How to Translate English Translation Guide in European Union Nicolae Sfetcu Published by Nicolae Sfetcu Copyright 2015 Nicolae Sfetcu BOOK PREVIEW Translation Translation (in its main meaning of interlingual translation) is the fact of getting a text written in a language ("source language") in a text written in another language ("target language"). It connects at least two languages and cultures, and sometimes two times. Translation represents always an original text (or "original text", or "source"). It involves a degree of equivalence, although the concept of strict equivalence between languages is now exceeded in translation. The concept of translation has long been based on dichotomies such as "loyalty" versus "freedom", "fidelity à la lettre" versus "fidelity in the spirit," "source-oriented translation" versus "target-oriented translation" etc. So far, the translation remained an essentially human activity. However, attempts have been made to automate and computerize the translation (machine translation) or to use computers as a medium of human translation (computer-assisted translation). The translation takes into account a number of constraints (context, grammar, etc.) to make it understandable for people with no knowledge of the source language and that do not have the same culture and the same baggage of knowledge. Translating involves controlling the source language, but also the target language, which is usually the mother tongue. A good translator has more than language skills: it has something of the writer, analyst or journalist, etc.. To translate the scientific and technical literature, it is sometimes needed to have also strong technical skills and master the technical jargon in both languages. Assessment of the amount of translated texts There are no comprehensive statistics, mainly because of a large number of translations made in the gray literature or disseminated via the Internet without going through the traditional networks. Worldwide, the most translated document would be, according to the Guinness Book of Records, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with 406 translations, although the Bible is deemed translated into more than 2,000 languages and the prayer Our Father in 1698 languages. Translation and interpretation These two concepts differ, the translator translates the ideas expressed in writing from one language to another, and the interpreter translates the ideas expressed orally, or through the use of body parts (sign language) of a language to another. The interpretation can be considered a subfield of translation in terms of processes implemented (translation studies), but in practice these activities require very different skills, and also a report to different time. Translation documents Translate suppose to master at least two languages, but also to have access to the text to be translated (or its copy), during the time required for its translation, and possibly face an original (possibly annotated) rather than copy or translation already done in another language. Or, the works have long been long time ago copied and recopied by hand. Sometimes they are rare or unique. Libraries and archives places (municipal, royal, religious, industrial, etc.) contain rare books and heritage collections, teaching and / or research and public reading book collections. They have a priori been important places for translators. Today, it is not always possible to take out or touch a book or photograph or microfilm. Libraries have been long time places where students, teachers, researchers and other professionals came and still come to translate elements of books or old books. For the philosopher Robert Damien, beyond a place of juxtaposition of authors and languages, texts and knowledge, the translation is – as a library, a "place of connections." Translation theories In terms of contemporary theories of translation, it is generally found that there are six mainstreams: Practical / communicative approach Interpretive mainstream: theory of the meaning of TISS, based primarily on the practice of conference interpreting. In their book Interpreting for translation, D. Seleskovitch and M. Lederer consider that you need to translate the meaning and not the language. This is simply a carrier of the message. The language can be a barrier to understanding. This is why you should always avoid transcoding and proceed to deverbalisation in any translation process. Approaches of literary theories It considers that the translation is not a linguistic operation but rather a literary operation (Edmond Cary). In other words, to translate poetry, it must be a poet (Ezra Pound, Walter Benjamin, Henri Meschonnic, Antoine Berman). The concept of energy in language: Words are, somehow, a crystallization of the historical experience of a culture, which gives them strength and it is this energy that must be translated. Sociolinguistic mainstream It is the social mold that determines what is translatable or not, what is acceptable or not (selection, filtering, censorship ...). The translator is the product of a society and is translated according to its own socio-cultural background (School of Tel Aviv: Annie Brisset, Even Zohar, Gideon Toury). The concepts of dynamic equivalence and formal equivalence in Nida and Taber: The most important for any translational act is to ensure that the effect left on the reader by the translation is identical or similar to that left by the text source. To do this, we must adapt, acclimatize and get equivalences (Jean Claude Margot, Translating without betraying). Approaches based on linguistic theories Structuralism, linguistics, pragmatics, language text. It is a mainstream that consider the word, phrase and sentence as translation units. (Georges Mounin, Vinay and Darbelnet, J.I Austin). Approaches