animal research at DRDC Downsview: a hidden history DRDC Downsview is one of eight Federal military research facilities. a brief overview is here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRDC_Toronto apparently the Downsview location no longer conducts animal tests. i wrote them in April 2018, hoping to arrange the transfer of "spent" lab animals from Downsview to Ontario animal sanctuaries. The Armed Forces Public Inquiry Desk wrote me back on May 1, claiming that "the DRDC Toronto lab in Downsview no longer has an animal facility/capability." DRDC animal facilities in Suffield [Alberta] and the Maritimes are still active. so the appended docs - secured by Liz White and Animal Alliance Canada thru an ATIP request offer a peek into the historic practices at Downsview [2004 to 2007], and indicate, perhaps, some of on-going research at other DRDC sites in Canada. the docs reveal:  "yearly basic trauma-related procedures" : practicing on pigs "different surgical procedures", "performed under various combinations of stressors"  tests on a "proprietary gel" they've developed for treating burn wounds, on 130 rats  testing another "proprietary wound care agent using a porcine model of partial thickness wounds" on 17 Yorkshire pigs  "Evaluation of hemostatic agents and dressing materials using an acute rat model of moderate liver hemorrhage" : on 600 rats  a "partial-thickness burn wounds" study, again, for a "proprietary gel": on 260 rats. they note that "This scald model has been used in previous DRDC experiments". their method of "Euthanasia" is "Cervical Dislocation under anaesthesia". they also assure the CCAC that "Animals that will lose more than 15% WB, show signs of withdrawal, abnormal breathing rate, undue pain or distress will be sacrificed. The animals will be humanely euthanized within 24 h following burn injury if the nature of the signs of illness (hunched position, reduced muscle tone, lack of planar reflex), their rate of onset and a marked hypothermia (<33C) strongly suggest impending death."  a pilot study on 215 New Zealand rabbits "to assess the feasibility of establishing a reliable rabbit model of liver hemorrhage; and 2) determine the hemostatic efficacy of various hemostatic agents"  a study "to establish a non-lethal model of contaminated open wounds in pigs" on up to 21 Yorkshire pigs. their justification of species choice: "The pig is used extensively in animal models of wound healing since pig skin is very similar to that of humans." DRDC Downsview once maintained an in-house rat colony. they brought in rabbits, pigs, and other rats for a variety of experiments. DRDC is a voluntary member of the Canadian Council on Animal Care, which means they file overviews of their research protocols with the CCAC to get the "humane" seal of approval. it's these CCAC applications which Liz managed to get through her ATIP request. they took three years to send her anything, and some of it is blanked out, e.g. names of researchers & suppliers. some of it is, surprisingly, not blanked out: room numbers in the building where they kept the animals, and room numbers where the experiments took place. many of these studies involved experiments at the CCAC's Category D: which is their second-highest category, second-most "invasive". note that even Category B studies ["Experiments which cause little or no discomfort or distress"] can involve domestic flocks or herds being maintained in simulated or actual commercial production management systems; the short-term and skillful restraint of animals for purposes of observation or physical examination; blood sampling; injection of material in amounts that will not cause adverse reactions by the following routes: intravenous, subcutaneous, intra-muscular, intraperitoneal, or oral, but not intrathoracic or intracardiac (Category C); acute non-survival studies in which the animals are completely anesthetized and do not regain consciousness; approved methods of euthanasia following rapid unconsciousness, such as anesthetic overdose, or decapitation preceded by sedation or light anesthesia; short periods of food and/or water deprivation equivalent to periods of abstinence in nature. [from CCAC Policy Statement] the DRDC may tell you their research is to protect Canadians and help "our peacekeepers" around the globe. the Defence Corporate Secretary, Isabelle Daoust, wrote me on behalf of our Minister of Defence on May 15: DND precisely adheres to the CCAC guidelines and internationally accepted protocols to ensure the ethical treatment of animals and that the use of animals is weighed against the acknowledged benefits to the Canadian Armed Forces. regarding the 2005 study of liver hemorrhage, on 600 rats, the DRDC notes: "Operations Enduring Freedom [the U.S. term for their global 'war on terrorism'] and Iraqi Freedom [the U.S. term for the second Iraq War] have recommended further study to develop solutions for treatment of non-compressible hemorrhage." the links between peacekeeping and the interests of U.S. empire seem close, here. Animal Alliance has an ongoing campaign to end the use of animals in Canadian military research, focused on the use of pigs in trauma training: https://www.animalalliance.ca/campaigns/other-campaigns/military-trauma-training/ from the CRDC medic-training program, held annually. appendix: the Downsview docs form A [2006-2007] trauma training for medics/medical officers, using pigs. a study in Ottawa, replicating field work in Toronto. DRDC Toronto was asked by [blanked out] to organize a similar field test at [blanked out] in Ottawa "yearly basic trauma-related procedures" for medics and medical officers wers already held at DRDC Toronto that year [i.e. 2006?] here's the protocol overview: "Up to two male Yorkshire pigs (70-75 kg) will be obtained from [blank], 4-6 times a year. Large pigs are considered the best alternative to using primates when performing trauma-related procedures. The surgical procedures [. . .] will be performed within 3-6 h of the animals being delivered at [blanked out] The animals will be: fasting for 24 h (instructions will be provided to the supplier); have free access to water until their pre-anaesthesia; and, temporarily, housed in a room that will provide 2-4 m2 of pen space per animal, part of the floor being covered with straw. Following pre-anaesthesia with ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight, i.m.) and acepromazine (0.5 mg/kg body weight, i.m.), the animals will be lifted on a trolley, covered with a blanket, and, wheeled outside the building to a secluded area. The different surgical procedures will then be performed under various combinations of stressors"

