. . . Keeley1996 Bowles2009 Pinker2011 Ferguson2013a 2013b Ferguson2013b . . . . , , 3 4 4 4 4 4 e.g. Arkush and Allen 2006; Allen and Jones 2014; Bowles 2009; Gat 2008; Keeley 1996; Pinker 2011 3 4 4 e.g. Otterbein 1999 3 4 3 3 3 3 10000BC 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 e.g. 2005; 2006; 2006 3 4 Nakao et al. 2016 c.f. 2006 3 4 4 2 Keeley1996 Bowles2009 Pinker2011 4 4 4 4 Pinker2011 4 3 4 3 4 3 Ferguson2013a 2013b 3 4 4 4 Ferguson2013b 4 4 4 3 5 4 1960 4 3 4 4 3 e.g. Otterbein 1999 60 4 4 Keeley1996 3 Leblanc with Register2003 3 Keeley1996 3 4 myth 3 4 4 4 1 pp. 196-197 Keeley1996 Bowles2009 Pinker2011 3 1 Pinker2011 2 Pinker2011 Bowles2009 4 12 15% 3 4 4 Pinker2011 4 Bowles2009 Choi and Bowles2007 4 4 3 4 3) Pinker2011 Bowles2009 4 3 1 3 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 Bowles2009 Pinker2011 4 4 4 3 Ferguson 2013b 4 4 4 4 4 4 Bowles2009 Pinker2011 4 Ferguson2013a 2013b Pinker2011 1 Ferguson2013a 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 Ferguson2013b 5) Ferguson2013a 1 Pinker2011 4 4 4 4 6) Pinker2011 Ferguson2013a 4 4 , 4 1 4 3 4 4 1 1 1 7 400 3 7) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ibid. p. 124; Milner 1999 p. 114; Owsley and Rose 1997 3 117 1 18 3 13000 BC-5000 BC 4 4 4 3 4 4 Ferguson 2013a p. 117 4 4 3 4 1 4 4 4 Prince Rupert Harbor 4 4 Ferguson 2013a p. 122; Cybulski 1994 p. 77 22.7% 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 1 3 4 3 2 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 Ferguson 2013a p. 122; Sharma 1973 p. 138 Pinker2011 Bowles2009 Keeley1996 4 Ferguson2013a 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 8) 9) 4 4 Ferguson2013b 4 3 4 4 Oakley et al. 1977 Newell et al. 1979 Meiklejohn 2009; Meiklejohn et al. 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015; Meiklejohn and Woodman 2012 Ferguson2013b 210 111 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 2055 4 3 4 11000 BC 3000 BC 4 3 1 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 12 3 2007 2004 3 4 2008 2008 4 4 210 2055 4 29 79 3 4 3.84% =79/2055 3 4 4 3 4 遺跡 番号 遺跡名 遺跡位置 (北緯,東経) 国名 時期 出土 人骨数 受傷 人骨数 参考文献 1 Saint Rabier 45.17,1.15 France 11400-11130 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 2 Roc de Cave 44.79,1.31 France 11220-10990 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 3 Balma Guilanya 42.10,1.64 Spain 11210-9440 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn 2009 4 Madeleine 44.98,1.04 France 10130-9690 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 5 Dnieper rapids (Vasilyevka I) 48.38,35.17 Ukraine 10080-9980 BC 19 2 Estabrook 2014 ;Lillie 2004; Ferguson 2013b 6 Dnieper rapids (Vasilyevka III) 48.38,35.17 Ukraine 10080-9980 BC 44 5 Estabrook 2014 ;Lillie 2004; Ferguson 2013b 7 Dnieper rapids (Voloshkoe) 48.3,35.11 Ukraine 10080-9980 BC 19 5 Estabrook 2014 ;Lillie 2004; Ferguson 2013b 8 Other locations, North Sea Basin 52.27,2.58 Netherlands 9810-7080 BC 8 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 9 El Cingle Vermell 41.96,2.24 Spain 9760±160 BP 3 0 Meiklejohn 2009 10 Worm's Head 51.56,-4.30 England 9750-7660 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 11 Noord Hinder Bank 51.69,2.59 Netherlands 9670-8450 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 12 Los Azules 43.36,-5.13 Spain 9540-9430 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 13 Rochereil 45.3,0.54 France 9305±50 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 14 Loverval D5 50.36,4.46 Belgium 9230-8220 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 15 Margaux 50.22,4.89 Belgium 9150-8300 BC 7 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 16 Burin 50.47,5.00 Belgium 9120-8480 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 17 Claminforge 50.41,4.62 Belgium 9120-8460 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 18 Autours 50.22,4.89 Belgium 9120-7990 BC 13 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 19 Bois Laiterie 50.36,4.87 Belgium 9110-8340 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 20 Padina 44.61,21.99 Serbia-Romania 9000-6300 BC? 48 0 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012 21 Lepenski Vir 44.56,22.01 Serbia-Romania 8900-5500 BC? 184 1 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012; Ferguson 2013b 22 