based on philosophical and hermeneutic concepts The leader of this movement is George Steiner. The real translator must be able to put themselves in the shoes of a writer to capture and understand the intention (the "mean") of the author of the original text. He sees the translation process as a movement in four steps: Trust (trust / belief), aggression, incorporation and restitution. Semiotic approaches Semiotics is the study of signs and systems of meaning. For Peirce: The process of meaning (or semiosis) is the result of cooperation of three parts: a sign, an object, and its interpretant. As well. a semiotic point of view, any translation is considered as a form of interpretation that focuses on texts with different encyclopedic content and a particular sociocultural context. The translation process The translation process can be divided into three successive phases: 1. Understanding: assimilation of the meaning conveyed by the text, the meaning of a writer, etc.; 2. Deverbalisation: forgetting words and conservation of meaning: "the process by which the subject becomes aware of the meaning of a message losing consciousness of the words and phrases that gave content"; 3. Reexpression: reformulation of the meaning in target language; back to words. ................................... Internationalization and localization The internationalization of software (abbreviated as i18n) is to prepare its adaptation to different languages and cultures. Unlike regionalization, which requires especially language skills (translation), internationalization is essentially a technical work of programmers. The goal is to produce a program that can be immediately deployed in different languages by simply adding a new translation file. Example The following C program is not localized: printf("Fatal error: %s\n", msg); To translate the message, you should edit the source code and modify the string. For cons, the next version of the program is located, with the gettext library. The program will search its files regionalization (localization), a character string corresponding to "Fatal error:% s", for the language of the current user: printf(gettext("Fatal error: %s\n"), msg); gettext uses as key (index in localization files) the default version of the message. Other programming environments can be used, for example, a number (like was in the case of Mac OS), or rely on a dynamic configuration parameter (e.g. I18n.translate method of a Ruby on Rails app). Internationalization and localization Internationalization is a prerequisite of localization. It is to separate, in the source code of a program, which is independent of the language and culture of which is dependent (usually in files called translation tables). But internationalization does not require a work on text messages. It is also sometimes possible to change the color codes (whose meaning can change depending on the crop), graphics (including the names of icons, some icons may also contain the written text to be translated), the format of dates or numbers, the writing direction (from right to left in Arabic, for example), the size of the graphic elements (German text is longer than in English, which can modify layout, etc.) to the way of granting plural words after a number (we will write "0 tâche fille" in French, but "0 children processes" in English). Internationalization is the set of technical mechanisms that allow the end user to choose the language of its interface and achieve sustainable results, linguistically speaking. However, it may not be sufficient to address "any language" that the program uses a limited set of characters, or some special fonts, or because the user does not have the right keyboard for entering data in one or another language. Migration or the inclusion of a wider set of characters may be needed especially to complete internationalization. Extensive games are offered, first in the ISO-2022 family, and secondly as Unicode, especially with UTF-8 / UTF-16. This step, more or less independent of internationalization (it can be done at the same time, before or after) is called "multilingualization." The terms are often written in abbreviated form i18n (18 number refers to the number between the first i and last n letters of the word "internationalization", an use invented by Digital Equipment Corporation in the years 1970 and 1980) and L10n for the word "localization" due to the length of the words. Some companies, such as IBM and Sun Microsystems, use the term "globalization" to define the combination of internationalization and localization. Microsoft defines internationalization as a combination of the expression "WorldReadiness"' and localization. World-readiness is a task for the developer, and allows to use a product with many characters and writing many cultures (globalization) while separating the user interface in a localized resource file ( abbreviated L12y). This concept is also known as "NLS" ("National Language Support" or "Native Language Support") Challenges (The internationalization and localization process (according to a charter of LISA web site, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globalisationchart.jpg)) Internationalization and localization efforts have to focus on the following characteristics: ................................... Annexes: Translation in EU Translation Guide Think before you write Clear writing starts with and depends on clear thinking. Ask yourself: Who will be reading the document? Three main groups of people read European Commission documents: • EU insiders colleagues in the European Commission or other institutions • outside specialists • the general public which is by far the largest group. Most European Commission documents are now on the.internet and. available to everyone. Everything we write and publish as part of our