-ri-ja-lom- i-dr.,- za-ka-zao- i-po-ka-zao-da- je-u-ne-mo-guć-no-sti-da- u-okvi-ri-ma-svo-jih-de-on-to-lo-ških-gra-ni-ca-na-njih-od-go-vo-ri.-Sto-ga- je-svo-je-me-sto-on-mo-rao-ustu-pi-ti-di-sci-pli-ni-ko-ja-se-ovim-no-vo- na-sta-lim-pi-ta-nji-ma-ba-vi,- za-hva-ta-ju-ći- ih-u- svoj- ši-ri-ni- kon-tek-sta- nji-ho-vog-na-stan-ka-i-raz-ma-tra-ju-ći-ih-u-sve-tlu-plu-ri-per-spek-tiv-nog- i-in-ter-di-sci-pli-nar-nog-pri-stu-pa.-Jer-svo-je-me-sto-su-u-bi-o-e-ti-ci,-po- red- le-ka-ra,- pro-na-šli- i- fi-lo-zo-fi,- te-o-lo-zi,- prav-ni-ci- i- svi- dru-gi- na- uč-ni-ci-i-mi-sli-o-ci-ko-ji-svo-jim-kri-tič-kim-in-te-lek-tu-al-nim-po-du-hva- tom-mo-gu-do-pri-ne-ti-is-pi-ti-va-nju-etič-kih-im-pli-ka-ci-ja-ovog-ubr-za- nog-na-pret-ka-bi-o-me-di-cin-ske-teh-no-lo-gi-je.-Ta-ko-bi-o-e-ti-ka-u-svom- pred-me-tu-in-te-gri-še-sve-one-per-spek-ti-ve-ko-je-svo-jom-kri-tič-kom- re-flek-si-jom- do-pri-no-se- ra-sve-tlja-va-nju- svih- te-ško-ća- i- pro-ble-ma,- ko-ji- se-sa-sva-kim-no-vim-bi-o-me-di-cin-skim- izu-mom-i-nje-go-vom- pri-me-nom-ja-vlja-ju-u-prak-si.- U-bi-o-e-tič-koj-li-te-ra-tu-ri-na-la-zi-mo-da-je-sam-ter-min-'bi-o-e-ti-ka'-sko- vao-V.-R.-Po-ter-(Van Ren sse la er Pot ter)-ame-rič-ki-bi-o-e-ti-čar,-ko-ji- je-po-stru-ci-bio-bi-o-he-mi-čar-i-on-ko-log.2-On-je-pr-vi-po-čeo-da-koristi- 2- No-vi-ja-ba-vlje-nja-isto-ri-jom-bi-o-e-ti-ke,-me-đu-tim,-po-ka-zu-ju-da-je-još-1927.-go- di-ne-Fric-Jar-(Fritz Ja hr),-pro-te-stant-ski-sve-šte-nik-i-fi-lo-zof-u-svo-jim-ra-do-vi- ma-ko-ri-stio- ter-min-'bio-eti-ka' (Bio-Et hik).-Na-i-me-u-svom-ra-du-"Bi-o-et-hics:- 343 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ neo-lo-gi-zam-'bi-o-e-ti-ka'-1970.-god.-u-svo-ja-dva-član-ka3, a po tom i-u-svo-joj-knji-zi-Bi o e ti ka: most pre ma bu duć no sti4,-ob-ja-vlje-noj- go-di-nu-da-na-po-sle.-Nje-go-vo-bi-o-e-tič-ko-sta-no-vi-šte,-po-zna-to-kao- 'mo-stov-na-bi-o-e-ti-ka'-(brid ge bi o et hics),- te-ži-lo-je-upu-ći-va-nju-na- shva-ta-nje-da-se-no-vo-na-sta-li-pro-blemi,-ko-ji-se-ti-ču-či-ta-vog-čo-ve- čan-stva-jer-se,-u-kraj-njoj-in-stan-ci,-ti-ču-nje-go-vog-op-stan-ka-i-sa- mog-na-či-na-tog-op-stan-ka,-tre-ba-ju-re-ša-va-ti-'pre-mo-šći-va-njem'-ja-za- iz-me-đu-na-u-ka.-Dru-gim-re-či-ma,-on-je-te-žio-po-ve-zi-va-nju-pri-rodno- -na-uč-nih- di-sci-pli-na- sa- hu-ma-ni-stič-kim- di-sci-pli-na-ma,- od-no-sno,- kon-kret-ni-je,-po-ve-zi-va-nju-bi-o-me-di-ci-ne-i-eti-ke.-Pri-tom-ova-Po-te-ro- va-'mo-stov-na-bi-o-e-ti-ka'-svoj-po-gled-ni-je-fo-ku-si-ra-la-sa-mo-na-lju-de- i-nji-ho-ve-pro-ble-me,-već-je-svo-je-poj-mov-no-i-pred-met-no-stre-mlje- nje-usme-ri-la-ka-pi-ta-nji-ma-op-stan-ka-i-pre-ži-vlja-va-nja-svih-vr-sta-i,-u- kraj-njoj-in-stan-ci,-či-ta-vog-eko-si-ste-ma.- Me-đu-tim,- upr-kos- či-nje-ni-ci- da- je- i- sam- tvo-rac- poj-ma- bi-o-e-ti-ke- pod-njim-pod-ra-zu-me-vao-ba-vlje-nje-pi-ta-nji-ma-ko-ja-se-ti-ču-ži-vo-ta- u-nje-go-vom-naj-ši-rem-zna-če-nju,-u-ana-li-zi-raz-vo-ja-bi-o-e-ti-ke-kao-di- sci-pli-ne,-upa-dlji-va-je-vi-še-go-di-šnja-ten-den-ci-ja-da-se-njen-pred-met- ogra-ni-či-i-sve-de-na-me-di-cin-sku-eti-ku.-Si-no-ni-mom-za-me-di-cin-sku- eti-ku,-bi-o-e-ti-ka- je-sma-tra-na-na-Ke-ne-di- in-sti-tu-tu-za-pro-u-ča-va-nje- ljud-ske-re-pro-duk-ci-je- i-bi-o-e-ti-ku-(Ken nedy In sti tu te for Study of Hu man Re pro duc tion and Bi o et hics).-U-pr-vom-iz-da-nju-Bi-o-e-tič- ke-en-ci-klo-pe-di-je-(Encyclo pe dia of Bi o et hics,-1978)-nje-no-zna-če- nje-je-po-i-sto-ve-će-no-sa-zna-če-njem-me-di-cin-ske-eti-ke:-"Bi-o-e-ti-ka-je- si-ste-mat-sko-pro-u-ča-va-nje-ljud-skog-po-na-ša-nja-na-pod-ruč-ju-na-u-ke- o- ži-vo-tu- zdrav-stve-ne- ne-ge,- uko-li-ko- je- to- po-na-ša-nje- is-pi-ti-va-no- u-sve-tlu-mo-ral-nih-vred-no-sti-i-na-če-la"5.-Al-bert-Džon-sen-(Al bert Jon sen),- je-dan- od- ute-me-lji-va-ča- i- isto-ri-ča-ra- bi-o-e-ti-ke- pr-vo-bit-no- ju-je-shva-tio-kao-me-di-cin-sku-eti-ku-no-vog-do-ba,-od-no-sno-"no-vu- me-di-cin-sku-eti-ku".-Upra-vo-kao-"no-va-me-di-cin-ska-eti-ka"-bi-o-e-ti- ka-je-sre-di-nom-80-ih-go-di-na-pro-šlog-ve-ka-uve-de-na-i-u-na-sta-vu- mno-go-broj-nih-me-di-cin-skih-fa-kul-te-ta. A-pa-no-ra-ma-of-the-hu-man-be-ing's-et-hi-cal-re-la-ti-ons-with-ani-mals-and-plants"- (tekst-je-sa-ne-mač-kog-je-zi-ka-2005.-go-di-ne-pre-veo-José-Ro-ber-to-Gol-dim),-ob- ja-vlje-nom-u-uti-caj-nom-ne-mač-kom-ča-so-pi-su-Ko smos,-on-je-iz-lo-žio-svoj-"bi-o- e-tič-ki-im-pe-ra-tiv"-pro-ši-ru-ju-ći-u-stva-ri-Kan-tov-mo-ral-ni-im-pe-ra-tiv-na-sve-ob-li-ke- ži-vo-ta.-O-to-me-vi-še-u:-Hans-Mar-tin-S.,-Fritz-Ja-hr's-1927-Con-cept-of-Bi-o-et- hics,-Ken nedy In sti tu te of Et hics Jo ur nal,-Vo-lu-me-17,-Is-sue-4,-Dec-2007,-str.- 279-95. 3- Pot-ter-V.-R.,-Bi-o-et-hics:-The-Sci-en-ce-of-Sur-vi-val,-in:-Per spec ti ves in Bi o logy and Me di ci ne,-14/1970,-str.-127–153;-Pot-ter-V.-R.,-Bi-ocyber-ne-tics-and-Sur-vi- val, in: Zygon – Jo ur nal of Re li gion & Sci en ce,-5/1970,-str.-229–246 4- Pot-ter-V.-R.,-Bi o et hics: Brid ge to the Fu tu re,-Pren-ti-ce-Hall,-En-gle-wo-od-Cliffs- 1971. 5- Vi-de-ti:- Še-go-ta- I.,-No-va- de-fi-ni-ci-ja- bi-o-e-ti-ke,- u:-Bi o e tič ki sve sci,-Me-di-cin-ski- fa-kul-tet-Ka-te-dra-dru-štve-nih-zna-no-sti,-Ri-je-ka-1999.-1.-11.- 344 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ Da-kle,- isto-rij-ski- po-sma-tra-no,- bi-o-e-ti-ka- je-ste- pro-i-za-šla- iz- medicinsko-etič-ke-pro-ble-ma-ti-ke.-Me-đu-tim-vre-me-nom-je-po-če- la-da- se- shva-ta-kao-di-sci-pli-na-či-ji-pred-met-pre-va-zi-la-zi-gra-ni-ce- medicinsko-etič-kog-okvi-ra.-Ona-je-kroz-kon-ti-nu-i-tet-svog-po-sto- ja-nja-pro-šla-je-dan-raz-voj-ni-put-ko-ji-ju-je-od-oku-pi-ra-no-šću-etič-kim- pi-ta-nji-ma-ve-za-nih- is-klju-či-vo- za-me-di-ci-nu-do-veo-do-pro-ši-re-nja- nje-nog-sa-dr-ža-ja-na-sve-hu-ma-ni-stič-ke-i-dru-štve-ne-na-u-ke.-Mo-že- mo-re-ći-da-je-da-nas-bi-o-e-ti-ka-naj-bli-ža-ono-me-za-šta-je-i-sam-Po-ter- (Pot-ter)-sma-trao-da-pred-sta-vlja-njen-pred-met-i-za-da-tak.