Fru 45.45,5.79 France 8850-6100 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 23 Lombeau 50.38,4.39 Belgium 8780-7990 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 24 Badger Hole 51.23,-2.67 England 8770-7990 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 25 Malonne 50.43,4.80 Belgium 8620-8350 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 26 Mariënberg 52.51,6.57 Netherlands 8620-6040 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 27 Roscaño 43.3,-3.70 Spain 8608-8536 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn 2009 28 Gough's Cave 51.28,-2.76 England 8540-7990 BC 1 1 Meiklejohn et al. 2011; Newell et al. 1979 29 Aveline's hole 51.33,-2.75 England 8530-6840 BC 50 0 Schulting 2005 30 Vergne 45.93,-0.57 France 8470-8220 BC 10 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 31 El Collado 38.92,-0.12 Spain 8460-8070 BC 15 0 Meiklejohn 2009 32 Petit Marais de la Chausée-Tirancourt 49.95,2.17 France 8310-4330 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 33 Culoz sous Balme 45.51,5.47 France 8270-7310 BC 3 1 Meiklejohn et al. 2010; Newell et al. 1979 34 Val-de-Reuil 49.26,1.24 France 8250-7520 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 35 Iboussières 44.49,4.75 France 8250 BC 9 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 36 Saleux 49.85,2.23 France 8240-7990 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 37 Rueil-Malmaison 48.87,2.15 France 8220-7830 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 38 Abric Agut 41.53,1.69 Spain 8135-7235 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn 2009 39 Ruffey-sur-Seille 46.75,5.51 France 8000 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 40 Chaleux 50.22,4.94 Belgium 7930-7610 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 41 Verberie 49.34,2.75 France 7920-7640 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 42 Store Mosse 55.59,13.36 Sweden 7900-6600 BC 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 43 Abri Cornille 1 43.39,5.00 France 7830-7030 BC? 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 44 St.-Agnan-en-Vercors 44.86,5.42 France 7740-7360 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 45 Magrite 50.22,4.91 Belgium 7730-7590 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 46 Oreston Third Bone Cave 50.36,-4.10 England 7720-7580 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 47 Pont d'Ambon 45.30,0.54 France 7690±120 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 48 Melun 48.53,2.64 France 7670-7490 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 49 Ogofye Ychen Caldey Island 51.64,-4.68 England 7620-5590 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 50 Maasvlakte 2/Port of Rotterdam 51.96,3.96 Netherlands 7600-7550 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 51 Vlasac 44.52,22.05 Serbia-Romania 7600-7000 BC? 206 4 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012; Ferguson 2013b 52 Daylight Rock 51.65,-4.71 England 7580-7500 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 53 Potter's Cave 51.64,-4.68 England 7580-6530 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 54 Rotterdam Beveraard/Tramremise 51.88,4.56 Netherlands 7570-5640 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 55 Poza l'Egua 43.42,-4.86 Spain 7560-7370 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 56 Ofnet 48.81,10.44 Germany 7560-7360 BC 38 17 Estabrook 2014; Frayer 1997; Ferguson 2013b 57 Franchthi Cave 37.45,23.15 Greece 7550-6050 BC 17 2 Cullen 1995; Ferguson 2013b, Papathanaiou 2012 58 Schela Cladovei 44.63,22.59 Serbia-Romania 7545-7307 BC 100 5 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012; Ferguson 2013b 59 Thatcham Site III 51.25,-1.15 England 7540±160 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 60 Hoek van Holland 51.99,4.11 Netherlands 75407480 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 61 Auneau 48.45,1.79 France 7540-5510 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 62 Mareuli-lès-Meaux 48.93,2.86 France 7510-7200 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 63 Fieux 44.88,1.69 France 7500-7110 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 64 Oirschot 5-21 51.48,5.37 Netherlands 7460-7350 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 