work for the European Commission inevitably affects the public image of the EU. What are you trying to achieve? What is the purpose of your document? After reading it, what will your readers have to do? • make a decision? • handle a certain situation? • solve a particular problem? • change their attitude towards something? What points must the document cover? • Decide on your message. • Make a list or bubble diagram containing all the points you expect to make, in no particular order. • Cross out the irrelevant points. • Link the remaining points into related groups. • Fill any gaps in your knowledge: make a note of facts you will need to check and/or experts you will need to consult. This approach applies to practically all non-literary texts: memos, reports, letters, user guides, etc. For formal documents such as legtslation, specific drafting rules must be followed. An alternative is the 7 questions approach. This is a structured method of covering relevant information: 1. WHAT? My essential messag 2. WHO? Persons concerned 3. WHEN? Days, hours, timelines, deadlines 4. WHERE? Places 5. HOW? Circumstances, explanations 6. WHY? Causes and/or objective 7. HOW MUCH? Calculable and measurable data. .................................. Clear English Tips Here are some tips to help translators avoid copying structure and wording from other languages that would be awkward in English. They should be useful to non-native speakers, but may serve as handy reminders for native speakers too. English prefers to be simple, concise and concrete. Use simple words where appropriate. • Change > to • initiate a programme > start a programme • apply for employment > apply for a job • activities of a criminal nature > crime • contribute to constructing Europe > help build Europe • require assistance > need help • request remuneration > ask for a fee • specialised methodologies > special methods • an agricultural holding with caprine animals > a goat farm • with a possibility of dissemination to producers > and may be sent to producers • in view / light of the fact that fees are high > because / as fees are high • pursuant to / in accordance with / within the framework of this Law > under / according to this Law • for the purpose of protecting consumers > to protect consumers • for the purpose of its use as a guide > to be used / for use as a guide • important from the point of view of producers > important for producers • the Directive concerning / regarding / relating to financial services > the Directive on financial services / the Financial Services Directive • despite the fact that resources are limited > although resources are limited • prior to / subsequent to the Council Decision > before / after the Council Decision • at the time when the application is submitted > when the application is submitted • until such time as a decision is taken > until a decision is taken • on the occasion of its accession to the EU > when it joined the EU / on joining the EU / upon accession to the EU • Action is needed at the present time. > Action is needed now. • Help is needed in the near future. > Help is needed soon. • updated on a daily basis > updated daily • the study demonstrates / indicates that > the study shows that • the Commission is aware of the fact that > the Commission knows that • in the event of an emergency > in an emergency • in the same context, it is necessary > it is also necessary • equal or superior to EUR 10 000 > EUR 10 000 or more • She suffered an armed attack. > She was shot. • It is inadvisable to be in control of a moving vehicle when suffering from fatigue. > Do not drive if you are tired. .................................... English Style Guide This Style Guide is intended primarily for English-language authors and translators, both in-house and freelance, working for the European Commission. But now that so many texts in and around the EU institutions are drafted in English by native and non-native speakers alike, its rules, reminders and handy references aim to serve a wider readership as well. In this Guide, 'style' is synonymous with a set of accepted linguistic conventions; it therefore refers to recommended in-house usage, not to literary style. Excellent advice on how to improve writing style is given in The Plain English Guide by Martin Cutts (Oxford University Press, 1999) and Style: Toward Clarity and Grace by Joseph M. Williams (University of Chicago Press, 1995), and the European Commission's own How to write clearly, all of which encourage the use of good plain English. For reasons of stylistic consistency, the variety of English on which this Guide bases its instructions and advice is the standard usage of Britain and Ireland (for the sake of convenience, called 'British usage' or 'British English' in this Guide). The Guide is divided into two clearly distinct parts, the first dealing with linguistic conventions applicable in all contexts and the second with the workings of the European Union - and with how those workings are expressed and reflected in English. This should not be taken to imply that 'EU English' is different from 'real English'; it is simply a reflection of the fact that the European Union as a unique body has had to invent a terminology to describe itself. However, the overriding aim in both parts of the Guide is to facilitate and encourage the writing of clear and reader-friendly English. Writing in clear language can be difficult at the Commission, since much of the subject matter is complex and more and more is written in English by (and for) non-native speakers, or by native speakers who are beginning to lose touch with their language after years of working in a multilingual environment. We must nevertheless try to set an example by using language that is as clear, simple, and accessible as possible, out of