-Na-i-me- da-nas-ona-pred-sta-vlja-di-sci-pli-nu-ko-ja,-pod-okri-ljem-svog-zna-če- nja,-oku-plja-raz-li-či-te-per-spek-ti-ve-u-sve-tlu-ko-jih-se-on-da-pi-ta-nja- ve-za-na-za-ži-vot6- raz-ma-tra-ju- sa- sta-no-vi-šta-mo-ral-no- is-prav-nog- i- pri-hva-tlji-vog,-ili-ne-is-prav-nog-i-ne-pri-hva-tlji-vog.- Bi o e tič ka edu ka ci ja Iako- je,- ka-ko- smo- vi-de-li,- po-lje- bi-o-e-ti-ke- po-če-lo- da- se- raz-vi- ja- još-60-ih-go-di-na-pro-šlog-ve-ka,-u-Sr-bi-ji-ono-u- ši-roj- jav-no-sti- još-uvek-ni-je-pot-pu-no-shva-će-no,-pa- sto-ga-ni-pri-hva-će-no.-Raz- voj-bi-o-e-ti-ke-na-i-me-ni-je-ne-što-što-je-pom-no-pro-pra-će-no-od-stra-ne- srp-ske- jav-no-sti.-Ta-ko-đe,- sva-ki-po-ku-šaj-nje-nog-na-uč-nog- i-di-ci- pli-nar-nog-ute-me-lje-nja,- u- smi-slu-or-ga-ni-zo-va-nja-na-uč-nih-de-ba-ta- po-sve-će-nih- bi-o-e-tič-kim- pro-ble-mi-ma- i- uvo-đe-nja- bi-o-e-ti-ke- u- na- stav-ni-pro-gram,-sve-do-sko-ro- je-u-aka-dem-skim-kru-go-vi-ma- iza- zi-vao- ne-ku- vr-stu- "in-te-lek-tu-al-nog- ot-klo-na".- Sto-ga,- bu-du-ći- da- je- svo-ju- pa-žnju- ka- bi-o-e-ti-ci- na-uč-ni- ka-dar- u- Sr-bi-ji- usme-rio- tek- u-sko-ri-je-vre-me,-bi-o-e-tič-ka-edu-ka-ci-ja-se- još-uvek-na-la-zi-na-ne- za-vid-nom-ni-vou.-A- bi-o-e-tič-ku- edu-ka-ci-ju- je- neo-p-hod-no- shva-ti-ti- što-ši-re,-ta-ko-da-ona-u-se-bi-ob-u-hva-ta:-for-mi-ra-nje-na-sta-ve-iz-bi- o-e-ti-ke,-ka-ko-na-stu-di-ja-ma-pri-rod-nih- i-dru-štve-no-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- na-u-ka- ta-ko- i- na-ni-žim-ni-vo-i-ma-obra-zo-va-nja-–-u- sred-njim-me- di-cin-skim- ško-la-ma,- za- čla-no-ve- etič-kih- ko-mi-te-ta,- me-di-cin-sko- oso-blje-itd.-Ta-ko-đe,-njen-ne-iz-o-stav-ni-deo-či-ne-i-na-uč-ni-sku-po-vi- po-sve-će-ni-bi-o-e-tič-kim-te-ma-ma- jer- tek-oni-otva-ra-ju-put-na-uč-noj- de-ba-ti,-ko-ja-vr-ši-do-pri-nos-ka-ko- le-gi-stra-tu-ri-bi-o-e-ti-ke- ta-ko- i- for- mu-la-ci-ji- li-te-ra-tu-re,- u- ko-joj- se- bi-o-e-tič-ka- pi-ta-nja- raz-ma-tra-ju- sa- svih-re-le-vant-nih-sta-no-vi-šta. U-Sr-bi-ji,-bi-o-e-ti-ka-je-uve-de-na-kao-ma-tič-ni-pred-met-na-Me-di-cin- skom-fa-kul-te-tu-u-Be-o-gra-du-tek-2007.-go-di-ne.-A-od-2009.-god.-na- istom-fa-kul-te-tu-se-od-vi-ja-ju-i-ma-ster-stu-di-je-iz-bi-o-e-ti-ke-(Ma ster of Bi o et hics),-ina-če-pr-ve-te-vr-ste-u-re-gi-o-nu.-Uklju-či-va-njem-fi-lo-zo- fa,-prav-ni-ka,-so-ci-o-lo-ga-i-dru-gih-u-pra-će-nje-bi-o-e-tič-ke-pro-ble-ma- ti-ke,-otvo-rio-se-put-za-ubra-ja-nje-bi-o-e-ti-ke-i-u-si-la-bu-se-dru-štve-nih- i-hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-fa-kul-te-ta.-Na-Fi-lo-zof-skom-fa-kul-te-tu-u-Be-o-gra-du- 6- Ži-vot-ov-de-uzi-ma-mo-u-nje-go-vom-naj-ši-rem-smi-slu,-gde-mi-sli-mo-ka-ko-na-ži-vot- lju-di-ta-ko-i-na-ži-vot-ne-ljud-skih-bi-ća-(ži-vo-ti-nja-i-bi-lja-ka). 345 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ bioe-ti-ka-se-od-2006.-go-di-ne-iz-u-ča-va-kao-iz-bor-ni-pred-met-na-tre-ćoj- go-di-ni-stu-di-ja.-Na-no-vo-sad-skom-Fi-lo-zof-skom-fa-kul-te-tu-bi-o-e-ti-ka- je,-ta-ko-đe-kao-iz-bor-ni-pred-met,-uve-de-na-2008.-go-di-ne.-Da-kle-kod- nas-se-na-sta-va-iz-bi-o-e-tič-ke-pro-ble-ma-ti-ke-uvo-di-spon-ta-no-–-"za- slu-gom-po-je-di-nih-pro-fe-so-ra,-a-ne-kao-smi-šljen-kon-cept-uni-ver- zi-tet-ske-na-sta-ve"7-što-sva-ka-ko-pred-sta-vlja-pro-blem-jer-uspo-ra-va- nje-nu-pot-pu-nu-na-uč-no–di-sci-pli-nar-nu-re-cep-ci-ju.-- Što- se- ti-če- or-ga-ni-za-ci-je- na-uč-nih- sku-po-va- po-sve-će-nih- bi-o-e-tič- kim-pi-ta-nji-ma,- va-lja- pod-se-ti-ti- da- je- pr-vi- bi-o-e-tič-ki- sim-po-zi-jum- or-ga-ni-zo-van- 20.- ok-to-bra- 2006.- godine,- od- stra-ne-Ko-mi-te-ta- za- bi-o-e-ti-ku-Sr-bi-je,-a-pod-na-slo-vom-"Bi-o-e-ti-ka-kod-nas- i-u-sve-tu".- Tek-nje-go-vim-odr-ža-va-njem-je-ko-nač-no- ini-ci-ra-no- in-te-re-so-va-nje- srp-skih-na-uč-nih-kru-go-va-za-bi-o-e-ti-ku-i-skre-nu-ta-je-pa-žnja-na-va- žnost-ove-obla-sti-i-pro-ble-me-ko-ji-ma-se-ona-ba-vi.-Po-tom-je-usle- di-lo- još- ne-ko-li-ko-ma-njih- sku-po-va- i- ko-nač-no,- u- ok-to-bru- 2011.- go-di-ne,-u-In-sti-tu-tu-za-fi-lo-zo-fi-ju-i-dru-štve-nu-te-o-ri-ju,-odr-ža-na-je-i- kon-fe-ren-ci-ja-me-đu-na-rod-nog-ka-rak-te-ra-New Per spec ti ves in Bi o- et hics.-Ova-kon-fe-ren-ci-ja--je-oku-pi-la-svet-ski-zna-čaj-na-i-is-tak-nu-ta- ime-na-iz-bi-o-e-ti-ke,-od-Oks-ford-skog-uni-ver-zi-te-ta-(Tho-mas-Do-u- glas,- Ing-mar- Per-sson)- pre-ko-Uni-ver-zi-te-ta- u-Man-če-ste-ru- (John- Har-ris,-Sa-rah-Chan),-Uni-ver-zi-te-ta-u-Kan-za-su- (Don-Mar-qu-is)- i- dru-gih- ame-rič-kih- i- ne-mač-kih- uni-ver-zi-te-ta- do- onih- u- re-gi-o-nu- i- is-tak-nu-tih-bi-o-e-ti-ča-ra-sa-Uni-ver-zi-te-ta-u-Be-o-gra-du.-Svet-skom-re- pu-ta-ci-jom-i-svo-jim-bo-ga-tim-sa-dr-ža-jem,-ovaj-skup-je-stvo-rio-mo- guć-nost-za-una-pre-đe-nje-na-uč-ne-bi-o-e-tič-ke-de-ba-te-u-Sr-bi-ji.-Ta-ko- đe,-nji-me- je-omo-gu-će-no-pri-bli-ža-va-nje-me-đu-na-rod-nog- is-ku-stva- raz-vo-ju- smer-ni-ca- za- etič-ko- po-stu-pa-nje- u- kli-nič-koj- me-di-ci-ni- i- na-uč-nom-is-tra-ži-va-nju-u-Sr-bi-ji.- Iako-su-si-ste-ma-tič-ni-ja-is-tra-ži-va-nja-na-po-lju-bi-o-e-ti-ke-u-Sr-bi-ji-no- vi-jeg-da-tu-ma,-pr-vi-na-uč-ni-ra-do-vi-o-bi-o-e-tič-koj-pro-ble-ma-ti-ci-ob- ja-vlje-ni-su-još-pre-20-go-di-na.-Na-i-me,-u-ča-so-pi-su-The o ria,-ko-ji- je-ča-so-pis-Srp-skog-fi-lo-zof-skog-dru-štva-i-je-dan-od-na-ših-naj-zna- čaj-ni-jih-fi-lo-zof-skih- ča-so-pi-sa,- još-1992.-go-di-ne-ob-ja-vljen- je- te- mat-pod-na-slo-vom-Asi sti ra na hu ma na pro kre a ci ja8.-U-nje-mu-su- ob-ja-vlje-na- tri- tek-sta,- ko-ja,- pre-ma- na-šim- sa-zna-nji-ma9,- pred-sta- vlja-ju- pr-vi- pi-sa-ni- trag- o- bi-o-e-tič-kim- te-ma-ma- kod- nas:- prof.- dr- Dra-žen-D.-Mi-la-čić:-Asi sti ra no za če će – bu duć nost u tret ma nu ne plod no sti,-prof.-dr-Ma-ri-na-Ja-njić-Ko-mar-Pra vo na asi sti ra nu pro kre a ci ju-i-prof.-dr-Jo-van-Ba-bić-Ne ki etič ki aspek ti asistirane 7- Ra-de-no-vić-S.,-O-bi-o-e-tič-koj-edu-ka-ci-ji,-Fi lo zo fi ja i dru štvo,-3/2008,-str.-317. 8 The o ria,-Vol.-35,-br.-4,-1992,-str.-7-62.