AN ANTHOLOGY OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES VOLUME 8 Editor Patricia Hanna University of Utah USA Editorial Board Gary Fuller Central Michigan University USA Carol Nicholson Rider University USA Donald Poochigian University of North Dakota USA Andrew Ward University of York UK Joe Naimo University of Notre Dame Australia Australia Athens Institute for Education and Research 2014 Board of Reviewers Maria Adamos Georgia Southern University USA Daniel Considine Metropolitan State College in Denver, Colorado USA. Katherine Cooklin Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania USA Chrysoula Gitsoulis City College of New York USA Keith Green East Tennessee State University USA Dimitria Electra Gratzia University of Akron USA Philip Matthews University of Notre Dame Australia Australia Michael Matthis Lamar University USA Mark McEvoy Hofstra University USA Chris Onof Birkbeck College UK John Thompson Christopher Newport University USA Kiriake Xerohemona Florida International University USA AN ANTHOLOGY OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES VOLUME 8 Edited by Patricia Hanna Athens Institute for Education and Research

AN ANTHOLOGY OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES VOLUME 8 First Published in Athens, Greece by the Athens Institute for Education and Research. ISBN: 978-618-5065-31-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, retrieved system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the written permission of the publisher, nor ne otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover. Printed and bound in Athens, Greece by ATINER 8 Valaoritou Street, Kolonaki 10671 Athens, Greece www.atiner.gr ©Copyright 2014 by the Athens Institute for Education and Research. The individual essays remain the intellectual properties of the contributors. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 Patricia Hanna Part A: History of Philosophy: Ancient, Early Modern, 19 th and 20 th Centuries 2. The Ancients, the Vulgar, and Hume's Skepticism Maria Adamos 5 3. Russian Modernism or Mysticism? Vladimir Solovyev as Philosopher Trina Mamoon 15 4. Temporal Being and the Authentic Self Joseph Naimo 27 5. A Critique of Aristotle's Politics Pritka Nehra 39 6. Kierkegaard and Moral Guilt: Can the Ethical Forgive Significant Ethical Failure? William O'Meara 49 7. Thaumazein in Ancient Greek Philosophy and Wonder in the Writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein Ilse Somavilla 59 Part B: Philosophy of Language 8. Semantic Intentionality and Intending to Act Dale Jacquette 73 9. Scope of Semantic Innocence Jaya Ray 85 10. Peirce's Theory of Continuity and the Vindication of Universals against Nominalism Paniel Reyes-Cárdenas 97 Part C: Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Mind 11. The Token Condition and Consciousness without SelfConsciousness Sinem Elkatip Hatipoğlu 113 12. Naive Realism and the Explanatory Gap Takuya Niikawa 123 13. Bohm's Paradox and the Conscious Observer Donald Poochigian 135 14. Two Dogmas of Reductionism: On the Irreducibility of SelfConsciousness and the Impossibility of Neurophilosophy Joseph Thompson 147 15. Amendments to the Theory of Recognition Sander Wilkens 159 Part D: Value Theory 16. Paraesthetics: Irvine School of Aesthetic Theory and Criticism Ewa Bobrowska 171 17. The Standard of the Reasonable Person: An Avoidability Approach Michelle Ciurria 185 18. Plea Bargaining's Moral Controversies David Heise 197 List of Contributors Maria Magoula Adamos is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Georgia Southern University in Statesboro, Georgia, USA. Her research interests include philosophy of emotions, philosophy of mind, ancient philosophy, forgiveness, modern philosophy, and, in particular, Hume's account of identity. She has published in a variety of journals and editions. Ewa Bobrowska is an Assistant Professor at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. Her research focuses on postmodern American aesthetics and philosophical interpretation of contemporary American art. She also conducts postdoctoral research at the University of California/Irvine under the supervision of prof. Francisco J. Ayala. Moreover, she is a video artist and a painter. Exhibitions of her paintings have accompanied three significant philosophical conference. Her book, Parateoria: kalifornijska szkoła z Irvine, was published by IBL PAN in 2013. Michelle Ciurria is a Ph.D. Candidate at York University in Toronto Canada. Contact information is 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario CANADA, M3J 1P3, mciru@yorku.ca Sinem Elkatip Hatipoğlu is an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Istanbul Şehir University. Her research interests include philosophy of mind and metaphysics, with a particular interest in consciousness, self-consciousness, the concept of a self and personal identity. Her most recent publication "Consciousness and Peripheral Self-awareness" appeared in Organon F. She is currently working on the phenomenon of radical misrepresentation of target states by higher order states in higher order theories of consciousness. David Heise is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Humboldt State University; his research interests include ethics, Asian and comparative philosophy, and philosophy for children. His work has appeared in such journals as Essays in Philosophy and Questions: Philosophy for Young People. Dale Jacquette is ordentlicher Professor für Philosophie, Abteilung Logik und theoretische Philosophie (Senior Professorial Chair in Logic and Theoretical Philosophy), at Universität Bern, Switzerland. He is author of numerous articles on logic, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind, and has recently published Symbolic Logic, Philosophy of Mind: The Metaphysics of Consciousness, Ontology, Wittgenstein's Thought in Transition, David Hume's Critique of Infinity, and Logic and How it Gets That Way. He has edited the Cambridge Companion to Brentano, the Blackwell Companion to Philosophical Logic, and for North-Holland (Elsevier) the volume on Philosophy of Logic in the Handbook of the Philosophy of Science series. His latest book, forthcoming from Springer Verlag, is Alexius Meinong: The Shepherd of Non-Being. Trina