International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019 www.irjet.net © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page	1623 A Review Paper on Internet of Things (IoT) and it's Applications Mrs. Sarika A. Korade1, Dr. Vinit Kotak2, Mrs. Asha Durafe3 1Student, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, SAKEC, Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 2Professor, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, SAKEC, Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India 3Professor, Dept. of Electronics Engineering, SAKEC, Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract Internet, a revolutionary invention, is always transforming into some new kind of hardware and software making it unpreventable for anyone. The type of communication that we see today is either human-to-human or human-to-device, but the Internet of Things (IoT) promises a great future for the internet where the type of communication is machine-to-machine (M2M). The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined as a paradigm in which objects provide with sensors, actuators, and processors communicate with each other to serve a meaningful purpose. In this paper we discussed IoT and its architecture. Further we explained different applications of IoT for users, IoT advantages and disadvantages. Key	Words:	IoT,	Edge	Computing,	Field	Protocol,	Cloud	Protocol,	Smart	City,	Smart	Grid,	Smart	Health,	Smart	Farming 1. INTRODUCTION Evolution of internet began by connecting computers. Later	many computers	were connected together	which created	World Wide	Web.	Then	mobile	devices	were	able	to	connect	to	the	internet	which	leads	to	mobile-Internet	technique.	People	started using	the	internet	via	social	networks.	Finally	the	idea	of	connecting	daily	objects	to	the	internet	was	proposed,	which	lead	to	the Internet	of	Things	technology	[1]. The	Internet	of	Things	term	is	coined	by	Kevin	Ashton	executive	director	of	the	Auto-ID	Center.	The	concept	of	IoT	first	became very	popular	through	the	Auto-ID	Centre	in	2003	and	in	related	market	analytics	and	it's	publications[2].	When	the	concept	of such	communication	came	into	existence,	different	companies	focused	on	it	and	tried	to	recognize	its	significance	and	began	to identify its role and the correlated future aspects, then these companies started investing in the domain of IOT in different periods	but	at	regular	intervals	of	time[3]. 1.1 Definition of IoT If	we	want	to	define	IOT	then	we	cannot	define	it	precisely	and	concisely	but	Vermesan	et	al.	defined	the	Internet	of	Things	as simply an interaction between the physical and digital worlds. The digital world interacts with the physical world using a plethora	of	sensors	and	actuators	[4]. IoT	can	also	be	defined	as	"An	open	and	comprehensive	network	of intelligent	objects	that	have	the	capacity	to	auto-organize, share	information,	data	and	resources,	reacting	and	acting	in	face	of	situations	and	changes	in	the	environment"[5]. Current	research	on	Internet	of	Things	(IoT)	mainly	focuses	on	how	to	enable	general	objects	to	see,	hear,	and	smell	the	physical world	for	themselves,	and	make	them	connected	to	share	the	observations.	In	that	sense,	monitoring	and	decision	making	can	be moved	from	the	human	side	to	the	machine	side. So	in	general	we	can	say	IoT	allows	people	and	things	to	be	connected	Anytime,	Anyplace,	with	anything	and	anyone	using	any network	and	any	service	as	shown	in	Fig-1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1624 Fig -1: Definition of IoT 2. THE IOT ARCHITECTURE Fig-2 Shows main components of this architecture i.e. edge side and cloud side. Fig-2 : The IoT Architecture 2.1 The Edge Things In the edge side the things could be sensors, actuators, devices and a significant thing called gateway. The important function of this gateway is to establish communications between things and cloud services and also manage the actions between the things. The term edge come from [6] Edge Computing where data are processed at the periphery of the network, as close to the originating data as possible. The edge can be smart city, smart building, a manufacturing floor, energy grid, oil rig, wind farm, dairy farm, planes, trains or automobiles. The key element which makes the edge processing significant is to turn on the data processing and action taking the most close to real-time. 2.2 Field Protocols As sensors, actuators and devices are present at the edge, they must communicate with each other and also with Smart Gateway. This type of communication are based on field protocols, the most popular protocols are: International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1625 Bluetooth: It is a significant protocol for IoT applications. It has been designed to offer significantly reduced power consumption. Standard: Bluetooth 4.2 core specification, Frequency: 2.4GHz (ISM), Range: 50-150m (Smart/BLE), Data Rates: 1Mbps (Smart/BLE)[7]. Zigbee: Similar to Bluetooth, it has a large installed base of operation, although perhaps traditionally more in industrial settings. ZigBee PRO and ZigBee Remote Control (RF4CE), among other available ZigBee profiles, are based on the IEEE802.15.4 protocol, which is an industry-standard wireless networking technology operating at 2.4GHz targeting applications that need