- 9- Za-po-moć-oko-utvr-đi-va-nja-po-če-ta-ka-u-is-tra-ži-va-nji-ma-na-po-lju-bi-o-e-ti-ke-kod- nas-za-hval-na-sam-svom-men-to-ru-prof.-dr-Jo-va-nu-Ba-bi-ću-ko-ji-je-svo-jim-su- ge-sti-ja-ma-do-pri-neo-da-ovaj-rad-pod-se-ti-na-auto-re-i-nji-ho-ve-ra-do-ve,-ko-ji-su-u- Srbi-ji-ve-ro-vat-no-pred-u-ze-li-pr-ve-ko-ra-ke-u-ba-vlje-nju-bi-o-e-tič-kom-pro-ble-ma-ti- kom. 346 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ hu ma ne re pro duk ci je10.-U- istom-bro-ju-se-na-la-ze- i-pre-vo-di- tek- sto-va- dva- zna-čaj-na- auto-ra:- Fi-li-pa- Fut,- Euta na zi ja- i- En-to-ni- Flu,-Prin cip euta na zi je.-Ta-ko-đe,- iste- go-di-ne- su- u- ovom- ča-so- pi-su- ob-ja-vlje-na- još- dva- zna-čaj-na- pre-vo-da- bi-o-e-tič-kih- tek-sto-va:- Džu-dit-Dž.-Tom-son,-U od bra nu abor tu sa- i-Edvard-A.-Lan-ge- rak,-Abor tus: sred nji put.11-A-sve-ove-pre-vo-de- je-za-tim,-po-red- još-ne-ko-li-ko- tek-sto-va-ob-ja-vlje-nih-na-dru-gim-me-sti-ma,-sa-ku-pio- Dra-gan- Ja-ko-vlje-vić- i- 1999.- go-di-ne- ob-ja-vio- u- knji-zi- Eti ka – ogle di iz pri me nje ne eti ke.12 Pr-vi-bi-o-e-tič-ki-ra-do-vi-i-pre-vo-di-ne-kih-tek-sto-va-ko-ji-se-da-nas-ubra- ja-ju-u-'bi-o-e-tič-ke-kla-si-ke'-u-Sr-bi-ji-su-da-kle-ob-ja-vlje-ni-još-pre-pu-ne- dve-de-ce-ni-je.-Pa-ipak,-sve-do-sko-ro,-na-ovom-pla-nu-vla-da-lo-je- za-tiš-je.-Ne-ula-ze-ći-u-na-slo-ve-na-uč-nih-i-struč-nih-ra-do-va-(či-ji-broj- je-u-po-ra-stu),-ov-de-će-mo-is-ta-ći-da-su,-za-sa-da,-pre-ve-de-ne-sa-mo- dve-mo-no-gra-fi-je-či-ji-na-slo-vi-se-ve-zu-ju-za-bi-o-e-tič-ku-pro-ble-ma-ti- ku:-to-su-Kla sič ni slu ča je vi iz me di cin ske eti ke-Gre-go-ri-E.-Pen-sa- (Gre-gory-E.-Pen-ce),-2007.-go-di-ne-i-Kli nič ka eti ka-či-ji-je-ured-nik,- iz-me-đu-osta-lih,-i-Al-bert-Džon-sen,-2008.-go-di-ne---obe-u-iz-da-nju- Slu žbe nog gla sni ka.-Kao-te-mat-ski-broj-Tre ćeg pro gra ma,-u-je-sen- 2010.- go-di-ne- iza-šao- je- na-slov-Bi o e ti ka – iza zo vi po bolj ša nja.- Ovaj- te-mat-oku-pio- je-pre-vo-de- tek-sto-va-šest-auto-ra,-ko-ji- re-pre- zen-tu-ju-idej-no–te-o-rij-ske-stru-je-unu-tar-upo-tre-be-bio-me-di-cin-skih- teh-no-lo-gi-ja-u- „po-bolj-ša-va-nju"- lju-di.-Ča-so-pis-Tre ći pro gram je ovim-svo-jim-po-du-hva-tom-do-pri-neo-in-te-re-so-va-nju-do-ma-ćih-in-te- lek-tu-al-nih-kru-go-va-za-bi-o-e-tič-ka-pi-ta-nja-ko-ja-se-naj-u-že-ve-zu-ju-za- ge-ne-tič-ki-in-že-nje-ring,-prak-su-ko-ja-se-ti-če-ma-ni-pu-la-ci-je-ljud-skim- ge-no-mom-i-ko-ja-se-sve-br-žim-tem-pom-sa-ni-voa-na-uč-ne-fan-ta- sti-ke- kre-će- ka- na-šoj- sva-ko-dnev-ni-ci- i- ula-zi- u- pod-ruč-je- re-al-no- sti.-Kra-jem-2011.-go-di-ne-sred-nje-me-di-cin-ske-ško-le-su-ko-nač-no- do-bi-le-no-vi-udž-be-nik-iz-fi-lo-zo-fi-je-za-IV-raz-red,-ko-ji-u-de-lu-ko-ji- je-po-sve-ćen-pri-me-nje-noj-eti-ci,-sa-že-to-ali-do-volj-no-in-for-ma-tiv-no- upo-zna-je-đa-ke-sa-bi-o-me-di-cin-skom-pro-ble-ma-ti-kom.-Udž-be-nik-je- pro-pi-san-od- stra-ne-Mi-ni-star-stva-pro-sve-te- i-na-u-ke,-kao-za- sa-da- je-di-ni- ko-ji- od-go-va-ra- pro-gra-mu-fi-lo-zo-fi-je- za-me-di-cin-ske- ško-le,- te-je-oba-ve-zan-za-sve-me-di-cin-ske-ško-le-u-Re-pu-bli-ci-Sr-bi-ji.-Nje- gov- autor- je- pro-fe-sor- fi-lo-zo-fi-je-Ol-ga-Vu-čić. Ta-ko-đe,- tre-ba- još- na-po-me-nu-ti- da- je- u- In-sti-tu-tu- za- fi-lo-zo-fi-ju- i- dru-štve-nu- te-o-ri-ju- u- to-ku- pri-pre-ma- zbor-ni-ka,- ko-ji- će- svo-jim- sa-dr-žajem-obo-ga-ti-ti- 10-Tekst-prof.-dr-Jo-va-na-Ba-bi-ća-je-ka-sni-je-uvr-šten-u-nje-go-vu-knji-gu-Mo ral i na še vre me,-u-ko-joj-se-na-la-zi-još-je-dan-nje-gov-tekst-ko-ji-svo-jim-sa-dr-ža-jem-ob-u-hva- ta-bi-o-e-tič-ku-pro-ble-ma-ti-ku,-a-no-si-na-slov-Mo ral na di men zi ja re pro duk tiv nih pra va. 11 The o ria,-Vol.-35,-br.-3,-1992,-str.-81-104. 12-Ja-ko-vlje-vić-D.,-Eti ka – ogle di iz pri me nje ne eti ke, CID,- Pod-go-ri-ca,- 1999.- Po-red-na-ve-de-nih,-u-ovoj-pu-bli-ka-ci-ji-su-ob-ja-vlje-ni- i- tek-sto-vi-Su ro gat maj ka Mi-ro-sla-va-Pro-ko-pi-je-vi-ća-i-pre-vod-tek-sta-Etič ki ar gu men ti pro tiv klo ni ra nja lju di-Kar-la-F.-Get-ma-na. 347 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ kor-pus- re-le-vant-nih- bi-o-e-tič-kih- tek-sto-va- do-stup-nih- na- srp-skom- je-zi-ku.- I-tri-bi-ne-po-sve-će-ne-bi-o-e-ti-ci,-ko-je-se-od-vi-ja-ju-van-fa-kul-tet-skih-uči- o-ni-ca,-u-sa-la-ma-kul-tur-nih-cen-ta-ra,-in-sti-tu-ta-i-dru-gih-or-ga-ni-za-ci-ja,- sva-ka-ko-spa-da-ju-u-do-men-bi-o-e-tič-ke-edu-ka-ci-je.-Na-i-me,-bu-du-ći-da- su-do-stup-ne-ka-ko-oni-ma-upu-će-ni-ma,-ta-ko-i-sva-kom-dru-gom-gra- đa-ni-nu,-slu-čaj-nom-pro-la-zni-ku,-ko-jem-na-slov-na-pla-ka-tu-skre-ne- pa-žnju-i-na-ve-de-ga-da-odvo-ji-ma-lo-svog-vre-me-na-za-upo-zna-va-nje- sa-bi-o-e-ti-kom,-one-zna-čaj-no-uče-stvu-ju-u-upo-zna-va-nju-ši-re-srp-ske- jav-no-sti- sa- bi-o-e-tič-kom- pro-ble-ma-ti-kom.- Jer- one- omo-gu-ća-va-ju- par-ti-ci-pa-ci-ju-te-jav-no-sti-u-ras-pra-vi-ko-ja-se-ti-če-i-nje-sa-me-–-bu-du- ći-da-bi-o-e-tič-ka-pi-ta-nja-ni-su-sa-mo-na-uč-na,-te-o-rij-ska-pi-ta-nja,-već- fak-tič-ka-pi-ta-nja-ko-ja-ula-ze-u-do-men-sva-ko-dnev-nog-ži-vo-ta-i-zah- te-va-ju-i-ši-ri-dru-štve-ni-an-ga-žman.-Pro-te-klih-go-di-na-odr-žan-je-či- tav-niz-ta-kvih-pre-da-va-nja.-Zbog-ne-do-stat-ka-pro-sto-ra,-ov-de-će-mo- sa-mo-po-me-nu-ti-če-ti-ri-pro-šlo-go-di-šnja-pre-da-va-nja.-Jed-no-je-pre-da- va-nje-pod-na-slo-vom-Ulo ga ne u ro far ma ko lo gi je u kog ni tiv nom i mo ral nom po bolj ša nju-prof.-dr-Vo-ji-na-Ra-ki-ća.-Prof.-dr-Jo-van- Ba-bić-je-odr-žao-tri-pre-da-va-nja-ko-ja-su-no-si-la-na-slo-ve-Abor tus, No ve teh no lo gi je u hu ma noj re pro duk ci ji i Zna če nje smr ti.-Sva- če-ti-ri-pre-da-va-nja-su-odr-ža-na-u-In-sti-tu-tu-za-fi-lo-zo-fi-ju-i-dru-štvenu- te-o-ri-ju,- ko-ji- svo-jim- ak-tiv-no-sti-ma13- uzi-ma- sve- ve-će- uče-šće- u- afir-ma-ci-ji-i-re-cep-ci-ji-bi-o-e-ti-ke-u-Sr-bi-ji.- Prav na re gu la ci ja bi o e tič kih pi ta nja i in sti tu ci o na li za ci ja bi o e ti ke Pr-ve- bi-o-e-tič-ke- in-sti-tu-ci-je- osno-va-ne- su- u-Ame-ri-ci- 60-ih- go-di- na- pro-šlog- ve-ka.