   !   	     Syamsuddin Arif I. Introduction In his classic essay published in 1951, Ignaz Goldziher made a strong case for the negative attitude of orthodox Muslim scholars towards the so-called ancient   w ;), which include philosophy and logic, citing among ' 0R

	schaften', in (/

 both to elucidate my findings and to suppress it, owing to the time constraint, ab-

), plants (/ /), and animals (/ $ ?  $9'0R devotes a separate chapter in the physics to the question of elemental mixture (%

 0R*  * & ) (+('&	 seemingly having in mind the God of Abrahamic religions when discussing the 1

 *'&	 & would finally return upon leaving the body and what should be done in order to 		

  on the possibility of miracles and the controversy surrounding the status of the