65 Poeymaü 43.10,0.44 France 7450-6350 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 66 Totty Pot 51.28,-2.74 England 7340-7080 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 67 Mazaculos 2 43.39,-4.58 Spain 7340-5080 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 68 North of the Noord Hinder Bank 53.00,2.90 Netherlands 7320-7150 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 69 Hermitage 52.7,-8.52 Ireland 7320-6910 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 表2 中石器時代ヨーロッパ古人骨データ 70 Zvejnieki 57.00,25.00 Latvia 7310-5300 BC? 51 6 Jankauskas 2012 71 Cueva de Nerja 36.78,-3.86 Spain 7300-4620 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn 2009 72 Perrats 45.80,0.36 France 7290-6840 BC 8 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 73 Kent's Cavern 50.48,-3.51 England 7280-6830 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 74 Bower Farm 52.76,-1.94 England 7250-7070 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 75 Jaizkibel 3 43.32,-1.81 Spain 7250-7070 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 76 Hajducka Vodenica 44.63,22.31 Serbia-Romania 7200-6200 BC? 46 0 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012 77 Noyen-sur-Seine 48.46,3.33 France 7180-3450 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 78 Gramari 44.01,5.22 France 7160-6880 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 79 Grotta della Madonna 39.88,15.78 Italy 7120-5605 BC 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 80 Maisons-Alfort 48.82,2.41 France 7060-6830 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 81 Killurag Cave 52.6,-8.32 Ireland 7060-4350 BC 7 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 82 Roc du Barbeau 44.99,1.04 France 7050 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 83 Cornille 43.53,5.00 France 7050±100 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 84 Trou Violet 43.07,1.20 France 7050-4050 BC 4 1 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 85 Loschbour 49.76,6.28 Luxembourg 7030-6010 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 86 Port of Larne 54.85,-5.80 Ireland 7002-6531 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 87 Koelbjerg 55.24,10.08 Denmark 7000-6500 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 88 Colombres 43.37,-4.52 Spain 6969-5054 BC 1 1 Estabrook 2014; Meiklejohn 2009 89 Balmori 43.43,-4.83 Spain 6959-5054 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 90 Cuartamentero 43.411,-4.76 Spain 6959-5054 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 91 Cueva del Higueron 36.72,-4.3 Spain 6800-6460 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 92 Felsdach Inzigkofen 48.05,9.13 Germany 6770-5820 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 93 Lundby I 55.12,11.85 Denmark 6750 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 94 Los Canes 43.32,-4.80 Spain 6740-5080 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn 2009 95 Kilham Long Barrow 54.04,-0.23 England 6710-6390 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 96 MullerupI Syd 55.50,11.77 Denmark 6710-6390 BC 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 97 Oleneostrovski mogilnik 61.94,35.26 Russia 6689-6032 BC 170 0 O'shea & Zvelebil 1984; Mithen 2002 98 Neuilly-sur-Marne 48.86,2.56 France 6610-6500 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 99 Vinde-Helsinge 55.52,11.20 Denmark 6600-6400 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 100 Araguina-Sennola 41.39,9.16 France 6570-4480 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 101 Le Plaisir 43.70,4.30 France 6550± 140 BC 7 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 102 Schellnecker Wänd 48.56,11.50 Germany 6500-6000 BC 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 103 Cuzoul de Gramat 44.75,1.68 France 6450-4450 BC 10 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 104 Cabeco da Arruda 39.11,-8.66 Portugal 6430-5370 BC 107 4 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 105 Pontnewydd Cave 53.23,-3.48 England 6390-6100 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 106 Jägerhaus Höhle 48.03,8.58 Germany 6350-4190 BC 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 107 Falkensteinhöhle 48.05,9.05 