ANUŚĪLANA, Vol. LXXV, Year 2017, ISSN 0973-8762 u lks*fLr çR;;ks yksds ;= dkyks u HkklrsA 1 rknkRE;] tks lHkh phtksa dk [kqn ls gksrk gS] vxj ugha gksrk gS rks bldk eryc gksrk gS fd og pht ogh ugha gSA nqX/k dk nqX/k ls rknkRE; gSA ysfdu] nqX/k tc nf/k cu tkrk gS rc mldk rknkRE; nqX/k ls ugha gksxkA vkSj] tks pht vius rknkRE; dks cuk, ugha j[krh ,slh çR;sd pht dh viuh dksbZ okLrfodrk ugha gksrh] ,slk v}Sr&osnkarfonksa dk ekuuk gS] vkSj] ogh pht tks dHkh Hkh viuk rknkRE; ugha [kksrh vkR;fUrd& okLrfodrk j[krh gSA tcfd] ckS) erkuqlkj ifjorZu esa okLrfodrk gksrh gS] lHkh phtsa unh ds ty ds leku cg jgh gSa] vfXu ds leku ty jgh gSa] cgrh gqbZ ;k tyrh gqbZ ;s vius gksus dks |ksfrr djrh gSa] vkSj] dksbZ Hkh ,slh pht ugha gksrh ftldk rknkRE; dHkh Hkh [kafMr ugha gksrkA rknkRE; ds bu nks fo#) erksa dh lqlaxr cukus dk ç;kl visf{kr gS] ,slk esjk lkspuk gSA /;krO; gS fd bl rjg dh lHkh ppkZvksa esa dky vfuok;Z :i ls layXu gSA lEHkor;k ;gh otg gS fd v}Sr&osnkar vkSj ckS)&er nksuksa gh vius&vius lr~ dh ifjHkk"kk esa gh dky dh ckr djrs gSa% Øe'k%] f=dkykckf/kRoe~ lRoEk~ vkSj ;r~ {kf.kde~ rr~ lRk~A ik'pkR; rdZ'kkL= dh vksj –f"Vikr djsa rks ge ikrs gSa fd 'kkL=h; rdZ'kkL=] vkSj blds vUrxZr fopkj dk çFke fu;e gh % tks fd ÞrknkRE; dk fu;eÞ gS] dky dks laKku esa ugha ysrk gSA 2 rknkRE;&fu;e ds vuqlkj] ,d oLrq dsoy vius vki ls rknkRE; j[krh gS] vU; fdlh pht ls ugha; oLrq&*v* dk oLrq&*v* ls rknkRE; gS&la{ksi esa] Þ*v**v* gSÞA blesa vUrfuZfgr ekU;rk ;g gS fd ;fn dksbZ oLrq dky ds lkFk ugha cnyrh gS] nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks ;fn dksbZ oLrq&*v* tks dky *d* esa gS og dky *d* ds brj vU; dkyksa esa Hkh oLrq&*v* gh jgs rks mlds lkFk dky dks laKku esa ysus dh vko';drk ugha gS; D;ksafd Þ*v**v* gSÞ ;g dFku djus gsrq] vFkkZr~ fdlh oLrq ds ogh oLrq gksus gsrq] dky dh dksbZ mikns;rk ugha gSA 3 bl rdZ ds }kjk 'kkL=h; ik'pkR; rdZ'kkL= esa dky dks rknkRE; ds fy, fuok;Z le>k x;k gSA r}Rk] ;fn v}Sr&osnkafr;ksa ds ml pht ij fopkj djsa tks viuk rknkRE; dHkh Hkh ugha [kksrk rks ,slk yxrk gS fd dky dh ckr djuk gh 140 fujFkZd gS] D;ksafd dky rks ifjorZu ds ekid ds :i esa gh le>k tkrk gSA blfy, gh] lEHkor;k] v}Sr&osnkUrh dHkh dky ds fo"k; esa eq[kj ugha gq,] dqN ,d –"Vkarksa dks NksM+dj] ftruk fd eSa tkurk gw¡A dky dks ifjorZu ds ekid ds :i esa ;fn le>sa rks de ls de bruk rks Lohdkjuk gh gksxk fd dky ifjorZu&ek= gh ugha gS] ;g ifjorZu ls fHkUu gS ftlesa fd ifjorZu dks ekik tk ldrk gSA vc] ;fn dky ifjorZu ugha gS rks nks lEHkkouk,¡ curh gSa&çFke] dky ifjorZu dk