R. Mamoon is Associate Professor of Russian and Foreign Languages at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where she has been teaching since 1998. Her research interests include Russian nineteenth and twentieth-century literature, contemporary Russian culture, and Russian and European cinema. She has published articles focusing on Russian painting, classical music and opera, and the Chechen conflict. Currently, she is doing research on Russian women writers during wartime. Joseph Naimo is a senior lecturer teaching in Philosophy and Ethics at the University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Western Australia. Regarded as a Process Philosopher whose active areas of research broadly include Consciousness studies, Metaphysics and Ethics. Areas of interest: Philosophy of Science, Comparative Religious Studies, and Continental Philosophy. Contact Details: School of Philosophy and Theology, University of Notre Dame Australia 18 Mouat Street, Fremantle, Western Australia 6959 Email: joe.naimo@nd.edu.au Pritika Nehra is a Research Scholar in the Department of Humanities & Social Sciences in Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T) Delhi, India. Her doctoral research centers on exploring the concept of Politics. Her Research interests include Political Philosophy, Ethics and Aesthetics. Takuya Niikawa is a PhD candidate at Hokkaido University in Japan. His research centers on the question of how we should characterize perceptual consciousness. His most recent work focuses on the viability of naïve realism. His master thesis defends and develops John Campbell's relational view of perceptual consciousness. Other research interests include free will and perceptual epistemology. William O'Meara is a Professor of Philosophy at James Madison University. He has published a number of papers on the Ethics of George Herbert Mead, Alan Gewirth, Karl Marx, Freud, and Kierkegaard and also several papers on the Philosophy of Religion of Alfred North Whitehead, Karl Marx, and John Hick. Donald V. Poochigian is Professor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA. His current research interests focus on, but are not limited to, identity theory and set theory. Jaya Ray is an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Lakshmibai College, University of Delhi, India. Her research interests include philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and logic. Her most recent work focuses on belief as a central concern in contemporary philosophy of language and mind. Paniel Reyes-Cárdenas completed his MPhil and PhD studies at the University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. He worked on Peirce's pragmatism and the metaphysics of Scholastic Realism. He has published articles on the Philosophy of Mathematics, Metaphysics, Medieval Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Hegel, and Kierkegaard. He is founder of the Mexican Society for Metaphysics and Philosophy of Science. Ilse Somavilla is a Post-Doctoral Researcher and editor; her research interests center on Wittgenstein, Ancient Greek philosophy, ethics and aesthetics. She has edited manuscripts and letters of Wittgenstein, e.g. Denkbewegungen. Tagebücher 1930-1932/1936-1937; Licht und Schatten; Wittgenstein – Engelmann. Besides, she has written numerous papers on Wittgenstein's philosophy. Joseph Thompson is Associate Professor of Philosophy & Humanities at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, where he teaches courses in the history of philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, and the arts as humanities. He specializes in Nietzsche and German philosophy, with special interests in religion and art; he has published articles in comparative religion, ethical theory, and applied ethics. Current research focuses on the intersection of philosophy and cosmology with religion, myth, literature and the arts. Sander Wilkens teaches at the Technische Universität Berlin (Habilitation 2011). His research interests concern metaphysics and the conditions of human consciousness from a modern view, including collective consciousness. The analysis of consciousness relies upon the logic of the relationships of the faculties, and the framework also reaches out to any form of opposition and generalization. The Habilitationsschrift (Ordination des Bewusstseins and Metaphysik, forthcoming 2014) implies a succinct investigation of projection and its history. 1 C H A P T E R O N E Introduction Patricia Hanna This volume is a collection of papers selected from those presented at the 8 th International Conference on Philosophy sponsored by the Athens Institute for Research and Education (ATINER), held in Athens, Greece at the St. George Lycabettus Hotel, from 27-30 May, 2013 This conference provides a singular opportunity for philosophers from all over the world to meet and share ideas with the aim of expanding the understanding of our discipline. Over the course of the conference thirty-eight papers were presented. The seventeen papers in this volume were selected for inclusion after a process of blind-review. The volume is organized along traditional lines. This should not, however, mislead a reader into supposing that the topics or approaches to problems fall neatly into traditional categories. The papers chosen for inclusion give some sense of the variety of topics addressed at the conference. However, it would be impossible in an edited volume to ensure coverage of the full extent of diversity of the subject matter and approaches brought to the conference itself by the participants, some of whom could not travel to one another's home countries without enormous difficulty. Since its inception in 2006, the conference has matured, reaching what might be seen as adolescence. Part of this maturity is reflected in the nature of the proceedings. We now have a group of dedicated philosophers who are committed to raising the standards of this publication; as a result of their work, we are now able to ensure that each submission if blind-reviewed by at least 2 readers, as well as the editor and/or a member of the Editorial Board. I would like to take this opportunity to thank them for their extraordinary work: without them, nothing would be possible; with them, we may reach adulthood!