- Bi-o-e-tič-ki- cen-tri,- ko-mi-te-ti- i- od-bo-ri- su- po-tom- osni-va-ni- i- po- či-ta-vom- sve-tu.- A- uni-ver-zi-te-ti- su- ubr-zo- za-po- če-li- sa- pre-da-va-nji-ma- o- bi-o-e-ti-ci.-Ne-ki- od- njih- su- no-vo-na-sta-loj- di-sci-pli-ni- ši-ro-ko- otvo-ri-li- svo-ja- vra-ta- osni-va-ju-ći- i- ka-te-dre- po- sve-će-ne- ovom- pred-me-tu.- Pr-vi- etič-ki- ko-mi-tet- je- ad hoc- sa- sta-vljen- 1962.- go-di-ne- u- Si-je-tlu- (Se-at-tle),- u- cen-tru- za- he-mo-di- ja-li-zu- i- na-zvan- je- Bož ji ko mi tet.14- Već- 1969.- u- Ha stings on Hud son-u,- gra-di-ću- bli-zu- Nju-jor-ka- (New- York),- osno-van- je- Ha stings Cen ter,- a- 1971.- na- Uni-ver-zi-te-tu- Džordž-taun- (Was- hing-ton)- osno-van- je- Ke-ne-di- in-sti-tut- za- pro-u-ča-va-nje- ljud-ske- 13-U-ove-ak-tiv-no-sti-sva-ka-ko-spa-da-i-pro-je-kat-„Bi-o-e-tič-ki-aspek-ti:-mo-ral-no-pri- hva-tlji-vo- u- bi-o-teh-no-lo-ški- i- dru-štve-no-mo-gu-ćem",- ko-ji- se,- uz- po-dr-šku-Mi- ni-star-stva- pro-sve-te- i- na-u-ke-Re-pu-bli-ke- Sr-bi-je,- spro-vo-di- pod- ru-ko-vod-stvom- prof.-dr-Vo-ji-na-Ra-ki-ća.-Ta-ko-đe,-odsko-ro-je-pri-In-sti-tu-tu-osno-va-na-i-Sek-ci-ja- za-Sr-bi-ju-UNE SCO-ove-Ka-te-dre-za-bi-o-e-ti-ku,-či-ji-je-uprav-nik-ta-ko-đe-prof.-dr- Vo-jin-Ra-kić. 14-To-je-cen-tar-u-ko-jem-je-pr-vi-put-sta-vljen-u-funk-ci-ju-apa-rat-za-di-ja-li-zu-bu-bre-ga.- Vi-de-ti-vi-še-u:-Fre-e-man-E.,-The-God-Com-mit-tee,-u:-New York Ti mes Ma ga zi- ne,-21.-5.-1972,-str.-30–32. 348 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ repro-duk-ci-je-i-bi-o-e-ti-ku-(Ken nedy In sti tu te for Study of Hu man Re pro duc tion and Bi o et hics).- U- Sr-bi-ji- je- osni-va-nje- etič-kih- ko-mi-te-ta- od-no-sno- od-bo-ra- re-gu- li-sa-no- Za-ko-nom- o- zdrav-stve-noj- za-šti-ti- iz- 2005.- Pre-ma- ovom- za-ko-nu- sva-ka- zdrav-stve-na- in-sti-tu-ci-ja- u- ze-mlji- je- u-oba-ve-zi- da- osnu-je-svoj-etič-ki-od-bor.-Ovi-etič-ki-od-bo-ri,-za-raz-li-ku-od-onih- u-Ame-ri-ci,- či-ja- je- de-lat-nost- usme-re-na- na- pa-ci-jen-te- i- nji-ho-ve- po-tre-be,- za- svoj- pri-mar-ni- za-da-tak- ima-ju- re-gu-la-ci-ju- is-tra-ži-va- nja- i-oba-vlja-nja-de-lat-no-sti-zdrav-stve-ne-usta-no-ve.-Ta-ko-oni-pre- sve-ga-da-ju-sa-gla-sno-sti-i-do-no-se-od-lu-ke-ko-je-su-u-ve-zi-sa-na-uč- nim- is-tra-ži-va-njem,- me-di-cin-skim- ogle-di-ma- i- kli-nič-kim- is-pi-ti- va-njem- le-ko-va,- in vi tro- oplod-njom,- ana-li-zom- od-no-sa- le-ka-ra- i- pa-ci-jen-ta,-pri-me-nom-na-če-la-pro-fe-si-o-nal-ne-eti-ke- i-broj-nim-dru- gim- pi-ta-nji-ma.- Ta-ko-đe,- Vla-da- Re-pu-bli-ke- Sr-bi-je- je- 2007.- go- di-ne- osno-va-la- Etič-ki- od-bor- Sr-bi-je,- kao- naj-vi-še- te-lo- nad-le-žno- za-bi-o-e-tič-ka-pi-ta-nja.- Dok-su-dru-ge-evrop-ske-ze-mlje-već-ima-le-tra-di-ci-ju-u-im-ple-men- ta-ci-ji-pra-vi-la,-ko-ja-su-do-no-še-na-od-stra-ne-UNE SCO-a- i-Sa-ve-ta- Evro-pe,-u-svo-je-za-ko-ne-i-uve-li-ko-ih-pri-me-nji-va-la,-Sr-bi-ja-se-zbog- ne-sreć-nih-okol-no-sti,-ko-je-su-je-za-de-si-le-po-čet-kom-90-ih-go-di-na- pro-šlog-ve-ka,-ovoj-prak-si-pri-klju-či-la-sa-ve-li-kim-za-ka-šnje-njem.- Na-i-me- po-nov-nom- čla-ni-com-Uje-di-nje-nih- na-ci-ja- ona- je- po-sta-la- tek-de-cem-bra-2001.-god,-na-kon-du-gog-pe-ri-o-da-od-9-go-di-na-is- klju-če-nja,- a- čla-ni-ca- Sa-ve-ta-Evro-pe- je- po-sta-la- tek- apri-la- 2003.- god.-Me-đu-tim,-već-u-ok-to-bru-me-se-cu,-po-la-go-di-ne-po-ula-sku-u- Sa-vet-Evro-pe,-osno-van-je-Na-ci-o-nal-ni-ko-mi-tet-za-bi-o-e-ti-ku-UNE- SCO-ove- ko-mi-si-je- Sr-bi-je- i- Cr-ne-Go-re.-On- je,- pro-me-nom- sta- tu-ta-Re-pu-bli-ke-Sr-bi-je-2006.-go-di-ne,-pre-i-me-no-van-u-Na-ci-o-nal-ni- ko-mi-tet- za- bi-o-e-ti-ku-Ko-mi-si-je-Re-pu-bli-ke-Sr-bi-je- za- sa-rad-nju- sa- UNE SCO-om,-sa-se-di-štem-u-SA-NU-u.-Ovaj-ko-mi-tet- je- for-mi- ran-sa-za-dat-kom-da-pa-žlji-vo-mo-tri-na-po-ja-vu-even-tu-al-nih-etič-kih- pro-ble-ma-ko-ji-mo-gu-da-na-sta-nu-u-pro-ce-su-ostva-ri-va-nja-na-uč-ne- de-lat-no-sti-na-te-ri-to-ri-ji-Sr-bi-ji,-sa-po-seb-nim-te-ži-štem-na-pod-ruč-ja- ra-da-u-ko-ji-ma-je-čo-vek-pred-met-is-tra-ži-va-nja.-On-funk-ci-o-ni-še-kao- sa-mo-stal-no-te-lo,-ne-za-vi-sno-od-or-ga-na-vla-sti,-is-tra-ži-vač-kih-cen-ta- ra-i-dru-gih-in-sti-tu-ci-ja,-a-o-svo-jim-od-lu-ka-ma-iz-ve-šta-va-Ko-mi-si-ju- za-sa-rad-nju-sa-UNE SCO-om.- Svo-ju- de-lat-nost- Ko-mi-tet- za- bi-o-e-ti-ku- oba-vlja- pri-dr-ža-va-ju-ći- se- slede-ća-tri-glav-na-do-ku-men-ta:- 1)-Uni-ver-zal-ne-de-kla-ra-ci-je-o-bi-o-e-ti-ci-i-ljud-skim-pra- vi-ma-(usvo-je-ne-na-kon-fe-ren-ci-ji-UNE SCO-u-Pari-zu- ok-to-bra-2005.), 2)- Me-đu-na-rod-ne- de-kla-ra-ci-je- o- ko-ri-šće-nju- hu-ma- nih- ge-net-skih- po-da-ta-ka- (usvo-je-ne- na- Ge-ne-ral-noj- Asamble-ji-UN-sep-tem-bra-2003.)-i 349 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ 3)- Kon-ven-ci-je- o- pra-vi-ma- čo-ve-ka- i- bi-o-me-di-ci-ni- (usvo-je-ne-1997.-od-Sa-ve-ta-Evro-pe). Ci-lje-vi-nje-go-ve-de-lat-no-sti-su-pro-mo-ci-ja-i-pri-me-na-etič-kih-i-le-gal- nih- sa-dr-ža-ja-pro-is-te-klih- iz-bi-o-me-di-cin-skih- is-tra-ži-va-nja,-pod-sti- ca-nje-raz-me-ne-ide-ja-i-in-for-ma-ci-ja,-po-dr-ža-va-nje-raz-vi-ja-nja-ni-voa- sve-sti-u- jav-no-sti-o-bit-no-sti-bi-o-e-ti-ke- i- sa-rad-nja-sa-na-ci-o-nal-nim,- re-gi-o-nal-nim-i-me-đu-na-rod-nim-vla-di-nim-i-ne-vla-di-nim-bi-o-e-tič-kim- in-sti-tu-ci-ja-ma-i-or-ga-ni-za-ci-ja-ma.- Ko-nač-no,-kao-bit-na-bi-o-e-tič-ka-in-sti-tu-ci-ja-u-Sr-bi-ji-is-ti-če-se-i-Bi-o- e-tič-ko-dru-štvo-Sr-bi-je.-Ono-je-2008.-go-di-ne-osno-va-no-na-Me-di- cin-skom-fa-kul-te-tu-Uni-ver-zi-te-ta-u-Be-o-gra-du.-Za-glav-ni-cilj-ovo- Dru-štvo-ima-pod-sti-ca-nje-raz-vo-ja-bi-o-e-ti-ke-u-Sr-bi-ji,-u-smi-slu-una- pre-đi-va-nja-bi-o-e-tič-ke-edu-ka-ci-je-i-bi-o-e-tič-kih-is-tra-ži-va-nja.-Nje-go-vi- osni-va-či-su-broj-ni-is-tra-ži-va-či-i-eks-per-ti-iz-pri-rod-nih,-dru-štve-nih-i- hu-ma-ni-stič-kih-di-sci-pli-na,-či-ji-je-is-tra-ži-vač-ki-rad-usme-ren-ka-bi-o- e-tič-kim-pi-ta-nji-ma-i-ti-če-se-an-ga-žma-na-na-otva-ra-nju-mo-guć-no-sti- za-bu-du-ću-sa-rad-nju-sa-slič-nim-or-ga-ni-za-ci-ja-ma-u-re-gi-o-nu.