ifj.kke gSS] f}rh;] ifjorZu dky dk ifj.kke gSA çFke i{k] esjh le> ls] ckS)ksa us lefFkZr fd;k gS rks f}rh; i{k uS;kf;dksa] vkSj Hkr`Zgfj tSls oS ;kdj.kksa }kjk lefFkZr gqvk gSA nksuksa gh n'kkvksa esa] ;fn ifjorZu gksus dk ekid dky gS rks mlds uk gksus dk ekid Hkh dky gh gksxkA vkSj bl rjg] tcfd ifjorZu ds u gksus dks gh rknkRE; le>k tkrk gS rks dky rknkRE; dk Hkh fu/kkZjd gqvkA bl 'kks/k&i= esa ;g çfrikfnr djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gS fd rknkRE; ,d&dkfyd ugha] cfYd] f}dkfyd gSA ,d&dkfyd rknkRE; dk rkRi;Z rknkRE;&i;ZUr dky ds ,d gh gksus ls gSA tcfd] f}dkfyd rknkRE; bl ckr dk fu"ks/k gS fd rknkRE;&i;ZUr dky ,d gh gksrk gSA vkSj lkFk gh] f}dkfyd rknkRE; ds Kku esa dky dks laKku esa ysus dh vifjgk;Zrk gSA f}dkfyd rknkRE; dh vo/kkj.kk ds ek/;e ls ;g çfr"Bkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS fd rknkRE; ds dFkuksa] ;Fkk&Þ*v**v* gSÞ] ÞeSa eSa gw¡Þ vkfn] esa dky&Kku egÙoiw.kZ gSA tgk¡ rd ckr dFku dh gS rks fdlh Hkh rknkRE; dk dFku djds ns[ksa] tSls&ÞeSa eSa gw¡Þ] D;k ,d iqujkòfÙk ugha gS blesa\ vkSj] D;k dHkh dksbZ iqujkòfÙk dky ds ,d gh fcUnq ij laHko gS\ fuf'pr :i ls] dky ds ,d gh fcUnq ij dksbZ iqujkòfÙk laHko ugha gSA tc ge *v* dks nksgjkrs gSa vkSj Þ*v**v* gSÞ ,slk dgrs gSa rks viuh fopkj&çfØ;k esa dky dks lekfo"V djrs gSaA 4 ysfdu] dsoy dFku ds mPpkj.k esa iqujkòfÙk ds gksus] vkSj blls mlesa dky ds egÙo ds gksus] ls ;g çfrLFkkfir ugha gksrk fd dky oLrqr% rknkRE; esa mikns; gSA bl çfrLFkkiuk gsrq laiq"V vk/kkj vko';d gSA xq.kkRed rknkRE; dk foHksn çk;% vkafdd rknkRE; ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dguk fd blesa vkSj mlesa vkafdd rknkRE; gS ,slk dguk gS fd os ,d vkSj vfHkUu gSa&,d gh oLrq] ctk; nks gksus ds 1⁄4Olson] 721⁄2A 5 rknkRE;&dFku] ftudh ;gk¡ ppkZ gks jgh gS] vkafdd rknkRE; ls ljksdkj j[krs gSa] D;ksafd xq.kkRed rknkRE; esa de ls de nks lanHkZ&oLrqvksa dh vis{kk gksrh gS] vkSj fuf'pr :i ls bl rjg dh vius&vki ls rknkRE; dh fLFkfr;ksa esa dsoy ,d gh lanHkZ&oLrq dks fo"k; cuk;k tkrk gSA vkxs blh Øe esa] rknkRE; ds vkafdd gksus vkSj lkFk gh ,d&dkfyd gksus ij bl ckr dh dksbZ laHkkouk gh ugha curh gS fd rknkRE;&dFku esa vk, mís'; vkSj fo/ks; nksuksa inksa ds vius&vius lanHkZ&oLrq gksaA ,d&dkfyd :i ls] muesa ls dsoy fdlh ,d ds fy, gh lanHkZ&oLrq miyC/k gksxhA ysfdu] f}dkfyd rknkRE; dks Lohdkjus ij rknkRE;&dFku Þ*v**v* gSÞ esa mís';&*v* vkSj fo/ks;&*v* nksuksa ds fy, lanHkZ&oLrq miyC/k gksaxs] tks rknkRE;&dFkuksa dks 141 lkFkZdrk çnku djsaxs&bl rjg fd] Þ*v**v* gSÞ esa mís';&*v* ,d dky