Germany 6350-4190 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 108 Ravnstrup 55.28,11.88 Denmark 6300 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 109 Mannlefelsen I 47.27,7.14 France 6280-5860 BC 1 1 Newell et al. 1979 110 Ageröd I: HC 55.56,13.25 Sweden 6280-5820 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 111 Urk-E4 52.65,5.62 Netherlands 6220-6030 BC 10 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 112 Svaerdborg I 55.08,11.87 Denmark 6220-5610 BC 3 0 Newell et al. 1979 113 Cabeço das Amoreiras 38.26,-8.38 Portugal 6200-6030 BC 21 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004 ; Cunha & Cardoso 2001; Estabrook 2014 114 Ensdorf 49.18,11.54 Germany 6200-4500 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 115 Stora Bjers 57.48,18.32 Norway 6200-4000 BC 1 1 Newell et al. 1979 116 Paviland Cave 51.56,-4.25 England 6060-5910 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 117 Mannlefelsen I 47.46,7.24 France 6050 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 118 Cutts (site 1) 55.11,-6.65 Ireland 6050-5980 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 119 Vatte di Zambana 46.1,11.05 Italy 6050-5790 BC 1 1 Newell et al. 1979 120 Hoëdic 47.20,2.50 France 6040-4440 BC 14 1 Meiklejohn et al. 2010; Newell et al. 1979 121 Stångenäs 58.60,11.27 Sweden 6000-4400 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 122 Dürrenberg 51.16,12.04 Germany 6000-4400 BC 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 123 Cueva de Braña-Arintero 42.95,-5.37 Spain 5990-5800 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn 2009 124 Cabeco da Amoreira 39.1,-8.67 Portugal 5990-5370 BC 34 1 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 125 Cingle del Mas Nou 40.43,-0.11 Spain 5980-5740 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn 2009 126 Arapouco 38.32,-8.49 Portugal 5970-5730 BC 32 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 127 Moita do Sebastião 39.11,-8.68 Portugal 5910-5340 BC 85 5 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 128 Torre d'Aquila 2 42.83,9.48 France 5890-4970 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 129 Colomba 43.44,-4.92 Spain 5880-5745 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 130 Hønsehals 55.46,11.46 Denmark 5850-4350 BC 1 0 Oakley et al. 1971 131 Cova da Onça 38.99,-8.68 Portugal 5840-5740 BC 36 1 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 132 Hardinxveld-Giessendam Polderweg 51.84,4.82 Netherlands 5740-5050 BC 11 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 133 Villeneuve-la-Guyard 48.34,3.08 France 5730-5550 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 134 Foxhole Cave 51.55,-4.25 England 5720-5650 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 135 Birsmatten-Basisgrotte 47.27,7.33 Switzerland 5720-5020 BC 1 1 Newell et al. 1979 136 Staythorpe 53.07,-0.86 England 5710-5580 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 137 Cabeço do Pez 38.25,-8.33 Portugal 5690-5520 BC 32 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 138 Téviec 47.59,-3.06 France 5640-5220 BC 23 3 Newell et al. 1979; Ferguson 2013b 139 Aizpea 42.95,-1.26 Spain 5610-5500 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 140 Al'Wesse 50.43,5.29 Belgium 5540-5470 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 141 Bleivik 59.47,5.25 Norway 5500-5000 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 142 El Truchiro 43.42,-3.66 Spain 5490-5370 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 143 Concevreux 49.38,3.79 France 5470-5380 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 144 Polderweg 1 51.82,4.83 Netherlands 5450-5050 BC 12 0 Smits 2012 145 Vale de Romeiras 38.24,-8.36 Portugal 5440-5180BC 26 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 146 Segebro 55.67,13.10 Sweden 5440-5020 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 147 Villingbaek Øst A. 56.06,12.3 Denmark 5330-5090 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 148 Skateholm I 55.38,13.44 Sweden 5250-4900 BC 53 2 Price 1985; Ferguson 2013b 149 De Bruin 51.82,4.83 Netherlands 5250-4500 BC 7 1 Smits 2012 150 Hardinxveld-Giessendam De Burin 51.83,4.81 Netherlands 5200-4450 BC 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 151 Stoney