form B [2005] protocols for a series of wound studies involving rats and pigs. from what i can tell, over a thousand rats and 44 pigs. e.g. study "of full thickness, contaminated wounds in pigs" on 21 Yorkshire pigs tests on a "proprietary gel" they've developed for treating burn wounds, on 130 rats. possible incorporation of gel into field first aid kits for CF soldiers. testing another "proprietary wound care agent using a porcine model of partial thickness wounds": 17 Yorkshire pigs. on 600 rats: "Evaluation of hemostatic agents and dressing materials using an acute rat model of moderate liver hemorrhage."

form C [2004 2005] "partial-thickness burn wounds" in rats. again, for a "proprietary gel" not peer-reviewed "The vetrinary technician will also be responsible for performing all burn procedures after adequate training from [blanked out] manufacturer of DRDC dressing is blanked out "This scald model has been used in previous DRDC experiments" 130 x 2 rats [half bred in-house] weirdly, they list the Animal Housing Room: 1412 Experimental Site Room: 1404 method of "Euthanasia" is "Cervical Dislocation under anaesthesia" "Animals that will lose more than 15% WB, show signs of withdrawal, abnormal breathing rate, undue pain or distress will be sacrificed. The animals will be humanely euthanized within 24 h following burn injury if the nature of the signs of illness (hunched position, reduced muscle tone, lack of planar reflex), their rate of onset and a marked hypothermia (<33C) strongly suggest impending death."

form D [2006] box check: "liver injury" blacked-out but readable: "The objectives of this protocol are to 1)perform a pilot study to assess the feasibility of establishing a reliable rabbit model of liver hemorrhage; and 2) determine the hemostatic efficacy of various hemostatic agents" on 215 [maximum] New Zealand rabbits Source of Animals: blanked justified in part because "there are currently no in vitro model [sic] simulating bleeding time." euthanasia: intracardiac [injection into heart] looks like there's no relevant post-operative care - the liver laceration is under surgical anaesthesia, and the animal is killed by intracardial injection on the operating table. from what i can tell.

form E [probably 2006] more detail on rabbit hemorrhage study - likely the study of 2006 in Form D looks like they tried with rats but had trouble because "this species possesses an enormous ability to control even massive bleeding (e.g., 30% total blood volume shed) without the need for further adjuncts, a finding recently confirmed by another scientist" after "liver-resection", bleeding is monitored for 30 mins, "after which period they will be humanely euthanized by intracardiac injection of T-61."

form F [2004-06] "to establish a non-lethal model of contaminated open wounds in pigs." : up to 21 Yorkshire pigs justification for species: "The pig is used extensively in animal models of wound healing since pig skin is very similar to that of humans." involves hazardous biological agents Ps. aerughosa, Staph.epidermis, and Fusobacterium necrotum "wound contamination characteristics over a 21-d study period." "Two samples will be taken (using a 4-mm biopsy punch) from pre-selected wounds . . . on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17 and 21, with the animal under general anesthesia" animals to be euthanized at end of 21 days using T61 (i.v.) following sedation

form G [2004] ammendment to porcine protocols? indicates the DRDC has authorized a Contractor for "testing in porcine models of injury the in vivo bactericidal efficacy (full-thickness infected wounds) and wound healing properties" these are tests for "four different DRDC materials developed under a Technology Investment Fund"