ds *v* ds lanHkZ esa gS rks fo/ks;&*v* vU; dky ds *v* ds lanHkZ esaA çFke& n`"V;k dky dks lekfo"V djrs gq, nks dkyksa ds oLrq&*v* fHkUu yxrs gSa] D;ksafd dky ;fn oLrq esa xq.kor~ lekfo"V gS vkSj dky fHkUu gS] rks oLrq Hkh fHkUu gks xbZ] ,slk vkxzg gksrk gSA rknkRE; dh vfuok;Zrk&fd rknkRE; fdlh dky esa [kafMr ugha gksrk] fooknkLin gSA dksbZ Hkh] ykbCuht ds vfoHksnuh;ksa ds rknkRE; 6 ds fu;e dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,] ;g funf'kZr dj ldrk gS fd ;fn ,d dky ds oLrq&*v* esa dky xq.kor~ lekfo"V gS rks dky ds cnyus ek= ls oLrq dk rknkRE; [kafMr gks tk,xkA ysfdu bl vk{ksi dks os yksx rks fcYdqy ugha yxk ldrs tks igys gh dky dks egÙoghu ekudj udkj pqds gSa] D;ksafd ;gk¡ ,d ek= dky dk gh rks Hksn gks jgk gSA rc Hkh] ;g tks Hksn ifjyf{kr gks jgk gS og vf/kd Li"Vhdj.k dh ek¡x djrk gSA rnFkZ] ;fn ftKklk djsa] rknkRE; dk ç'u dc mBrk gS\ dc rknkRE; ds ckjs esa ftKklk ;k lansg ;k vk'p;Z ;k ç'u fd;k tkrk gS&ÞD;k *&* vkSj *&* rknkRE; j[krs gSa\ ,slk rc gksrk gS] tcfd&nks fHkUu in ,d gh lanHkZ&oLrq ds fy, ç;qä gq, gksaA bl fLFkfr esa dksbZ iwN ldrk gS&ÞD;k nksuksa inksa ds lanHkZ&oLrq rknkRE; j[krs gSa\Þ ;g vkafdd rknkRE; dh ftKklk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] D;k IysVks gh vQykrwu gS\ ;gk¡ ;g ç'u lkFkZd gS] D;ksafd nks fHkUu inksa dk ç;ksx ,d rjg ds Hksn dk cks/k djk jgk gSA vkSj] rknkRE; dk ç'u ;g tkuus gsrq gS fd ;g Hksn okLrfod gS ;k uke&ek= esa gSA nks lanHkZ&oLrq tks leku xq.k j[krs gksa] tSls fd&tqM+ok cPps] vkSj tks nks fHkUu ukeksa] mnkgj.kkFkZ&xksih vkSj fd'ku] ds gSa fHkUu&fHkUu ns'k&dky esa gekjs lEeq[k vk,¡ rks lansg gks ldrk gS&nksuksa dgha ,d rks ugha\ bl rjg dh ftKklk dk vk/kkj xq.kkRed rknkRE; gSA nks lUnHkZ&oLrq ftuds ,d gh uke gSa] vkSj dksbZ O;fä ,d lUnHkZ&oLrq dk vuqHko j[krk gS ysfdu nwljs lUnHkZ&oLrq dk ugha; rc O;fä lUnHkZ&oLrqvksa ds ukeksa ds ,d gksus ls bl lansg esa iM+ ldrk gS fd ml uke ds nksuksa lUnHkZ&oLrqvksa esa rknkRE; gSA ;|fi 7 ] ek= bUgha fLFkfr;ksa esa rknkRE; dk loky mBrk gS ,slk ugha dgk tk ldrk; rFkkfi] ;g Li"Vr;k ge vius cqf) ds LokHkkfod çdk'k ls ns[k ldrs gSa fd rknkRE; dk rc dksbZ ç'u gh ugha mBrk tc fd dksbZ oLrq ,d&dkfyd gSA rkRi;Z ;g gS fd tc dksbZ oLrq dky ds ,d gh fcUnq ij gS rc fdlh dks mlds rknkRE; dh ftKklk gks] ,slk cks/kxE; ugha gSA bls bl rjg vf/kd Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&D;k dky ds ,d gh fcUnq ij fdlh oLrq dk mlh oLrq ls rknkRE; 1⁄4;k Hksn1⁄2] laHko gS\ ge dHkh dky ds ,d fcUnq ij gh fdlh oLrq ds mlls gh fHkUu gksus dh ckr ugha