comparatively unusual information exchanges at low data-rates over a restricted area and within a 100m range such as in a home or building[7]. Wi-fi: This type is often a distinct choice for many developers, especially given the ubiquitous of Wi-Fi within the home environment within LANs. It offers fast data transfer and the ability to handle high quantities of data[7]. NFC: Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology that enables simple and safe two-way communication between electronic devices, and especially applicable for smartphones, allowing consumers to perform contactless payment transactions, access digital content and connect electronic devices. Essentially it extends the capability of contactless card technology and enables devices to share information at a distance that is less than 4cm[7]. 2.3 IoT Smart Gateway A main capability of IoT Gateway is enabling communication from the Edge to the Cloud. It means it must understand field protocols and convert it to cloud protocols. Smart Gateway has the capabilities such as routing, Dataflow, management of data, monitoring of data and storage of data[8]. 2.4 Cloud Protocols The most of IoT solutions, even those ones live almost entirely on the edge need to integrate with cloud services or other IoT solution based on cloud. We need to communicate using a cloud protocol as listed below: MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) was introduced by IBM in 1999 and standardized by OASIS in 2013 . MQTT is frequently used and supported by embedded devices, and is also common in machine-to-machine interactions. It is designed to provide embedded connectivity between applications and middle wares on one side and networks and communications on the other side[9]. AMQP: The Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) is a protocol that was designed for financial industry. It runs over TCP and provides a publish/ subscribe architecture which is similar to that of MQTT. The difference is that the broker is divided into two main components: exchange and queues. The exchange is responsible for receiving publisher messages and distributing them to queues based on pre-defined roles and conditions. Queues basically represent the topics and subscribed by subscribers which will get the sensory data whenever they are available in the queue[9]. CoAP: The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is another session layer protocol designed by IETF Constrained Resurce Environment working group to provide lightweight RESTful (HTTP) interface. Representational State Transfer (REST) is the standard interface between HTTP client and servers. However, for lightweight applications such as IoT, REST could result in significant overhead and power consumption. CoAP is a document transfer protocol. CoAP is designed to enable low-power sensors to use RESTful services while meeting their power constraints. It is built over UDP, instead of TCP commonly used in HTTP and has a light mechanism to provide reliability. CoAP architecture is divided into two main sublayers: messaging and request/response. The messaging sublayer is responsible for reliability and duplication of messages while the request/response sublayer is responsible for communication. As in HTTP, CoAP uses GET, PUT, PUSH, DELETE messages requests to retrieve, create, update, and delete, respectively[9]. HTTP: HTTP is a "connectionless" protocol. With the HTTP bridge, devices do not maintain a connection to Cloud IoT Core. Instead, they send requests and receive responses. This is the standard protocol for web services and still will be using in IoT solutions. The overhead of this protocol is well known but we will continue use of this protocol in some case when latency and bandwidth are not issues[9]. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1626 3. USE OF IoT IN VARIOUS APPLICATIONS Most of the daily life applications are already smart but they are unable to communicate with each other and to enable them to communicate with each other and share useful information with each other will create a wide range of innovative applications [10]. These emerging applications with some autonomous capabilities would certainly improve the quality of our lives, all due to the concept of IoT. In this section, we present few of IoT applications as shown in Fig-3. Fig-3 : Applications of IoT 3.1 IoT For Smart Home/Building Now a days, smart home is becoming a need of fast life. Smart home allows many household devices to be connected with in erne for he comm nica ion In smar home he ario s home eq ipmen s like air condi ioning doors indo s ligh ing washing machine, and refrigerator can be controlled manually as shown in Fig-4. IoT in integration with wireless sensor network can give intelligent solution for energy management of buildings. With the help of laptop or smartphones, we can access energy information and control system of buildings[11]. Fig-4: Smart Home 3.2 IoT for Smart Farming IoT-based smart farming systems can help monitor, for instance, light, temperature, humidity, rain prediction and soil moisture of crop fields using connected sensors as shown in Fig-5. IoT is also instrumental in automating irrigation systems. The benefits of smart farming are it increases the business efficiency through process automation, Enhances product quality and volumes, increases control over the production, Monitoring of climate conditions, Crop management. It also provides better control over the internal processes and lower production risks. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1627 Fig-5: Smart Farming 3.3 IoT For Smart Health A constant attention is required to hospitalized patients whose physiological status should be monitored continuously can be constantly done by using IoT monitoring technologies. For smart health sensors are used to collect complete physiological information and uses gateways and the cloud to analyse and store the information and then send the analysed data wirelessly to care givers for further analysis and review [12]. It replaces the process of having a health professional come by at regular in er als o check he pa ien s i al signs ins ead pro iding a con in o s a oma ed flo of informa ion In his a i simultaneously improves the quality of care through continuous attention and lowers the cost of care in addition to data collection and analysis as shown in Fig-6. Fig-6: Smart Healthcare 3.4 IoT for Smart City Smart cities need careful planning in every step, with support of agreement from governments, citizens toimplement the internet of things technology in every aspects. Using IoT, cities can be improved in many ways, by improving infrastructure, enhancing public transportation by reducing traffic congestion, and keeping citizens safe and healthy[13].Smart city layout is shown in Fig-7. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1628 Fig-7: Smart City 3.5 IoT for Smart Energy and The Smart Grid A smart grid that combine the information and communications technologies (ICTs) to the electricity network will enable a real time, two way communication between suppliers and consumers. It creates more dynamic interaction on energy flow and that will help to deliver electricity more efficiently and sustainably [14]. The significant elements of information and communications technologies will consist of sensing and monitoring technologies for power flows; digital communications infrastructure to transmit data across the grid; smart meters within home display to inform energy usage; coordination, control and automation systems to aggregate and process various information, and to create a highly interactive, responsive electricity [15]. Many applications can be possible due to the internet of things for smart grids, such as industrial, solar power, nuclear power, vehicles, hospitals and cities power control. Fig-8 shows the most important application may be enabled by the internet of things as in smart grid aspect. Fig-8: Smart Grid International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Volume: 06 Issue: 06 | June 2019 www.irjet.net © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page	1629 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IoT This	section	mention	advantages	and	disadvantages	of	IoT	Applications. 4.1 Advantages of IoT Applications: • Security:	You	can	monitor	your	home	using	your	mobile	phones,	with	the	ability	to	control	it.	It	can	provide	personal	safety. • Stay	connected:	You	and	your	family	members	can	always	be	in	the	network.	You	can	virtually	stay	connected. • Efficient use of electricity and energy: If your home appliances are communicating with you about the work done, their maintenance	and	repair	will	be	easy.	If	appliances	can	operate	by	themselves	then	electricity	utilization	will	be	possible	by	an efficient	way. • Best	Health	Care and	Management: The	patient	monitoring is possible on a real time	basis	without doctor's visit and also enables	them	to	make	decisions	as	well	as	offer	treatment	when	emergency	is	there. • CostEffective	Business	Operations:	A	large	number	of	business	operations	like	shipping	and	location,	security,	asset	tracking and	inventory	control, individual	order	tracking,	customer	management,	personalized	marketing	&	sales	operations	etc.	can be	done	efficiently	with	a	proper	tracking	system	using	IoT	. 4.2 Disadvantages of IoT Applications • Privacy	issues:	Hackers	can	break	into	the	system	and	possibility	of	stealing	the	data. • Becoming	Indolent:	People	are	more	habituated	to	have	a	click	based	work	making	them	lazy	to	any	sort	of	physical	activity, applied	science	in	their	daily	routine. • Unemployment:	Lower	level	people	like	unskilled	labour	may	have	high	risks	of	losing	their	jobs. 5. CONCLUSION IoT	has	been	gradually	bringing	a	sea	of	technological	changes	in	our	daily	lives,	which	in	turn	helps	to	making	our	life	simpler and more comfortable, through various technologies and applications. There are countless applications of IoT into all the domains	including	medical,	manufacturing,	industrial,	transportation,	education,	governance,	mining,	habitat	etc.	Uses	of	IoT	in various	applications	are	described	in	this	paper.	In	present	and	in	future	also,	IoT	is	on	the	way	of	making	the	human's	life	as	a 'connected'	and	'smart'	one. REFERENCES [1] Charith	Perera , Chi	Harold Liu, Srimal Jayawardena―	The	Emerging Internet of Things	market place From	an Industrial Perspective:	A	Survey",	IEEE	transactions	on	emerging	topics	in	computing‖,	31	Jan	2015. [2] A.	Al-Fuqaha,	M.	Guizani,	M.	Mohammadi,	M.	Aledhari,	and	M.	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