courtesy to our readers and consideration for the image of the Commission. In legislative texts, accuracy and clarity are of course paramount. But legal or bureaucratic language that we might regard as pompous elsewhere has its place in both legislation and preparatory drafting, though the specialist terms must be embedded in rock-solid, straightforward English syntax. In some cases - departmental memos or papers for specialist committees - we may regard 'Eurospeak' as acceptable professional shorthand; searching here for 'plain English' periphrases wastes time and simply irritates readers. By contrast, in-house jargon is not appropriate in documents addressing the general public such as leaflets or web pages. Information of practical use, e.g. on rights, applying for jobs or accessing funding, must be immediately understandable even to those unfamiliar with the workings and vocabulary of the EU. This also means, for example, using short paragraphs, simple syntax and highlighting devices such as bullets. For more information on writing web pages in particular, see the 'Writing for the web' section of the Commission's Information Provider's Guide. So 'style' is a matter of everyday concern to both authors and translators, for whom we hope this Guide will be a practical source of information and an aid to consistency. We have tried to bring together much that is available disparately in publications such as the Interinstitutional Style Guide published by the EU Publications Office, the Commission's Legislative Drafting Manual and the interinstitutionally produced Joint Practical Guide for the drafting of EU legislation. Needless to say, our Guide does not in any way aim to replace these publications, which are well worth consulting in their own right. The English Style Guide's current Editorial Committee is: Lorence Astwood Sarah Butcher Mireille Cayley Tim Cooper (chair) Sue Dunlop John Fallas Fiona Harris Mark Osborne Jonathan Stockwell Julia Townsend Philip Waywell All work for the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation. Many others have contributed their time and expertise over the years, and even though they remain nameless here, they are not forgotten. The current edition of the Guide is the seventh. The first was published back in 1982. This seventh edition has been slimmed down considerably, since nearly all the annexes have been removed. ......................................... Style Guide for EU Member States Austria Full name: Republic of Austria. Note that the Austrian Bundesländer are called 'provinces' in English. Official language: German. Geography Cities Write Vienna for Wien. Otherwise, retain the original spelling, including any accents (e.g. Sankt Pölten). Lakes Write Lake Constance for Bodensee. Mountains Anglicise the Alps. Regions • ÖSTERREICH o AUSTRIA • Ostösterreich o East Austria • Burgenland o Burgenland • Niederösterreich o Lower Austria • Wien o Vienna • Südösterreich o South Austria • Kärnten o Carinthia • Steiermark o Styria • Westösterreich o West Austria • Oberösterreich o Upper Austria • Salzburg o Salzburg • Tirol o Tyrol • Vorarlberg o Vorarlberg Judicial bodies • Arbeitsund Sozialgericht Wien o Labour and Social Court, Vienna • Bezirksanwalt o District Prosecutor • Bezirksgericht o District Court • Bundesfinanzgericht o Federal Fiscal Court (as of 1.1.2014) • Bundesvergabeamt o Federal Procurement Office (obsolete as of 1.1.2014) • Bundesverwaltungsgericht o Federal Administrative Court (as of 1.1.2014) • Erster Generalanwalt o First Solicitor General • Generalanwalt o Solicitor General • Generalprokurator o Procurator General • Generalprokuratur o Procurator General's Office • Handelsgericht Wien o Commercial Court, Vienna • Landesgericht o Regional Court • Landesvergabeamt o Regional Procurement Office • Landesverwaltungsgericht o Regional Administrative Court (as of 1.1.2014) • Oberlandesgericht o Higher Regional Court • Oberstaatsanwalt o Senior Public Prosecutor • Oberster Gerichtshof o Supreme Court of Justice / Supreme Court • Rechnungshof o Public Audit Office • Sprengelrichter o substitute judge • Staatsanwalt o Public Prosecutor • Unabhängiger Bundesasylsenat o Independent Federal Asylum Tribunal (obsolete since 2008) • Unabhängiger Finanzsenat o Independent Finance Tribunal (obsolete as of 1.1.2014) • Unabhängiger Verwaltungssenat o Independent Administrative Tribunal (obsolete as of 1.1.2014) • Verfassungsgerichtshof o Constitutional Court • Vergabekontrollsenat Wien o Public Procurement Review Chamber, Vienna (obsolete as of 1.1.2014) • Verwaltungsgerichtshof o Administrative Court • Volksanwaltschaft o Ombudsman Board Legal instruments • Bescheid o decision • Bundesgesetz o federal act/law • Bundesverfassung o Constitution • Durchführungsverordnung o implementing regulation(s) • Erlass (= generelle Weisung) o general (administrative) circular • Gesetz o act/law • (Rechts)bestimmungen o provisions (of law)/legislation/laws • (Rechts)verordnung o regulation • (Rechts)vorschrift o (legal) provision/provision (of law) • (Rechts)vorschriften o provisions (of law)/legislation/laws • Rundschreiben o circular • Weisung o administrative circular For English translations of Austrian acts see: Bundeskanzleramt Legal Information System – Austrian Laws in English. Government bodies and administrative divisions • Bezirk o Translate as 'district' or 'district authority' [an Austrian Bezirk corresponds to a German Kreis in the NUTS breakdown]. • Bezirkshauptmann o Translate as 'head of the district authority, District of ...'