Island 53.08,-8.30 Ireland 5290-3800 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 152 Várzea da Mó 38.25,-8.34 Portugal 5160±50 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 153 Tilbury 51.46,0.35 England 5100-4625BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 154 Paças de Säo Bento 38.26,-8.44 Portugal 5090-4830 BC 15 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 155 Montclus 44.27,4.42 France 5050-4550 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 156 Gøngehusvej 55.84,12.51 Denmark 5000 BC 5 1 Brinch Petersen & Meiklejohn 2003; Estabrook 2014 157 Møllegabet II boat 54.9,10.40 Denmark after 5000 BC 1 1 Gron and Skaarup 1991 158 Samouqueira I 37.87,-8.79 Portugal 4980-4800 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 159 Uleberg 58.31,11.62 Sweden 4940±100 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 160 Hoge Vaard A 27 52.32,5.34 Netherlands 4920-4370 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 161 Brovst 57.06,9.30 Denmark 4730-3660 BC 3 0 Newell et al. 1979 162 Bazel-Sluis 51.14,4.32 Belgium 4700-4600 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2014 163 Nivaagaard 55.57,12.25 Denmark 4700-3200 BC 13 0 Newell et al. 1979 164 Baume de Montclus 44.16,4.26 France 4690-4190 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010; Newell et al. 1979 165 Rastel 43.78,7.40 France 4670-4540 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010; Newell et al. 1979 166 Vedbaek Boldbaner 55.52,12.22 Denmark 4560±110 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 167 Henriksholm-Bøgebakkenn 55.51,12.21 Denmark 4560-3960 BC 3 0 Newell et al. 1979 168 Swifterbant N23/N305 (site 5) 52.55,5.63 Netherlands 4530-4400 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 169 Rockmarshall II 54,-6.27 Ireland 4520-4360 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 170 Swifterbant S22/23 52.58,5.64 Netherlands 4520-3970 BC 17 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 171 Kolind 56.21,10.35 Denmark 4500-3650 BC 2 0 Newell et al. 1979 172 Tybrind, Vig. 55.18,10.16 Denmark 4490 BC 2 1 Estabrook 2014; Newell et al. 1979 173 Dalfsen 52.52,6.28 Netherlands 4450-4340 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 174 Swifterbant S2 52.58,5.58 Netherlands 4450-4340 BC 31 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 175 Fox Hole Cave 53.19,-1.85 England 4440-3830 BC 5 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 176 Cnoc Coig 56.02,-6.24 England 4370-3920 BC 6 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 177 Arlöv I 55.62,13.07 Sweden 4340-4210 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 178 Ferriter's Cove 52.18,-10.44 Ireland 4340-4090 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 179 Bøgebakken 55.54,12.23 Denmark 4340-3860 BC 23 3 Newell et al. 1979; Ferguson 2013b 180 Bergmansdal 56.03,12.38 Denmark 4300-3500 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 181 Caistealnan Gillean II 56.01,-6.24 England 4220-4050 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 182 Swifterbant S11 52.59,5.63 Netherlands 4220-3810 BC 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 183 Bäckaskog 56.13,14.10 Sweden 4125±90 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 184 Hylliekroken 55.56,12.94 Sweden 4050 BC 1 0 Oakley et al. 1971 185 Sramore 54.26,-8.28 Ireland 4050-3970 BC 1 0 Meiklejohn & Woodman 2012 186 Zoelen 51.91,5.4 Netherlands 4040-3960 BC 3 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2015 187 Melby 55.56,11.59 Denmark 3880±110 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 188 Bloksbjerg 55.47,12.17 Denmark 3700-3200 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 189 Cnoc Coig 56.02,-6.23 Great Britain 3695-3480 BC 4 0 Newell et al. 1979 190 Rottjärnslid 58.32,11.51 Sweden 3620-3492 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 191 Sølager 55.56,11.54 Denmark 3570±110 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 192 Brabrand 56.08,10.08 Denmark 3550±75 BC 3 0 Newell et al. 1979 193 Ralswiek-Augustenhof 54.29,13.29 Germany 3505±100 BC 3 0 Newell et al. 1979 194 Norsminde 56.01,10.15 Denmark 3500 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 195 Meilgaard 56.50,10.76 Denmark 3500-3200 BC 4 0 Newell et al. 1979 196 Flynderhage 