lksp ldrsA mlh rjg] dky ds ,d fcUnq ij gh fdlh oLrq ds mlls rknkRE; dh ckr lkspuk Hkh O;ogk;Z ugha gSA D;k dHkh ge rc rd rknkRE; dh ftKklk djrs gSa tc rd fd fdlh u fdlh rjg ds cnyko ;k Hksn dks 142 laKku esa ugha ikrs\ bl ç'u dk mÙkj udkjkRed gh vk,xk] ,slk esjk fo'okl gSA vr%] Hksn rknkRE; ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA vkSj] oLrq esa dky&Hksn ogh vfuok;Z Hksn gS tks oLrq ds mlh oLrq ls rknkRE; dks [kf.Mr ugha djrkA fdlh oLrq ds mlh oLrq ls rknkRE; ds dFku] ftlesa ,d gh uke vkSj ,d gh lanHkZ&oLrq gksrh gS] dkyxr gksus ij gh Lohdk;Z gSaA bl rjg] rknkRE;&dFku Þ*v**v* gSÞ f}dkfyd rknkRE; dk dFku gS] u fd ,d&dkfyd rknkRE; dkA lkFk gh] vkafdd rknkRE; dFkuksa dh lkFkZdrk dky dks laKku esa ysus esa gSA dky ds nks fHkUu fcUnqvksa ij fdlh oLrq dk leku o vifjofrZr jguk mlds fy, dky dks egÙoghu ugha dj nsrk] D;ksafd mlesa ifjorZu ugha gqvk ;g fu/kkZj.k Hkh dky gh laHko djkrk gSA vLrq] vkafdd rknkRE; dh lHkh ftKklk,¡ dkyxr rknkRE; dh ftKklk,¡ gSaA oLrqr%] ns[kk tk; rks xq.kkRed rknkRE; esa Hkh dky dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA ;fn nks tqM+ok cPps ,d gh dky&fcUnq ij fdlh ds lEeq[k mifLFkr gksa tk; rks mlds fy, muds rknkRE; dh ftKklk djuk vLoHkkfod gSA dksbZ Hkys ;g dg ldrk gS fd bu nksuksa esa bl&bl igyw ls lekurk gS] ysfdu dksbZ ;g ckr fuLlansg ugha djsxk fd ;s nksuksa ,d gh gSaA ysfdu ogh tqM+ok cPps tc fHkUu dkyksa esa ,d gh ;k fHkUu LFkkuksa ij ns[ks tkrs gSa rks muds ,d gh gksus dk lansg gksuk vLoHkkfod ugha gSA rc mudk xq.kkRed rknkRE; gesa vkafdd rknkRE; ds fy, ftKkflr djrk gSA ;gk¡] esjs fopkj ls] eSa ;g dg ldrk gw¡ fd rknkRE; ds nkos dky&eqä gksus ds ctk; dky&;qä gksrs gSaA rknkRE; dh vkykspuk djrs gq, fofV~xULVhu fy[krs gSa 1⁄4Tractatus 5-53031⁄2&ÞeksVs rkSj ij dgsa rks] nks phtksa ds rknkRE; dh ckr djuk fujFkZd gS] vkSj ,d pht dk mlh ls rknkRE; crkuk dqN crkuk ugha gSAÞ jlsy us buls igys ,d fpark trkbZ Fkh ftlls fofV~xULVhu ds mijksä fopkj dks çsj.kk feyh gks ,slk çrhr gksrk gS 1⁄4The Principles of Mathematics,641⁄2& Þ,d vkifÙkdrkZ vkxzg dj ldrk gS] rknkRE; fdlh çdkj ls dqN ugha gks ldrk&nks in rks lh/ks&lh/ks gh rknkRE; ugha j[krs; vkSj] ,d in rks rknkRE; j[k gh ugha ldrk] fdlls j[ksxk\Þ jlsy ls iwoZ Ýsxs us Hkh] ÞvFkZ vkSj lanHkZÞ ds vkjEHk esa] ,d laca/k ds :i esa rknkRE; ds lanHkZ esa ,d fpark O;ä fd;k&ÞrknkRE;&lekurk pqukSrhiw.kZ ç'uksa dks mñHkwr djrk gS ftu lHkh ds ,d lkFk mÙkj vklku ugha gSaA D;k ;g ,d laca/k gS\Þ gky gh esa] lhts- ,Qfofy;El 1⁄4C. J. F. Williams1⁄2 us ÞrknkRE; D;k gS\Þ 8 uked