. • Bundesland, Bundesländer o Bundesland/länder are the usual terms in Austria and, for Austria, are translated as 'province(s)'. • Bundesrat o Write 'Bundesrat'. Where a gloss is considered necessary, add 'Upper House of Parliament' in brackets after the first occurrence. Alternatively, consideration can be given to adding the literal translation, 'Federal Council', as a gloss. • Bundesversammlung o Translate as 'Bundesversammlung', adding 'Federal Assembly' in brackets after the first occurrence, if a gloss if considered necessary. • Gemeinde o Translate as 'municipality'. • Land, Länder o See Bundesland, Bundesländer above. • Landeshauptmann o Translate as 'Governor'. • Nationalrat o Write 'Nationalrat'. Where a gloss is considered necessary, add 'Lower House of Parliament' in brackets after the first occurrence. Alternatively, consideration can be given to adding the literal translation, 'National Council', as a gloss. ............................... Quotes Translators are the shadow heroes of literature, the often forgotten instruments that make it possible for different cultures to talk to one another, who have enabled us to understand that we all, from every part of the world, live in one world. ~ Paul Auster Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing changes. ~ Grass Günter Translation is not a matter of words only: it is a matter of making intelligible a whole culture. ~ Anthony Burgess Translation is like a woman. If it is beautiful, it is not faithful. If it is faithful, it is most certainly not beautiful. ~ Yevgeny Yevtushenko As far as modern writing is concerned, it is rarely rewarding to translate it, although it might be easy. Translation is very much like copying paintings. ~ Boris Pasternak Translation cannot be dissociated from the notion of progress, some even maintain that a society can be measured by the translation it accepts. ~ Jean-Francois Joly Say what we may of the inadequacy of translation, yet the work is and will always be one of the weightiest and worthiest undertakings in the general concerns of the world. ~ J. W. Goethe If I am selling to you, I speak your language. If I am buying, dann müssen sie Deutsch sprechen. ~ Willy Brandt The best thing on translation was said by Cervantes: translation is the other side of a tapestry. ~ Leonardo Sciascia Contents Translation Assessment of the amount of translated texts Translation and interpretation - Translation documents Translation theories - Practical / communicative approach - Approaches of literary theories - Sociolinguistic mainstream - Approaches based on linguistic theories - Approaches based on philosophical and hermeneutic concepts - Semiotic approaches The translation process Types of translations - Technical translation Schools of thought Difficulties associated with specialized domains The problem of double translation Thoughts about translation European standard for translation services Beautiful infidels Self-translation - Types of self-translation - Factors that promote self-translation - Self-translation and not authorial translation Technical translation - Terminology - Translation process - Translation tools - The technical translator - - Status - - Remuneration Conference interpreting - Methods of interpretation - Skills of the interpreter - Contexts and working languages - The interpretation in international institutions - - UNESCO - - European Union Internationalization and localization Example Internationalization and localization Challenges Software localization - Difficulties - Composing specifications - Special tools Computer-assisted translation Translation memory - Advantages and disadvantages - General operation - Various - Software Machine translation - Translation process - Prerequisites - Difficulties - Approaches - Development - Existing products and services - Prospective Parallel text Subtitle Subtitling or dubbing? Description Subtitling the movies - Spotting - Translation - Simulation - Engraving, inlaying or packaging - The live broadcast Live captioning - Velotype - Touch typing - Computer-aided stenotype - Speech recognition Surtitles - Comments - Technical means - Artistic issues Quasi instant voice translation - Difficulties - Ongoing projects - Future Translation Studies Theories of translation Interpretive theory Back-translation - The proper use of back-translation False friends - Cognates - - Complete false friends - - Partial false friends - False cognates Translation process - The implications of the "inside" language - Total and not absolute translation - A single model Untranslatability - Hovering - Translation methods - - Adaptation - - Calque - - Compensation - - Borrowing - - Periphrasis - - Translator's note - Untranslatability of poetry and puns - An amazing counterexample Translators Translator's notes European Master's in Translation - European Master's in Translation - - Organization of EMT - - Core skills - The EMT label - EMT Network - - Eligibility - Members European Council of Literary Translators' Associations - History - Objectives International Translation Day Annexes: Translation in EU Translation Guide - Think before you write - - Who will be reading the document? - - What are you trying to achieve? - - What points must the document cover? - Focus on the reader - - Be direct and interesting - Get your document into shape - - When you start - - As you write - - Two common problems at the European Commission: - KISS Keep It Short and Simple - - Short... - - - ... and Simple: - - Simple, uncluttered style also means: - Make sense structure your sentences - Cut out excess nouns verb forms are livelier - Be concrete, not abstract - Prefer active verbs to passive - - Name the agent - Beware of false friends, jargon and abbreviations - - Avoid false friends - - Avoid or explain jargon - - Take care with abbreviations - Revise and cheque check Clear English Tips - English prefers to be simple, concise and concrete. - - Use simple words where appropriate. - - Prefer a verb to an abstract noun - - Prefer a gerund to an abstract noun - - Prefer participles to relative