-Svoj- rad-ono-je-za-po-če-lo-tri-bi-na-ma-pod-na-zi-vom-Bi o e tič ki aspek ti ko- mu ni ka ci je u me di ci ni.-Ta-ko-đe,-u-nje-go-voj-or-ga-ni-za-ci-ji-29.- ja- nu-a-ra- 2010.- go-di-ne- odr-ža-na- je- i- pr-va- vi-deo- -- kon-fe-ren-ci-ja- sa- me-đu-na-rod-nim-uče-šćem,-po-sve-će-na-edu-ka-ci-ji-iz-bi-o-e-ti-ke,-a-pod- na-slo-vom- Bi o et hics Edu ca tion – Sha ring Va ri o us Ex pe ri en- ces,- a- u- no-vem-bru- 2010.- go-di-ne- u- sve-ča-noj- sa-li-Me-di-cin-skog- fa-kul-te-ta-u-Be-o-gra-du-odr-ža-na- je-me-đu-na-rod-na-kon-fe-ren-ci-ja-6. Bi o e tič ki fo rum za ju go i stoč nu Evro pu- sa- na-zi-vom-Bi o e ti ka– me di ci na–po li ti ka. Ov-de- sva-ka-ko- tre-ba-po-sta-vi-ti- i-pi-ta-nje-prav-ne- re-gu-la-ci-je-bi-o-e- tič-kih-pi-ta-nja-u-Sr-bi-ji.-Jed-no-pot-pu-no-bi-o-e-tič-ko-za-ko-no-dav-stvo- pred-sta-vlja- prav-nu- re-gu-la-ci-ju- svih- bi-o-e-tič-kih- pi-ta-nja,- od- onih- ko-ja- su-u-ve-zi- sa-bi-o-me-di-ci-nom,-pre-ko-onih-ko-ja- se- ti-ču-eko- lo-škog- ure-đe-nja,- pa- do- pi-ta-nja- ži-vo-tinj-skih- pra-va.- Me-đu-tim,- prav-na-re-gu-la-ci-ja-bi-o-e-ti-ke-u-Sr-bi-ji-pred-sta-vlja-no-vi-ji- fe-no-men,- ko-ji-po-kri-va-tek-ne-zna-tan-deo-ši-ro-ke-le-pe-ze-pi-ta-nja-ko-ja-bi-o-e-ti- ka-re-flek-tu-je.-Na-i-me,-tek-u-sko-ri-je-vre-me-do-ne-se-no-je-ne-ko-li-ko- za-ko-na,- ko-ji-ma- se- re-gu-li-šu- ve-štač-ka- oplod-nja,- tran-splan-ta-ci-ja- or-ga-na-i-tran-splan-ta-ci-ja-će-li-ja-i-tki-va.-Tač-ni-je,-tek-2009.-go-di-ne- Na-rod-na-skup-šti-na-Re-pu-bli-ke-Sr-bi-je-usvo-ji-la-je-Za kon o le če nju ne plod no sti po stup ci ma bi o me di cin ski pot po mog nu tog oplo đe- nja, Za kon o tran spla nta ci ji će li ja i tki va i Za kon o tran spla- ta ci ji or ga na.-Za kon o za šti ti zdra vlja,- do-ne-sen- 2005.- godine- uvo-di-no-vi-ne-u-od-no-su-le-kar–pa-ci-jent.-Po-zi-tiv-na-stvar-i-no-vi-na- u-od-no-su-na-pret-hod-ni-za-kon-je-ste-to-što-se-u-nje-mu-po-pr-vi-put- go-vo-ri- o-pra-vu-pa-ci-jen-ta-na- sa-mo-o-dre-đe-nje- (auto-no-mi-ju),- pri- vat-nost-i-in-for-mi-sa-nost-i-uvo-di-se-in-sti-tu-ci-ja-za-štit-ni-ka-pa-ci-jen-to- vih-pra-va-(om-bud-sma-na).-Me-đu-tim,-us-po-sta-vlja-nje-ove-prav-ne- re-gu-la-ci-je-ne-pra-ti-ni-ka-kva-aka-dem-ska,-a-ni-ši-ra-jav-na-ras-pra-va- 350 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ o-ovim-pi-ta-nji-ma.-Za-to-prav-na-re-gu-la-ci-ja-bi-o-e-tič-kih-pro-ble-ma-u- Sr-bi-ji-pret-ho-di-aka-dem-skoj- i- jav-noj-de-ba-ti- i-od-vi-ja-se-pot-pu-no- ne-za-vi-sno-od-nje.- Po-put-ve-ći-ne-dru-gih-ze-ma-lja-u-sve-tu-i-Sr-bi-ja-ne-ka-bi-o-e-tič-ka-pi- ta-nja-po-ku-ša-va-da- re-gu-li-še-u-okvi-ru-Usta-va- i-nje-go-vih-na-če-la.- Ta-ko-je- i-sa-pi-ta-njem-klo-ni-ra-nja,- jed-nim-od-naj-kon-tro-verz-ni-jih- pi-ta-nja- u- bi-o-e-ti-ci.-Me-đu-tim,- klo-ni-ra-nje- je,- ka-ko- pri-me-ću-ju-V.- Ra-kić-i-P.-Bo-ja-nić15-je-di-no-bi-o-e-tič-ko-pi-ta-nje-na-ko-je-se-u-Usta- vu- re-fe-ri-ra.- Ta-ko-đe,- sam- po-jam- klo ni ra nje- uvo-di- se,- u- okvi- ru- odelj-ka- ko-ji- se- ti-če- ljud-skih- pra-va- i- slo-bo-da,- bez- de-fi-ni-sa- nja- nje-go-vog- zna-če-nja,- či-me- je- pro-pu-šte-no-da- se- na-pra-vi- raz- li-ka- iz-me-đu- re-pro-duk-tiv-nog- i- te-ra-pe-ut-skog- klo-ni-ra-nja.-Na-i-me,- u-Čla-nu-24.-ka-že-se-sa-mo:-"Ljud-ski-ži-vot-je-ne-pri-ko-sno-ven.-U- Re-pu-bli-ci-Sr-bi-ji- ne-ma- smrt-ne-ka-zne.-Za-bra-nje-no- je-klo-ni-ra-nje- ljud-skih-bi-ća"16.-Po-što-je-Ustav-usvo-jen-bez-pret-hod-no-oba-vlje- ne-jav-ne-ras-pra-ve,-ni-je-ja-sno-da-li-se-ova-za-bra-na-tre-ba-raz-u-me- ti- u- ap-so-lut-nom- smi-slu- ili- se- ona-mo-žda- od-no-si- is-klju-či-vo- na- re-pro-duk-tiv-no-klo-ni-ra-nje.- Da-kle-osnov-no-je-pi-ta-nje-šta-se-tač-no-sma-tra-pod-iz-ra-zom-klo ni- ra nje ljud skih bi ća,-što-je-iz-raz-ko-ji-se-ko-ri-sti-u-Usta-vu-Sr-bi-je?- Kao-što-će-mo-vi-de-ti-klo ni ra nje-je-vi-še-smi-slen-i-slo-žen-po-jam-pa- ga-je-neo-p-hod-no-de-fi-ni-sa-ti,-ka-ko-ne-bi-iza-zi-vao-mno-štvo-ne-su- gla-si-ca.-Pre-sve-ga,-reč-klo ni ra nje-pod-ra-zu-me-va-dva-na-či-na-do- bi-ja-nja-klo-no-va:-pri-rod-ni-i-ve-štač-ki.-Pod-pri-rod-nim-klo-ni-ra-njem- pod-ra-zu-me-va-mo-klo-ni-ra-nje-ko-je-na-sta-je-u-pri-rod-nim-uslo-vi-ma,- bez-uče-šća-čo-ve-ka,-la-bo-ra-to-ri-je-i-teh-nič-kih-pro-ce-du-ra.-Ta-kvo-je- na- pri-mer- klo-ni-ra-nje- bak-te-ri-ja- i- dru-gih- jed-no-će-lij-skih- or-ga-ni- za-ma,-ko-je- je-u-stva-ri-pri-ro-dan-na-čin-nji-ho-vog-raz-mno-ža-va-nja- (asek-su-al-na-re-pro-duk-ci-ja).-Pri-rod-nim-pu-tem-do-bi-je-nih-klo-no-va- ima-i-me-đu-lju-di-ma,-i-to-otkad-ima-i-sa-me-ljud-ske-vr-ste.-To-su- na-i-me-jed-no-jaj-ča-ni-ili-mo-no-zi-got-ni-bli-zan-ci.-Oni-na-sta-ju-ka-da-se- zi-got-(spoj-jaj-ne-će-li-je-i-sper-ma-to-zo-i-da,-od-no-sno-oplo-đe-na-jaj-na- će-li-ja)- po-de-li- na-dva-kva-li-ta-tiv-no- iden-tič-na- zi-go-ta,- ko-ja- ima-ju- isti-ge-net-ski-ma-te-ri-jal-i-istog-su-po-la.-Pod-ve-štač-kim-klo-ni-ra-njem- pod-ra-zu-me-va-mo-klo-ni-ra-nje-ko-je-se-vr-ši-u-la-bo-ra-to-rij-skim-uslo- vi-ma- i- teh-nič-ko- uče-šće- čo-ve-ka- od-no-sno- na-uč-ni-ka.-Ve-štač-kim- pu-tem-do-bi-je-nih-klo-no-va-ima-ka-ko-me-đu-bilj-ka-ma-ta-ko-i-me-đu- ži-vo-ti-nja-ma.-Sva-ka-bilj-ka-do-bi-je-na-za-sa-đi-va-njem-od-re-za-ne-gran- či-ce- je- klon- bilj-ke- ko-joj- je- gran-či-ca- od-re-za-na.-Ova- pro-ce-du-ra- raz-mno-ža-va-nja,-od-no-sno-pre-sa-đi-va-nja-bi-lja-ka,-sa-svim-je-uobi-ča- je-na.-Pr-vi-za-be-le-žen-slu-čaj-ve-štač-kim-pu-tem-do-bi-je-ne-ži-vo-ti-nje- je-slu-čaj-klo-ni-ra-nja-pu-no-glav-ca.-Na-i-me,-1952.-go-di-ne-na-uč-ni-ci- 15-Ra-kić-V.-i-Bo-ja-nić-P.,-Bi-o-et-hics-in-Ser-bia:-In-sti-tu-ti-ons-in-Need-of-Phi-lo-sop-hi- cal-De-ba-te,-in:-Cam brid ge Qu ar terly of He al thca re Et hics,-july-2011,-Vol.-20,- Is-sue-03,-str.-442. 16-Ustav-Re-pu-bli-ke-Sr-bi-je,-2006,-član-24. 351 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ su-tran-sfe-rom-je-zgra-so-mat-ske-će-li-je-klo-ni-ra-li-pu-no-glav-ca.