56.01,10.14 Denmark 3280±100 BC 5 0 Newell et al. 1979 197 Alby 56.47,16.57 Sweden 3250±150 BC 1 0 Eriksson et al. 2008 198 Godsted I 54.74,12.01 Denmark 3200 BC 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 199 Priory Midden 56.02,-6.26 England 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2011 200 Balmori 43.43,-4.83 Spain 1 0 Meiklejohn 2009 201 Farincourt III 47.65,5.72 France 2 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2010 202 Felsställe, Mühlen 48.17,9.30 Germany 1 0 Newell et al. 1979 203 Flor da Beira 39.11,-8.68 Portugal 4 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 204 Fonte do Padre Pedro 39.12,-8.69 Portugal 1 0 Meiklejohn et al. 2009; Cunha et al. 2004; Estabrook 2014 205 Climente II 44.60,22.24 Serbia-Romania 2 0 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012 206 Cuina Turcului* 44.58,22.24 Serbia-Romania 2 0 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012 207 Icoana 44.66,22.29 Serbia-Romania 3 0 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012 208 Kula 44.37,22.49 Serbia-Romania 5 0 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012 209 Ostrovul Corbului 44.45,22.75 Serbia-Romania 9 0 Boroneant & Bonsall 2012 210 Theopetra 38.53,23.80 Greece 4 0 Papathanasiou 2012 総計 2055

) Ofnet 2 56 4 4 4 4 10% 6 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 Nakao et al. 2016 3 χ2 (1, N = 4631) = 46.23, p < .0001 4 4 2 2 4 1000 4 10000BC 12.77% 4 4 10000BC 4 4 4 10000BC 4 3 Estabrook 2014; Holt and Formicola 2008; Meiklejohn 2009, 2010; Meiklejohn et al. 2011; Oakley et al. 1977 10 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 1 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 Ferguson2013b Bowles2009 Keeley1996 Pinker2011 4 4 4 Bowles2009 Keeley1996 Pinker2011 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 e.g. Arkush and Allen 2006; Allen and Jones 2014; Schulting and Fibiger 2012 4 4 4 4 4 2006 3 Nakagawa et al. in preparation 4 4 4 4 e.g. 2006; 2004 4 4 4 3 4 e.g. Otterbain 1999 4 3 4 4 e.g. Ember and Ember 1992 4 4 4 e.g. Allen et al. 2016 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 B No.16K16685 3 4 1) 4 4 Keeley1996 4 4 4 4 , 4 4 4 4 Bowles2009 Pinker2011 4 4 2) Pinker2011 4 Keeley1996) Bowles2009 3) 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 4) 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 5) Pinker2011 Bowles2009 4 Fry and Söderberg2013 3 Allen and Jones2014 6) 4 Schwitalla et al. 2014 7) 1 8 8) 4 3 9) 3 4 3 4 e.g. Ferguson 2013b 10) 4 3 11) 1 3 QGIS 4 3 4 4 1 4 12) 1 4 2 Vasilyevka III 6 5 34 37 3 2 2 56 2475 3 4 3 4 4 Moita do Sebastião 126 10 4 4 4 4 Vasilyevka I 5 10 4 13) 4 e.g. 2006; 2004; Estabrook 2014 3 4 4 2006 3 Arkush, E. 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Japanese archaeology has traditionally argued that warfare has begun in the Yayoi period with an introduction of full-fledged agriculture though people in the Jomon period, when subsistence system had been mainly hunting and gathering, had not been involved in inter-group violence and warfare. However, Lawrence Keeley, Samuel Bowles, Steven Pinker, and others have recently focused on archaeological data of human skeletal remains, especially remains with some injures, arguing that prehistoric hunter-gatherers had already initiated inter-group violence and warfare. This paper aims to summarize and examine recent arguments that address the relationship between violence or warfare and human evolution based on archaeological data. In the first place, we summarize the claims of Keeley, Bowles, and Pinker that warfare had already been initiated and was commonplace among prehistoric hunter-gatherers, as well as the counter-argument of Ferguson that these original data are problematic. Secondly, we summarize the available data on human skeletal remains from the Mesolithic period in Europe (between 11,000 BC and 3,500 BC) and argue that these data support Ferguson's argument. In particular, the available data suggests that even though inter-group violence and warfare was present during this period, it was very sporadic. Finally, we discuss the implications of this study and suggest future directions. Keywords Studied period: Mesolithic Studied region: Europe Study subjects: violence warfare human skeletal remains