clauses - - And eliminate participles entirely if appropriate. - - Use the passive voice sparingly - - Consider replacing negatives with positives - - Consider short forms and pronouns to avoid repeating full names ... - - Express conditions, including hidden ones, with 'if' ... - - In general, cut out extra verbiage. - English prefers straightforward syntax - - Keep the subject close to the beginning of the sentence - - Avoid splitting up subjects, modals, verbs and direct objects - - If a sentence is too long, pull information out into separate sentences. - - Use topic-introducing phrases sparingly. - English may use different number, articles, gender or words from other languages - - Keep uncountable nouns in the singular. - - Use 'a' rather than 'the' for members of a class. - - Do not use gender pronouns for entities. - - Consider alternatives to 'of'. - - Finally, avoid 'false friends' in translation. English Style Guide - Introduction - Writing English - - GENERAL - - SPELLING - - PUNCTUATION - - NUMBERS - - ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS - - Acronyms and initialisms - - Contractions and truncations - - FOREIGN IMPORTS - - PARTS OF SPEECH - - LISTS - - SCIENCE GUIDE - - FOOTNOTES, CITATIONS AND REFERENCES - - CORRESPONDENCE - - PERSONAL NAMES AND TITLES - - NAMES OF BODIES - - GENDER-NEUTRAL LANGUAGE - About the European Union - - THE EUROPEAN UNION - - PRIMARY LEGISLATION - - SECONDARY LEGISLATION - - THE EU INSTITUTIONS - - REFERENCES TO OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS - - EU FINANCES - - MEMBER STATES - - OFFICIAL LANGUAGES AND CURRENCIES - - EXTERNAL RELATIONS - TRANSLITERATION - - TRANSLITERATION TABLE FOR GREEK - - TRANSLITERATION TABLE FOR CYRILLIC - FORMS OF ADDRESS - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close - - Envelop - - Start - - Close Style Guide for EU Member States - Austria - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - - Government bodies and administrative divisions - Belgium - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - - Federal structure - Bulgaria - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Croatia - - Geography - - Regions - - Judicial bodies - - Political and administrative structure - - Legal instruments - - Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals - - Miscellaneous - Cyprus - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Czech Republic - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Denmark - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Estonia - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - - Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals - Finland - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - - Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals - France - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Germany - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - - Government bodies and administrative divisions - Greece - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Hungary - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Iceland - - Judicial bodies - Ireland - Italy - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Latvia - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Lithuania - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - - Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals - Luxembourg - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Malta - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Netherlands - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Poland - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - - Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals - Portugal - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Romania - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Slovakia - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Spain - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Sweden - - Geography - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - Turkey - - Judicial bodies - - Legal instruments - United Kingdom - - Geography Quotes References About the author Nicolae Sfetcu Book A guide for translators, about the translation theory, the translation process, interpreting, subtitling, internationalization and localization and computer-assisted translation. A special section is dedicated to the translator's education and associations. The guide include, as annexes, several independent adaptations of the corresponding European Commission works, freely available via the EU Bookshop as PDF and via SetThings.com as EPUB, MOBI (Kindle) and PDF. For a "smart", sensible translation , you should forget not the knowledge acquired at school or university, but the corrective standards. Some people want a translation with the touch of the source version, while another people feel that in a successful version we should not be able to guess the original language. We have to realize that both people have right and wrong, and that their only fault is to present requirement as an absolute truth. Teachers agree at least on this principle: "If a sentence is ambiguous, the translation must also be". There is another critical, less easy to argue, based on an Italian phrase with particularly strong wording: "Traduttore, traditore". This critique argues that any translation will betray the author's language, spirit, style ... because of the choices on all sides. What to sacrifice, clarity or brevity, if the formula in the text is brief and effective, but impossible to translate into so few words with the exact meaning? One could understand this criticism that it encourages us to read "in the text." It seems obvious that it is impossible to follow this advice into practice. MultiMedia Publishing House Edition: https://www.setthings.com/en/e-books/how-totranslate-english-translation-guide-in-european-union/ e-Book: EPUB (ISBN 978-606-033-029-5), Kindle (ISBN 978-606-033-031-8), PDF (ISBN 978-606-033-030-1) Publication Date: April 20, 2015 Amazon (Print, Kindle) https://www.amazon.com/dp/1511813326/ Smashwords (EPUB): https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/536810 Google (EPUB, PDF): https://books.google.ro/books?id=EUiBrgEACAAJ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TranslationGuide/ About the author Nicolae Sfetcu Owner and manager with MultiMedia SRL and MultiMedia Publishing House. Project Coordinator for European Teleworking Development Romania (ETD) Member of Rotary Club Bucuresti Atheneum Cofounder and ex-president of the Mehedinti Branch of Romanian Association for Electronic Industry and Software Initiator, cofounder and president of Romanian Association for Telework and Teleactivities Member of Internet Society Initiator, cofounder and ex-president of Romanian Teleworking Society Cofounder and ex-president of the Mehedinti Branch of the General Association of Engineers in Romania Bachelor of Science in Nuclear Physics. Master of Philosophy. Contact Email: nicolae@sfetcu.com WhatsApp: +40745526896 Online Media: https://www.setthings.com/ Facebook/Messenger: https://www.facebook.com/nicolae.sfetcu Twitter: http://twitter.com/nicolae LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/nicolaesfetcu YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/NicolaeSfetcu Other books Other books written or translated by the same author: • A treia lege a lui Darwin O parodie reală a societăţii actuale (RO) • Ghid Marketing pe Internet (RO) • Bridge Bidding Standard American Yellow Card (EN) • Telelucru (Telework) (RO) • Harta politică Dicţionar explicativ (RO) • Beginner's Guide for Cybercrime Investigators (EN) • How to... Marketing for Small Business (EN) • London: Business, Travel, Culture (EN) • Fizica simplificată (RO) • Ghid jocuri de noroc Casino, Poker, Pariuri (RO) • Ghid Rotary International Cluburi Rotary (RO) • Proiectarea, dezvoltarea şi întreţinerea siturilor web (RO) • Facebook pentru afaceri şi utilizatori (RO) • Întreţinerea şi repararea calculatoarelor (RO) • Corupţie Globalizare Neocolonialism (RO) • Traducere şi traducători (RO) • Small Business Management for Online Business Web Development, Internet Marketing, Social Networks (EN) • Sănătate, frumuseţe, metode de slăbire (RO) • Ghidul autorului de cărţi electronice (RO) • Editing and Publishing e-Books (EN) • Pseudoştiinţă? Dincolo de noi... (RO) • European Union Flags Children's Coloring Book (EN) • Totul despre cafea Cultivare, preparare, reţete, aspecte culturale (RO) • Easter Celebration (EN) • Steagurile Uniunii Europene Carte de colorat pentru copii (RO) • Paşti (Paşte) Cea mai importantă sărbătoare creştină (RO) • Moartea Aspecte psihologice, ştiinţifice, religioase, culturale şi filozofice (RO) • Promovarea afacerilor prin campanii de marketing online (RO) • How to Translate English Translation Guide in European Union (EN) • ABC Petits Contes (Short Stories) (FR-EN), par Jules Lemaître • Short WordPress Guide for Beginners (EN) • ABC Short Stories Children Book (EN), by Jules Lemaître • Procesul (RO), de Franz Kafka • Fables et légendes du Japon (Fables and Legends from Japan) (FR-EN), par Claudius Ferrand • Ghid WordPress pentru începători (RO) • Fables and Legends from Japan (EN), by Claudius Ferrand • Ghid Facebook pentru utilizatori (RO) • Arsène Lupin, gentleman-cambrioleur (Arsene Lupin, The Gentleman Burglar) (FR-EN), par Maurice Leblanc • How to SELL (eCommerce) Marketing and Internet Marketing Strategies (EN) • Arsène Lupin, The Gentleman Burglar (EN), by Maurice Leblanc • Bucharest Tourist Guide (Ghid turistic București) (EN-RO) • Ghid turistic București (RO) • Ghid WordPress pentru dezvoltatori (RO) • French Riviera Tourist Guide (Guide touristique Côte d'Azur) (EN-FR) • Guide touristique Côte d'Azur (FR) • Ghid pagini Facebook Campanii de promovare pe Facebook (RO) • Management, analize, planuri și strategii de afaceri (RO) • Guide marketing Internet pour les débutants (FR) • Gambling games Casino games (EN) • Death Cultural, philosophical and religious aspects (EN) • Indian Fairy Tales (Contes de fées indiens) (EN-FR), by Joseph Jacobs • Contes de fées indiens (FR), par Joseph Jacobs • Istoria timpurie a cafelei (RO) • Londres: Affaires, Voyager, Culture (London: Business, Travel, Culture) (FREN) • Cunoaștere și Informații (RO) • Poker Games Guide Texas Hold 'em Poker (EN) • Gaming Guide Gambling in Europe (EN) • Crăciunul Obiceiuri și tradiții (RO) • Christmas Holidays (EN) • Introducere în Astrologie (RO) • Psihologia mulțimilor (RO), de Gustave Le Bon • Anthologie des meilleurs petits contes français (Anthology of the Best French Short Stories) (FR-EN) • Anthology of the Best French Short Stories (EN) • Povestea a trei generații de fermieri (RO) • Web 2.0 / Social Media / Social Networks (EN) • The Book of Nature Myths (Le livre des mythes de la nature) (EN-FR), by Florence Holbrook • Le livre des mythes de la nature (FR), par Florence Holbrook • Misterul Stelelor Aurii O aventură în Uniunea Europeană (RO) • Anthologie des meilleures petits contes françaises pour enfants (Anthology of the Best French Short Stories for Children) (FR-EN) • Anthology of the Best French Short Stories for Children (EN) • O nouă viață (RO) • A New Life (EN) • The Mystery of the Golden Stars An adventure in the European Union (Misterul stelelor aurii O aventură în Uniunea Europeană) (EN-RO) • ABC Petits Contes (Scurte povestiri) (FR-RO), par Jules Lemaître • The Mystery of the Golden Stars (Le mystère des étoiles d'or) An adventure in the European Union (Une aventure dans l'Union européenne) (EN-FR) • ABC Scurte povestiri Carte pentru copii (RO), de Jules Lemaitre • Le mystère des étoiles d'or Une aventure dans l'Union