-Da- kle,-pre-sve-ga,-neo-p-hod-no-je-uka-za-ti-da-se-pod-klo ni ra njem sma- tra-klo-ni-ra-nje-u-in vi tro-uslo-vi-ma,-ka-ko-ne-bi-smo-do-šli-u-si-tu-a-ci- ju-da-se-Ustav-na-kla-u-zu-la-tu-ma-či-ta-ko-da-pod-ra-zu-me-va-i-za-bra-nu- ra-đa-nja-mo-no-zi-got-nih-bli-za-na-ca. Eti-mo-lo-ški-po-sma-tra-no,-reč-klon-po-ti-če-iz-grč-kog-je-zi-ka-(κλών)-i- do-slov-no-zna-či-kli-ca,-mla-di-ca.-Reč-ni-ci-klo-ni-ra-nje-uglav-nom-de- fi-ni-šu-kao-„stva-ra-nje-ge-net-ski-iden-tič-nih-or-ga-ni-za-ma"17.-Na-u-ka- raz-li-ku-je-mo-le-ku-lar-no-klo-ni-ra-nje- (ni-zo-vi-DNK-ko-ji- sa-dr-že-ge- ne-du-pli-ra-ju-se-u-bak-te-ri-ji-do-ma-ći-nu),-će-lij-sko-klo-ni-ra-nje-(pra-ve- se-ko-pi-je-će-li-je-što-re-zul-ti-ra-onim-što-se-na-zi-va-će lij ska se-ri-ja),- du-pli-ra-nje- em-bri-o-na- (te-ra-pe-ut-sko- klo-ni-ra-nje)- i- tran-sfer- je-zgra- so-mat-ske-će-li-je-(SCNT-so ma tic cell nuc le ar tran sfer).- Te-ra-pe-ut-sko- (em-bri-on-sko)- klo-ni-ra-nje- pod-ra-zu-me-va- klo-ni-ra-nje- od-no-sno-du-pli-ra-nje-em-bri-o-na-u-me-di-cin-ske-svr-he,-tj.-u-svr-hu-do- bi-ja-nja-ma-tič-nih-će-li-ja.-Kod-ove-pro-ce-du-re,-em-brion-se-de-li-na- iden-tič-ne-po-lo-vi-ne.-A-em-bri-o-ni-do-bi-je-ni-ovom-pro-ce-du-rom-pred- sta-vlja-ju-pra-vu-ri-zni-cu-ma-tič-nih-će-li-ja,-ko-je-ima-ju-bit-nu-ulo-gu-u- re-ge-ne-ra-tiv-noj-me-di-ci-ni,-jer-na-uč-ni-ci-ra-de-na-to-me-da-ot-kri-ju-ka- ko-da-ove-će-li-je-usme-re-na-stva-ra-nje-no-vih-ko-sti-ju,-ner-vnih-će-li-ja,- mi-ši-ća-i-ta-ko-una-pre-de-le-če-nje-mno-gih-ste-če-nih,-ali-i-ge-net-skih- bo-le-sti.-Me-đu-tim,-em-bri-o-ni-do-bi-je-ni-de-lje-njem-em-bri-o-na-mo-gu- za-cilj-ima-ti-i-stva-ra-nje-dva-in-di-vi-du-u-ma-ko-ja-ima-ju-iden-ti-čan-ge- net-ski-ma-te-ri-jal-(to-su-svi-oni-slu-ča-je-vi-jed-no-jaj-ča-nih-bli-za-na-ca- ko-ji-su,-u-pro-ce-su-ve-štač-ke-oplod-nje,-na-sta-li-usled-de-lje-nja-em- bri-o-na-na-kon-nje-go-ve-im-plan-ta-ci-je-u-ute-rus).-Pa-ipak,-to-ni-je-ono- na-šta-mi-sli-mo-kad-ima-mo-na-umu-re-pro-duk-tiv-no-klo-ni-ra-nje.-Jer- re-pro-duk-tiv-no-klo-ni-ra-nje-pod-ra-zu-me-va-tran-sfer-je-zgra-so-mat-ske- će-li-je.-Ovo-je-pro-ces-uzi-ma-nja-je-zgra-od-ra-sle-će-li-je-i-nje-go-vog- im-plan-ti-ra-nja-u-jaj-nu-će-li-ju-ko-joj-je-je-zgro-pret-hod-no-uklo-nje-no.- Ovaj-em-brion,-do-bi-jen-od-će-li-je-od-ra-sle-oso-be,-im-plan-ti-ra-se-u- ute-rus-maj-ke- ra-di-ge-sta-ci-je.-Po-sto-je-dve-va-ri-jan-te-ovog-pro-ce- sa:-fu-zi-ja18-(do-no-ro-va-će-li-ja-se-sta-vi-po-red-iz-dvo-je-nog-ja-ja-šce-ta- i- to-dvo-je-se-spo-ji-uz-po-moć-sla-be-elek-trič-ne-stru-je),-pri-ko-joj- se-mi-to-hon-dri-je-do-no-ro-ve-će-li-je-i-jaj-ne-će-li-je-pri-ma-o-ca-me-ša-ju-i- strikt-ni-tran-sfer-je-zgra-pri-ko-jem-su-mi-to-hon-dri-je-pri-sut-ne-je-di-no- u-jaj-noj-će-li-ji-iz-ko-je-je-je-zgro-uklo-nje-no.19-Sa-mo-ovaj-postu-pak- 17-Prev.-Đe-rić-M.,-A Dic ti o nary of Ge ne tics-7th-edi-tion,-eds.-R.-King-et-al.,-Ox- ford-Uni-ver-sity-Press,-2006,-str.-87. 18-Ovo-je-teh-ni-ka-klo-ni-ra-nja-ko-jom-je-u-In-sti-tu-tu-Ro-sa-lind-u-Škot-skoj-na-uč-nik- Jan-Vil-mut- (Ian Wil mut)- do-bio- ov-cu-Do-li- 1997.- go-di-ne,- pr-vog- klo-ni-ra-nog- si-sa-ra.-Vi-še-o-to-me-vi-de-ti-u:-Wil-mut-I.,-Vi-a-ble-Offspring-De-ri-ved-from-Fe-tal- and-Adult-Mam-ma-lian-Cells,-Na tu re,-Vol.-385,-1997,-str.-810-813. 19 The Sci en ce and Ap pli ca tion of Clo ning,-Na-ti-o-nal-Bi-o-et-hics-Advi-sory-Com- mi-sion,-Clo-ning-Hu-man-Be-ings:-Re-port-and-Re-com-me-da-ti-ons-of-the-Na-ti-o-nal- Bi-o-et-hics-Advi-sory-Com-mis-sion,-Roc-kvil-le,-Md.,-Ju-ne-1997,-str.-20. 352 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ se-ko-ri-sti-za-klo-ni-ra-nje-vi-ših-or-ga-ni-za-ma-ko-ji- se-pri-rod-no- raz- mno-ža-va-ju- is-klju-či-vo-sek-su-al-nim-pu-tem.-I-upra-vo-on-je-ono-o- če-mu-ve-ći-na- lju-di-bri-ne-ka-da- je-u-pi-ta-nju-klo-ni-ra-nje- lju-di.-Jer,- ovaj-po-stu-pak-omo-gu-ća-va-oži-vlja-va-nje-ge-na-na-ših-pre-da-ka,-oso- ba-ko-je-su-već-po-sto-ja-le,-što-im-pli-ci-ra-či-tav-niz-pro-ble-ma.-Mno- gi-sma-tra-ju-da-on-po-ten-ci-jal-no-uma-nju-je-ra-zno-vr-snost-ljud-skog- ge-net-skog- po-ten-ci-ja-la,- na-ru-ša-va- "pra-vo- sva-ke- oso-be- na- je-din- stve-ni-ge-net-ski-iden-ti-tet",-otva-ra-mo-guć-nost-za-stva-ra-nje-sa-mo- "ge-ne-net-ski-sa-vr-še-nih-be-ba",-pred-sta-vlja-no-vu-ozbilj-nu-opa-snost- za-so-ci-jal-nu-prav-du-i-stva-ra-no-vu-vr-stu-ne-jed-na-ko-sti-–-bi-o-lo-ške,- do-vo-di- u- pi-ta-nje- po-ro-dič-ne-od-no-se- (po-što- bi- klon-bio- i- de-te- i- brat/se-stra-bli-za-nac-svog-ro-di-te-lja).20 S-dru-ge-stra-ne,-me-đu-tim,-po-sta-vlja-se-pi-ta-nje-da-li-se-tran-sfer-je- zgra-so-mat-ske-će-li-je-(SCNT-so ma tic cell nuc le ar tran sfer),-teh- ni-ka-ko-jom-je-do-bi-je-na-klo-ni-ra-na-ov-ca-Do-li-i-za-ko-ju-se-pla-ši-mo- da-će-do-ve-sti-i-do-klo-ni-ra-nja-lju-di,-uop-šte-mo-že-na-zva-ti-klo-ni-ra- njem?-Na-i-me,-ako-se-pod-klo-ni-ra-njem-pod-ra-zu-me-va-"stva-ra-nje- ge-net-ski-iden-tič-nih-or-ga-ni-za-ma"-asek-su-al-nim-pu-tem,-od-no-sno-u- ve-štač-kim-uslo-vi-ma,-pi-ta-nje-je-da-li-fu-zi-ja-stva-ra-klo-no-ve.-Jer-klo- no-vi-do-bi-je-ni-ovom-teh-ni-kom-ne-ma-ju-u-pot-pu-no-sti-iden-ti-čan-ge- net-ski-ma-te-ri-jal:-ne-će-svih-100%-ge-na-bi-ti-po-no-vo-stvo-re-no-–-oko- 2%-ge-na-će-do-ći-iz-mi-to-hon-drij-ske-DNK-ko-ja-se-na-la-zi-u-jaj-noj- će-li-ji.-Pre-ma-to-me,-da-bi-bi-li-pot-pu-no-ge-net-ski-iden-tič-ni-klo-no-vi,- po-red-to-ga-što-ima-ju-iste-ge-ne-je-zgra-će-li-je,-mo-ra-ju-ima-ti-i-iste-mi- to-hon-drij-ske-ge-ne.21-Na-uč-ni-ci-i-eti-ča-ri-i-da-nas-ras-pra-vlja-ju-o-zna- ča-ju-ove-bi-o-lo-ške-či-nje-ni-ce.-Ali-mno-gi-sma-tra-ju-da-čak-i-ova-ko- ma-li-pro-ce-nat-raz-li-či-tih-ge-na-mo-že-bi-ti-zna-ča-jan.22 Da-kle,-kao-što-vi-di-mo,-ter-min-klo ni ra nje-je-vi-še-smi-slen.-Sto-ga,- uko-li-ko- je- to-prak-sa-ko-ju-že-li-mo-da-za-bra-ni-mo,-sam-ter-min- je- neo-p-hod-no-pret-hod-no-de-fi-ni-sa-ti,- ka-ko-ne-bi- bi-lo-ne-do-u-mi-ca-u- po-gle-du-do-me-ta-ko-je- ta-za-bra-na- ima.