d`fr esa ;g lq>k;k gS fd rknkRE; dks f}rh;&Øe ds laca/k 1⁄4second-order relation1⁄2 ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,] ctk; oLrqvksa ds chp ,d laca/k le>us ds] vkSj] dkb fofevj 9 1⁄4Kai Wehmeier1⁄2 us rdZ fd;k gS fd ,d f}dh; 1⁄4binary1⁄2 laca/k tks fd çR;sd oLrq Lo;a ls j[krh gS] vkSj vU; fdlh ls ugha] dk vkooku djuk rkfdZd :i ls vuko';d vkSj rkfÙod :i ls lansgkLin gSA 143 ;g 'kks/k&i= u dsoy rknkRE; dh f}dkfydrk dks fn[kkus dk ç;kl gS cfYd blds }kjk lkFk gh lkFk bu mijksä vkykspukvksa ls rknkRE; dh vo/kkj.kk dks lqjf{kr djus dk ç;kl Hkh gSA fofV~xULVhu] vkSj lekur;k jlsy] dks çR;qÙkj esa ;gk¡ dgk tk ldrk gS&,d pht dk mlh ls rknkRE; crkuk mldk mlds dky ds vU; fcUnqvksa ij mifLFkfr;ksa ls rknkRE; crkuk gSA Ýsxs vkSj mudh Hkkafr vU; lHkh dks ;g le>us esa dfBukbZ ugha gksuh pkfg, fd rknkRE; ,d gh oLrq dh nks fHkUu dky&fcUnqvksa ij mifLFkfr;ksa ds chp dk laca/k gSA var esa] dkb fofevj 1⁄4Kai Wehmeier1⁄2 dk –f"Vdks.k &ftlls fd eSa Hkh ogk¡ rd lger gw¡ tgk¡ rknkRE; dks ,d&dkfyd le>k tkrk gS&f}dkfyd rknkRE; ij ykxw ugha gksrkA D;ksafd] ,d oLrq ds dky ds nks fcUnqvksa ij rknkRE; ds dFku dh rkfdZd vko';drk gSA vLrq] ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd f}dkfyd rknkRE; rkfdZd :i ls vuko';d gSA u gh rkfÙod :i ls bl ij dksbZ lansg dj ldrk gS fd dky ifjorZu ds gksus esa ftruk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk j[krk gS mruk gh ifjorZu ds u gksus esa HkhA bl rjg] ;gk¡ ;g fn[kkus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k fd rknkRE; dks dkykrhr le>uk ,d HkzkfUr gS rFkk Hksn@ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk rknkRE; Hkh dkyxr gksrk gSA lanHkZ 1- ;g ehekaldksa dh lwfä gS] vkSj osnkUrh Hkh bldks viuh lgefr nsrs gSaA ns[ksa&Dhirendra Mohan Datta, The Six Ways of Knowing : a Critical Study of the Vedā nta Theory of Knowledge; London: GAllen & Unwin, 1932, p. 103: "In every act of Knowledge, there must be a consciousness of time" 2rqyuk djsa&George Pitcher, Truth; Prentice&Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1964, p. 5: Propositions were ...often conceived to be timeless nonlinguistic entities capable of being apprehended, and of being believed or disbelieved] by any number of different minds. 