européenne (FR) • Poezii din Titan Parc (RO) • Une nouvelle vie (FR) • Povestiri albastre (RO) • Candide The best of all possible worlds (EN), by Voltaire • Șah Ghid pentru începători (RO) • Le papier peint jaune (FR), par Charlotte Perkins Gilman • Blue Stories (EN) • Bridge Sisteme și convenții de licitație (RO) • Retold Fairy Tales (Poveşti repovestite) (EN-RO), by Hans Christian Andersen • Poveşti repovestite (RO), de Hans Christian Andersen • Legea gravitației universale a lui Newton (RO) • Eugenia Trecut, Prezent, Viitor (RO) • Teoria specială a relativității (RO) • Călătorii în timp (RO) • Teoria generală a relativității (RO) • Contes bleus (FR) • Sunetul fizicii Acustica fenomenologică (RO) • Teoria relativității Relativitatea specială și relativitatea generală (RO), de Albert Einstein • Fizica atomică și nucleară fenomenologică (RO) • Louvre Museum Paintings (EN) • Materia: Solide, Lichide, Gaze, Plasma Fenomenologie (RO) • Căldura Termodinamica fenomenologică (RO) • Lumina Optica fenomenologică (RO) • Poems from Titan Park (EN) • Mecanica fenomenologică (RO) • Solaris (Andrei Tarkovsky): Umanitatea dezumanizată (RO) • De la Big Bang la singularități și găuri negre (RO) • Schimbări climatice Încălzirea globală (RO) • Electricitate și magnetism Electromagnetism fenomenologic (RO) • Știința Filosofia științei (RO) • La Platanie Une aventure dans le monde à deux dimensions (FR) • Climate Change Global Warming (EN) • Poèmes du Parc Titan (FR) • Mecanica cuantică fenomenologică (RO) • Isaac Newton despre acțiunea la distanță în gravitație Cu sau fără Dumnezeu? (RO) • The singularities as ontological limits of the general relativity (EN) • Distincția dintre falsificare și respingere în problema demarcației la Karl Popper (RO) • Buclele cauzale în călătoria în timp (RO) • Epistemologia serviciilor de informaţii (RO) • Evoluția și etica eugeniei (RO) • Filosofia tehnologiei blockchain Ontologii (RO) • Imre Lakatos: Euristica și toleranța metodologică (RO) • Controversa dintre Isaac Newton și Robert Hooke despre prioritatea în legea gravitației (RO) • Singularitățile ca limite ontologice ale relativității generale (RO) • Filmul Solaris, regia Andrei Tarkovsky – Aspecte psihologice și filosofice (RO • Tehnologia Blockchain Bitcoin (RO) • Fizica fenomenologică Compendiu Volumul 1 + 2 (RO) • Causal Loops in Time Travel (EN) • Chinese Fables and Folk Stories (Fables et histoires populaire chinoises), by (par) Mary Hayes Davis, Chow-Leung (EN-FR) • Isaac Newton on the action at a distance in gravity: With or without God? (EN) • Isaac Newton vs Robert Hooke sur la loi de la gravitation universelle (FR) • Epistemology of Intelligence Agencies (EN) • The distinction between falsification and refutation in the demarcation problem of Karl Popper (EN) • Isaac Newton vs. Robert Hooke on the law of universal gravitation (EN) • Evolution and Ethics of Eugenics (EN) • Solaris, directed by Andrei Tarkovsky Psychological and philosophical aspects (EN) • La philosophie de la technologie blockchain Ontologies (FR) • Philosophy of Blockchain Technology Ontologies (EN) • Isaac Newton sur l'action à distance en gravitation : Avec ou sans Dieu ? (FR) • Imre Lakatos: L'heuristique et la tolérance méthodologique (FR) • Épistémologie des services de renseignement (FR) • Boucles causales dans le voyage dans le temps (FR) • Le film Solaris, réalisé par Andrei Tarkovski Aspects psychologiques et philosophiques (FR) • Les singularités comme limites ontologiques de la relativité générale (FR) • Etica Big Data în cercetare (RO) • Teorii cauzale ale referinței pentru nume proprii (RO) • La distinction entre falsification et rejet dans le problème de la démarcation de Karl Popper (FR) • Epistemologia gravitației experimentale – Raționalitatea științifică (RO) • The Adventures of a Red Ant, by Henri de la Blanchère (EN) • Big Data (RO) • Tapetul galben, de Charlotte Perkins Gilman (RO) • Evolution et éthique de l'eugénisme (FR) • Imre Lakatos: Methodological Tolerance and Heuristic (EN) • Gravitația (RO) • Filosofia contează Prezentări și recenzii (RO) • Les aventures d'une fourmi rouge (The adventures of a red ant), par (by) Henri de la Blanchère (FR-EN) • Big Data Ethics in Research (EN) • Înțeles, sens și referință în filosofia limbajului și logica filosofică (RO) • Epistemology of experimental gravity Scientific rationality (EN) • Fables et histoires populaires chinoises, par Mary Hayes Davis, Chow-Leung (FR) • Causal Theories of Reference for Proper Names (EN) • Last Thoughts, by Henri Poincaré (EN) • Memories of a Sparrow, by Henri de la Blanchère (EN) • Les mémoires d'un Pierrot (Memories of a Sparrow), by Henri de la Blanchère (FR-EN) • De ce (nu) suntem fericiți? (RO) • Excel Ghid pentru începători (RO) • PowerPoint Ghid pentru începători (RO) • Epistémologie de la gravité expérimentale Rationalité scientifique (FR) • L'éthique des mégadonnées (Big Data) en recherche (FR) • Théories causales de la référence pour les noms propres (FR) • Emoțiile și inteligența emoțională în organizații (RO) • Inteligența emoțională (RO) • Emotions and Emotional Intelligence in Organizations (EN) Publishing House MultiMedia Publishing web design, e-commerce and other web applications * internet marketing, SEO, online advertising, branding * software localization, English Romanian French translation * articles, desktop publishing, secretarial services * powerpoint, word and pdf presentation, image, audio and video editing * book and e-book conversion, editing and publishing , isbn Email: office@multimedia.com.ro MultiMedia: http://www.multimedia.com.ro/ MultiMedia Publishing House: https://www.setthings.com/publishing Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/multimedia.srl/ Twitter: http://twitter.com/multimedia LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/multimedia-srl/