-De-fi-ni-sa-nje- i- re-gu-li-sa-nje- prak-se-klo-ni-ra-nja-zah-te-va-ras-pra-vu-ko-ja-će-u-se-be-uklju-či-ti-pro- mi šlja nje poj mo va klon, klo ni ra nje, ljud sko bi će, iden ti tet, pra- vo na je din stve nost-itd.-Ta-ko-đe,-neo-p-hod-no-je-pri-me-ti-ti-da,-iako- se-u-sve-tu-uve-li-ko-ras-pra-vlja-o-te-ra-pe-ut-skim--i-etič-kim-im-pli-ka-ci- ja-ma-te-ra-pe-ut-skog-klo-ni-ra-nja,-u-Sr-bi-ji-de-ba-ta-o-ovom-pi-ta-nju-ne- po-sto-ji.-Za-to-se-na-ovu-ustav-nu-za-bra-nu,-uko-li-ko-ona-uklju-ču-je- 20-Me-đu-tim,-ima-i-onih-ko-ji-su-za-go-vor-ni-ci-re-pro-duk-tiv-nog-klo-ni-ra-nja-lju-di-i-oni- kao-svoj-ar-gu-ment-obič-no-iz-no-se-tvrd-nju-da-će-ova-prak-sa-bi-ti-efi-ka-sna-u-re-ša- va-nju-pro-ble-ma-ne-plod-no-sti-i-sma-nji-ti-broj-ro-đe-nih-sa-ge-net-skim-obo-lje-nji-ma- po-put-Par-kin-so-no-ve-bo-le-sti-ili-Da-u-no-vog-sin-dro-ma-(jer-ma-lo-bi-ko-ji-ro-di-telj- sve-sno-uzeo-ge-no-tip-od-ra-sle-oso-be-ko-ja-pa-ti-od-ne-ke-uro-đe-ne-bo-le-sti).-Vi-de-ti:- Pens-G.,-Kla sič ni slu ča je vi iz me di cin ske eti ke,-Slu-žbe-ni-gla-snik,-Be-o-grad- 2007.,-str.-360-369. 21 Sci en ti fic and Me di cal Aspects of Hu man Re pro duc ti ve Clo ning,- Na-ti-o-nal- Aca-de-mi-es-Press,-2002,-str.-32. 22-Op.-cit.,-str.-349. 353 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ i-te-ra-pe-ut-sko-klo-ni-ra-nje,-mo-že-gle-da-ti-kao-na-pre-ra-no-do-no-še-nje- za-ključ-ka-o-ne-če-mu-o-če-mu-ni-je-ni-bi-lo-jav-ne-ras-pra-ve-i-one-mo- gu-ća-va-nje-sa-gle-da-va-nja-svih,-ka-ko-ne-ga-tiv-nih-ta-ko-i-po-zi-tiv-nih,- im-pli-ka-ci-ja-ove-prak-se. Ko-nač-no,-po-za-ba-vi-će-mo-se-i-ana-li-zom-prav-nog-sta-tu-sa-euta-na- zi-je- u- Sr-bi-ji.- Srp-sko- za-ko-no-dav-stvo- pi-ta-nje- euta-na-zi-je- re-gu-li- še-u-ne-ko-li-ko-za-ko-na- i-pro-pi-sa.-Za-kon-o-zdrav-stve-noj-za-šti-ti23 re-gu-li-še-pra-vo-pa-ci-jen-ta-na-od-bi-ja-nje-sva-ke-vr-ste-me-di-cin-skog- tret-ma-na,-pa-i-onog-ko-jim-se-ži-vot-spa-ša-va-i-odr-ža-va.-Kri-vič-ni- za-ko-nik24-uvo-di-od-red-bu-o-li še nju ži vo ta iz sa mi lo sti.-A-Ko-deks- pro-fe-si-o-nal-ne-eti-ke-Le-kar-ske-ko-mo-re-Sr-bi-je25-ure-đu-je-od-nos-le- ka-ra-pre-ma-umi ru ćem pa ci jen tu.-Ni-u-jed-nom-od-ovih-pro-pi-sa,- me-đu-tim,-ne-na-la-zi-mo-de-fi-ni-ci-ju-euta-na-zi-je.-Kri-vič-ni-za-ko-nik-iz- be-ga-va-iz-raz-ubi-stvo-i-ko-ri-sti-ter-min-sa mi lost,-iako-je-u-li-te-ra-tu-ri- i-me-đu-bi-o-e-ti-ča-ri-ma-pri-hva-ćen-iz-raz-mi lo sr đe,-ko-ji-na-di-rekt-ni-ji- na-čin-upu-ću-je-na-hri-šćan-sku-vr-li-nu-i-fi-lo-zof-ski-ar-gu-ment-('ar-gu- ment-iz-mi-lo-sr-đa'-ko-ji,-u-pri-log-umi-ra-nju-uz-po-moć-le-ka-ra,-tvr-di- da-sa-ža-lje-nje-nad-oso-bom-ko-ja-pa-ti-uklju-ču-je-pre-ven-ci-ju-nje-ne- da-lje-pat-nje).-Ovaj-za-kon-ski-akt-iz-ri-či-to-za-bra-nju-je-li-še-nje-ži-vo-ta- iz-sa-mi-lo-sti-i-po-ma-ga-nje-u-sa-mo-u-bi-stvu,-a-ne-euta-na-zi-ju.-Da-kle- on-ne-sa-mo-da-ne-da-je-de-fi-ni-ci-ju-euta-na-zi-je-već,-upr-kos-to-me-što- go-vo-ri-o-po-ma-ga-nju-u-sa-mo-u-bi-stvu,-pro-pu-šta-da-na-pra-vi-bit-nu- raz-li-ku-iz-me-đu-euta-na-zi-je-i-le-kar-ski–asi-sti-ra-nog-sa-mo-u-bi-stva.26 Upo-tre-bu- ter-mi-na-euta na zi ja- na-la-zi-mo- je-di-no-u-Ko-dek-su-pro- fe-si-o-nal-ne- eti-ke- Le-kar-ske- ko-mo-re- Sr-bi-je- gde- se- ka-že:- "Le-kar- od-ba-cu-je-i-osu-đu-je-euta-na-zi-ju-i-sma-tra-je-la-žnim-hu-ma-ni-zmom.- Na-mer-no-skra-ći-va-nje-ži-vo-ta-u-su-prot-no-sti-je-s-me-di-cin-skom-eti- kom.-Že-lju-do-bro-in-for-mi-sa-nog-bo-le-sni-ka-od-ne-iz-le-či-ve-bo-le-sti,- ja-sno-iz-ra-že-nu-pri-pu-noj-sve-sti-u-po-gle-du-ve-štač-kog-pro-du-ži-va- nja-nje-go-vog-ži-vo-ta,-le-kar-će-uva-ži-ti".-(član 62)-Me-đu-tim,-ni-ov- de-ne-na-la-zi-mo-eks-pli-cit-nu-de-fi-ni-ci-ju-euta-na-zi-je-ni-ti-opis-me-di- cin-skih-po-stu-pa-ka-ko-ji-do-vo-de-do-na-mer-nog-skra-ći-va-nja-ži-vo-ta.- Ova-ured-ba-da-kle-na-su-mi-ce-na-ba-ca-ne-re-či-euta na zi ja i na mer no skra ći va nje ži vo ta ko-ri-sti-na-na-čin-ko-ji-osta-vlja-pro-sto-ra-za-ra- zna-tu-ma-če-nja,-te-ta-ko-do-zvo-lja-va-da-se-raz-li-či-ti-po-stup-ci-mo-gu- pod-ve-sti-pod-po-jam-euta-na-zi-je. 23-Za-kon-o-zdrav-stve-noj-za-šti-ti,-Sl.-Gla-snik,-br.-107/2005,-72/2009,-88/2010,- 99/2010-i-57/2011:-član-33. 24-Kri-vič-ni-za-ko-nik,-Slu-žbe-ni-gla-snik,-br.-85/2005,-88/2005,-107/2005,-72/2009- i-111/2009:-član-117. 25-Ko-deks-pro-fe-si-o-nal-ne-eti-ke-Le-kar-ske-ko-mo-re-Sr-bi-je,-Sl.-Gla-snik,-br.121/2007. 26-Le-kar-ski–asi-sti-ra-no- sa-mo-u-bi-stvo- je- slu-čaj- ka-da- le-kar- po-ma-že- pa-ci-jen-tu- da- iz-vr-ši-sa-mo-u-bi-stvo.-On-se-od--euta-na-zi-je-raz-li-ku-je-po-to-me-što-le-kar-ne-vr-ši- ak-tiv-nu-in-ter-ven-ci-ju-ko-jom-se-okon-ča-va-ži-vot-umi-ru-ćeg-pa-ci-jen-ta,-već-pa-ci- jen-tu-sa-mo-pre-pi-su-je-smr-to-no-sni-lek. 354 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ Iako-je-od-po-kre-ta-nja-pi-ta-nja-le-ga-li-za-ci-je-euta-na-zi-je-pro-šlo-već- pet-de-ce-ni-ja,-kon-sen-zus-o-de-fi-ni-ci-ji-euta-na-zi-je-u-ras-pra-vi,-ko-ja- do-se-že-glo-bal-ne-raz-me-re,-još-uvek-ni-je-po-stig-nut.-Me-đu-tim,-pi- ta-nje-de-fi-ni-ci-je-euta-na-zi-je-ni-je-mo-gu-će-za-o-bi-ći,-i-trud-oko-nje-nog- iz-na-la-že-nja-mo-ra-pra-ti-ti-sva-ku-ras-pra-vu-o-do-pu-šte-no-sti-euta-na-zi- je-i-nje-noj-za-kon-skoj-re-gu-la-ci-ji.-U-li-te-ra-tu-ri-se-obič-no-uka-zu-je-na- ja-snu-raz-li-ku-iz-me-đu-ak-tiv-ne-euta-na-zi-je,-kao-one-ko-ja-pod-ra-zu- me-va-ak-tiv-nu-in-ter-ven-ci-ju-le-ka-ra-ko-jom-se-okon-ča-va-ži-vot-umi- ru-ćeg-pa-ci-jen-ta,-ko-ji- je-bez-na-de-da-se-opo-ra-vi- i-pa-siv-ne-euta- na-zi-je,-pod-ko-jom-se-raz-u-me-pre-ki-da-nje-me-di-cin-skog-tret-ma-na- ko-ji-bi-omo-gu-ćio-pa-ci-jen-tu-pro-du-že-nje-ži-vo-ta.-Ta-ko-đe-is-ti-če-se-i- raz-li-ka-iz-me-đu-do-bro-volj-ne,-ko-ja-se-iz-vo-di-u-skla-du-sa-zah-te-vom- oso-be- ko-ja- umi-re,- i- ne-do-bo-ro-volj-ne- euta-na-zi-je,- ko-ja- pod-ra-zu- me-va-okon-ča-nje-ži-vo-ta-umi-ru-ćeg-pa-ci-jen-ta,-ko-ji-ni-je-u-sta-nju-da- od-lu-či-da-li-že-li-euta-na-zi-ju-ili-ne.-Me-đu-tim-mo-gu-će-je-na-pra-vi-ti- još- jed-nu- raz-li-ku.