2 3 4 Question Managers Claim Employees Accept Diff. Deliver promise 84% 28% 56% Advocate for staff 81% 28% 53% Give a clear direction 79% 29% 50% Assign the right people 63% 17% 46% Evaluate fairly 73% 30% 43% (Rowlands, 2006) 5 (Hecht et. al. , 1999) 6 (Hecht et. al. , 1999) 7 (Amason and Sapienza, 1997) 8 = (Peterson and Behfar, 2003) = = 9 (Thomas, 2008) (Tubbs, 2010) 10 11 (Kilmann and Thomas, 1975) 12 (North, 2003) SPEED 13 14 15 (B) – TOYOTA and GE Enabling Bureaucracy Empowered employees Rules as enabling tools Hierarchy supports learning (A) Coercive Bureaucracy Extensive written rules Rigid rule enforcement Highlight poor performance (D) Organic Empowered employees Minimum Rules (C) Autocratic Minimum written rules Hierarchy controls (Adler, 1999 as cited by Liker, 2004) 16 (Williams, 2004) 17 (Ford, 2001) 18 (Williams, 2004)