3rqyuk djsa-Dhirendra Mohan Datta, The Six Ways of Knowing: a Critical Study of the Veda  nta Theory of Knowledge; London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1932, pp. 23–27. mijksä] osnkfUr;ksa }kjk /kkjkokgh Kku ds lanHkZ esa Loh-r –f"V] tSls fd osnkUr&ifjHkk"kk esa çfrikfnr gS] dk ,d iqufuZopu gSA 4osnkUrh] tSls fd osnkUr ifjHkk"kk esa] bl rjg ds fo"k;ksa esa fopkj&çfØ;k esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds nksgjko dks iwjh rjg udkjrs gSa] tgk¡ rd eSa le>rk gw¡A 5m)r mfä;ksa dk vuqokn esjs }kjk fd;k x;k gSA blfy, blesa gqbZ xyrh dh ftEesnkjh esjh gSA 6tks fd vke rkSj ij fuEuor~ lw=c) fd;k tkrk gS& if, for every property F, object x has F if and only if object y has F, then x is identical to y. (Forrest) Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy) Or, in the notation of symbolic logic: ∀F(Fx ↔ Fy) → x=y. 7rqyuk djsa- cp. Aristotle, Topics, A 7, 103a7–14; quot., I. M. Bocheński, A History of Formal Logic: Sameness would be generally regarded as falling] roughly speaking] into three divisions. We generally apply the term numerically or specifically or generically-numerically in cases where there is more than one name but only one thing, e.g. ―doublet‖ and ―cloak‖; specifically, where there is more than one thing, but they present no differences in respect of their species, as one man and another, or one horse and another: for things like this that fall under the same species are said to be 144 ―specifically the same‖. Similarly, too, those things are called generically the same which fall under the same genus, such as a horse and a man. 8. C.J.F. Williams, What is identity, Oxford University Press 1989. 9. Kai F. Wehmeier, "How to live without identity-and why," Australian Journal of Philosophy 90:4, 2012, pp. 761–777. Works Cited Bocheński, I M. A History of Formal Logic. Trans. and Ed. by Ivo Thomas; Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1961. Datta, Dhirendra Mohan. The Six Ways of Knowing: a Critical Study of the Vedā nta Theory of Knowledge. London: G. Allen &amp; Unwin, 1932, pp. 23–27. Pitcher, George (ed.). Truth. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Olson, Eric T. &quot;Personal identity.&quot; Science Fiction and Philosophy: From Time Travel to Superintelligence (2010): 72. Forrest, Peter. ―The Identity of Indiscernibles‖ in Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. First published Wed Jul 31, 1996; substantive revision Sun Aug 15, 2010. Wed 25 May, 2016: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-indiscernible/#Form Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Tractatus: Logico Philosophicus. Trans., D. F. Pears and B. F. McGuinness; New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974, p. 63. 