-Na-i-me-po-zna-ti- austra-lij-ski-fi-lo-zof-Pi-ter-Sin- ger-(Pe ter Sin ger)-raz-li-ku-je-i-ne-na-mer-nu-euta-na-zi-ju,-pod-ko-jom- on-pod-ra-zu-me-va-okon-ča-nje-ži-vo-ta-umi-ru-ćeg-pa-ci-jen-ta-ko-ji-je-ste- spo-so-ban-da-pri-sta-ne-na-sop-stve-nu-smrt,-ali-to-ne-či-ni-zbog-to-ga- što-ga-to-ni-ko-ni-je-pi-tao.-Iako-je-bi-zar-no-i-te-ško-za-mi-sli-ti-da-se- de-si-da-se-ne-tra-ži-pri-sta-nak-oso-be-ko-ja-je-volj-na-i-spo-sob-na-da- ga-da,-po-treb-no-je,-ra-di-nje-go-vog-spre-ča-va-nja,-uka-za-ti-i-na-mo- guć-nost-ovog-vi-da-euta-na-zi-je.-Vi-di-mo-da-kle-da-po-jam-euta-na-zi-ja- im-pli-ci-ra-mno-štvo-dru-gih-poj-mo-va-kao-što-su-či nje nje, ne či nje- nje, ubi ja nje, pu šta nje da se umre, ak tiv no, pa siv no, do bro volj- no, ne do bro volj no-itd.,-te-da-za-kon-sko-ure-đe-nje-ovog-či-na-mo-ra- uklju-či-ti-i-re-flek-si-ju-o-nji-ma.-Jer-u-ne-do-stat-ku-eks-pli-cit-ne-de-fi- ni-ci-je-euta-na-zi-je,-osta-je-ne-ja-sno-da-li-se-ovo-de-lo-mo-že-iz-vr-ši-ti-i- ne či nje njem,-i-da-li-i-u-ko-jim-slu-ča-je-vi-ma-se-ono-mo-že-iz-vr-ši-ti-i- bez-pa-ci-jen-to-ve-iz-ra-že-ne-vo-lje-i-do-zvo-le. Za klju čak Uvo-đe-nje-bi-o-e-ti-ke-(ma-kar-i-kao-sa-mo-iz-bor-nog-pred-me-ta)-u-uni- ver-zi-tet-sku-na-sta-vu,-or-ga-ni-zo-va-nje-pre-da-va-nja,-tri-bi-na-i-na-uč-no– struč-nih-kon-fe-ren-ci-ja- i-sko-ra-šnje-osni-va-nje-Bi-o-e-tič-kog-dru-štva- Sr-bi-je-sva-ka-ko-pred-sta-vlja-ju-ak-tiv-no-sti-ko-je-do-pri-no-se-raz-vo-ju- bi-o-e-ti-ke-u-Sr-bi-ji.-Me-đu-tim,-one-uze-te-sve-za-jed-no-pred-sta-vlja-ju- tek-ini-ci-jal-ne-ko-ra-ke-ko-ji-nas-mo-ra-ju-od-ve-sti-da-lje-u-ar-ti-ku-li-sa- nju-i-afir-ma-ci-ji-bi-o-e-tič-ke-sve-sti,-ka-ko-u-aka-dem-skim-kru-go-vi-ma- ta-ko-i-u-ši-rim-dru-štve-nim-kru-go-vi-ma.- Ov-de,-u-za-ključ-ku,-će-mo-uka-za-ti-na-ne-ko-li-ko-seg-me-na-ta-re-cep- ci-je-bi-o-e-ti-ke-ko-ji-se-mo-gu-po-bolj-ša-ti-i-či-ji-se-na-pre-dak-mo-ra-po- dr-ža-ti.- Po-treb-no- je- na-i-me- in-te-zi-vi-ra-ti- na-uč-nu-de-ba-tu,- ra-di-ti- na- osmi-šlje-nom-raz-vi-ja-nju-bi-o-e-tič-ke-edu-ka-ci-je-ka-ko-na-stu-di-ja-ma- pri-rod-nih- ta-ko- i- dru-štve-no–hu-ma-ni-stič-kih- na-u-ka,- or-ga-ni-zo-va- ti-na-sta-vu-iz-bi-o-e-ti-ke-i-za-ni-že-ni-voe-obra-zo-va-nja-–-u-sred-njim- 355 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ me-di-cin-skim-ško-la-ma,-za-čla-no-ve-etič-kih-ko-mi-te-ta,-me-di-cin-sko- oso-blje- itd.,- ubr-za-ti- nje-nu- in-sti-tu-ci-o-na-li-za-ci-ju,- ali- i- pod-sti-ca- ti- bio-e-tič-ku- svest- i- na- ši-rem-dru-štve-nom-pla-nu- i- uklju-či-ti- ši-ru- jav-nost-u-bi-o-e-tič-ku-ras-pra-vu.-Ta-ko-đe,-bi-o-e-tič-ki-ko-mi-te-ti-se-mo- ra-ju- for-mi-ra-ti-ka-ko-na-na-ci-o-nal-nom,- ta-ko- i-na-ni-vou-bol-ni-ca- i- is-tra-ži-vač-kih-cen-ta-ra-i-in-sti-tu-ci-ja.-Pri-tom-je-neo-p-hod-no-po-ma-ga-ti- i- raz-vi-ja-ti- i- bi-o-e-tič-ko- iz-da-va-štvo.- Jer- ono,- po-red-pu-bli-ko-va-nja- po-je-di-nač-nih-na-uč-nih-čla-na-ka,-ko-je-je-u-po-ra-stu,-mo-ra-uklju-či-ti- i-mo-no-gra-fi-je,-zbor-ni-ke-tek-sto-va,-pre-vo-de-zna-čaj-nih-svet-skih-na- slo-va,-na-uč-ne-ča-so-pi-se.-Tek-po-kri-va-ju-ći-sve-ove-obla-sti-ba-vlje- nja-bi-o-e-tič-kom-pro-ble-ma-ti-kom,-Sr-bi-ja-će-se-pri-dru-ži-ti-kru-gu-ze- ma-lja-ko-je-svo-jim-ak-tiv-no-sti-ma-do-pri-no-se-raz-vo-ju-i-una-pre-đenju- ove-mla-de,-ali-(ži-vot-no)-bit-ne-di-sci-pli-ne.- LI-TE-RA-TU-RA: A Dic ti o nary of Ge ne tics-7th-edi-tion,-eds.-Ro-bert-C.-King,-Ox-ford- Uni-ver-sity-Press,-2006. Jon-sen-A.-R.,-The Birth of Bi o et hics,-Ox-frod-Uni-ver-sity-Press,-2003. Pens-G.,-Kla sič ni slu ča je vi iz me di cin ske eti ke,-Slu-žbe-ni-gla-snik,-Be- o-grad-2007. Pot-ter-V.-R.,-Bi o et hics: Brid ge to the Fu tu re,-Pren-ti-ce-Hall,-En-gle-wo- od-Cliffs-1971. Sci en ti fic and Me di cal Aspects of Hu man Re pro duc ti ve Clo ning,-Na-ti- o-nal-Aca-de-mi-es-Press,-2002. The Sci en ce and Ap pli ca tion of Clo ning,-Na-ti-o-nal-Bi-o-et-hics-Advi-sory- Com-mi-sion,-Clo-ning-Hu-man-Be-ings:-Re-port-and-Re-com-me-da-ti-ons-of- the-Na-ti-o-nal-Bi-o-et-hics-Advi-sory-Com-mis-sion,-Roc-kvil-le,-Ju-ne-1997. Ja-hr-F.,-Bi-o-et-hics:-A-pa-no-ra-ma-of-the-hu-man-be-ing's-et-hi-cal-re-la-ti-ons- with-ani-mals-and-plants,-Ko-smos,-24:1927,-www.ufrgs.br/bi-o-e-ti-ca/ja- hr-eng.pdf- Pot-ter-V.-R.,-Bi-o-et-hics:-The-Sci-en-ce-of-Sur-vi-val,-in:-Per spec ti ves in Bi o logy and Me di ci ne,-14/1970. Pot-ter-V.-R.,-Bi-ocyber-ne-tics-and-Sur-vi-val,-in:-Zygon – Jo ur nal of Re li- gion & Sci en ce,-5/1970. Ra-kić-V.-i-Bo-ja-nić-P.,-Bi-o-et-hics-in-Ser-bia:-In-sti-tu-ti-ons-in-Need-of-Phi- lo-sop-hi-cal-De-ba-te,-in:-Cam brid ge Qu ar terly of He al thca re Et hics,-July- 2011,-Vol.-20,-Is-sue-03,-str.-440-448. Ra-de-no-vić-S.,-O-bi-o-e-tič-koj-edu-ka-ci-ji,-u:--Fi lo zo fi ja i dru štvo,-3/2008. Wil-mut-I.,-Vi-a-ble-Offspring-De-ri-ved-from-Fe-tal-and-Adult-Mam-ma-lian- Cells,-in:-Na tu re,-Vol.-385.,-1997. 356 MILIJANA ĐERIĆ Mi-li-ja-na-Đe-rić Uni-ver-sity-of-Bel-gra-de,-Fa-culty-of-Phi-lo-logy,-Bel-gra-de- RE-CEP-TION-OF-BI-O-ET-HICS-IN-SER-BIA- Ab-stract The-aim-of-this-work-is-to-fa-mi-li-a-ri-ze-the-re-a-der-with-the-pre-sen-ce-and- de-ve-lop-ment-of-bi-o-et-hics-in-Ser-bia.-First,-the-in-tro-duc-tion-analyzes-the- term-of-bi-o-et-hics-and-con-si-ders- its-di-sci-pli-nary- fo-un-ding.- In-or-der- to- give-as-full-a-pic-tu-re-of-the-ac-tual-sta-te-of-bi-o-et-hics-in-Ser-bia-as-possible,- its-re-cep-tion-is-con-si-de-red-from-two-main-stand-po-ints:-the-stand-po-int-of- the-bi-o-et-hi-cal-edu-ca-tion-and-the-stand-po-int-of-re-le-vant-le-gal-re-gu-la-ti-ons- and-in-sti-tu-ti-o-na-li-za-tion.-At-ten-tion-is-al-so-drawn-to-cer-tain-omis-si-ons-in- the-ap-pro-ach-to-bi-o-et-hi-cal-is-su-es,-with-spe-cial-vi-ew-of-the-qu-e-sti-ons-of- clo-ning-and-eut-ha-na-sia,-and-to-mo-ments-that-sho-uld-con-tri-bu-te-to-its-full- sci-en-ti-fic-and-in-sti-tu-ti-o-nal-af-fir-ma-tion. Key-words: bi o et hics, bi o et hics in Ser bia, bi o et hi cal edu ca tion, le gal re gu la tion, clo ning, eut ha na sia, in sti tu ti o na li zing of bi o et hics