Two questions often shape our view of the world. On the one hand, we ask what there is, on the other hand, we ask what there ought to be. Empirical research and normative theory, the methodological traditions concerned with these questions, entered a diffi cult relationship, from at least as early as around the time of the advent of modern sciences. To this day, there remains a strong separation between the two domains, with both tending to neglect discourses and results from the other. Contrary to a verdict of strict segregation between "is" and "ought", there are, nowadays, various attempts to integrate both theoretical approaches. This calls for a newly intensifi ed discourse on the relation between empirical research and normative theory. In this volume, scholars from different disciplines – including psychology, sociology, economics, and philosophy – discuss possible desired or undesired infl uences on, and limits of, the integration of these two approaches. www.degruyter.com ISBN 978-3-11-061209-7 A lexander M ax B auer, M alte Ingo M eyerhuber (E ds. ) EM PIR IC A L R ESEA R C H A N D N O R M A TIV E TH EO R Y Alexander Max Bauer, Malte Ingo Meyerhuber (Eds.) EMPIRICAL RESEARCH AND NORMATIVE THEORY TRANSDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES ON TWO METHODICAL TRADITIONS BETWEEN SEPARATION AND INTERDEPENDENCE Empirical Research and Normative Theory

Empirical Research and Normative Theory Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Two Methodical Traditions Between Separation and Interdependence Edited by Alexander Max Bauer and Malte Ingo Meyerhuber ISBN 978-3-11-061209-7 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-061379-7 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-061214-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2020931456 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image: M.C. Escher's "Hand with Reflecting Sphere" © 2018 The M.C. Escher Company, The Netherlands. All rights reserved. www.mcescher.com Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Foreword V Preface VII List of Abbreviations XI Alexander Max Bauer and Malte Ingo Meyerhuber Introduction 1 Alexander Max Bauer and Malte Ingo Meyerhuber Two Worlds on the Brink of Colliding On the Relationship Between Empirical Research and Normative Theory 11 Sylke Meyerhuber Normative Theories and Their Influence on Empirical Research Theoretical Expositions and Practical Examples from a Qualitative Researcher in Applied Social Psychology 35 Jannis Kreienkamp, Maximilian Agostini, Marvin Kunz, Malte Ingo Meyerhuber, and Carlos A. de Matos Fernandes Normative Influences in Science and Their Impact on (Objective) Empirical Research 75 Guillermina Jasso Is and Ought From Ideas to Theory to Empirics 105 Albert W. Musschenga Empirically Informed Moral Intuitionism 129 Norbert Paulo A Principle of Psychological Realism for Moral Epistemology 151 Stephen J. Sullivan Moral Epistemology Naturalised Theory Justification in Ethics and Science 169 Marcel Mertz Empirical Incursions Or How Empirical Information May Influence the Validity of a Moral Norm 189 James Konow Is Fairness in the Eye of the Beholder? An Impartial Spectator Analysis of Justice 237 David Miller Needs-Based Justice Theory and Evidence 273 Lars Schwettmann A Simple Vote Won't Do It Empirical Social Choice and the Fair Allocation of Health Care Resources 295 Peter Wiersbinski Conceiving the Anthropological Difference as a Categorical Divide Is There Any Room Left for Empirical Research? 317 Alexander Max Bauer and Malte Ingo Meyerhuber Epilogue On Doxa and Aletheia 337 List of Contributors 343 Index of Names 347 Index of Subjects 349 X Table of Contents List of Contributors Maximilian Agostini, M.Sc., is a doctoral researcher at the University of Groningen, with a specialisation in social and organisational psychology. His research background is motivational psychology; more specifically whether prosocial behaviour is a common response to goal failure. He is a founding member of the Centre for Psychological Gun Research (CPGR) and an enthusiastic climber. You can reach him via: University of Groningen, Department Social Psychology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands, m.agostini@rug.nl Alexander Max Bauer, M.A., is teaching associate and doctoral researcher at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg as well as a research associate in the research group "NeedBased Justice and Distribution Procedures" of the German Research Foundation (DFG), where he engages with fundamental questions of distributive justice between normative theory, formal modelling, and empirical social research. His research interest is, amongst others, in experimental philosophy, justice, theory of science, and the work of Friedrich Nietzsche. You can reach him via: Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Department of Philosophy, Ammerländer Heerstrasse 114-118, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany, alexander.max.bauer@uni-oldenburg.de Carlos A. de Matos Fernandes, M.Sc., is a doctoral researcher at the University of Groningen. His research interest is, amongst others, in cooperation problems with a focus on agentbased modelling, theoretical and analytical sociology, as well as studying upcoming and innovative statistical methods in the field of social network analysis. You can reach him via: University of Groningen, Department of Sociology, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands, c.a.de.matos.fernandes@rug.nl Prof. Dr. Guillermina Jasso is professor of sociology and Silver professor of arts and science at the New York University. She is a fellow of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars, the Sociological Research Association, the New York University's Society of Fellows, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Her research interest is, amongst others, in basic sociobehavioural theory, distributive justice, status, international migration, inequality and stratification, probability distributions, mathematical methods for theoretical analysis, and factorial survey methods for empirical analysis. Her Erdős number is 3. You can reach her via: New York University, 295 Lafayette Street, New York, NY 10012, United States, gj1@nyu.edu Prof. Dr. Joshua Knobe is professor of cognitive science and philosophy at Yale University. His research interest is, amongst others, in the field of moral cognition. He examines the ways in which people's moral judgments can influence their use of concepts that might initially seem entirely scientific or non-moral, such as intention, causation, happiness, or knowledge. You can reach him via: Yale University, Department of Psychology, 2 Hillhouse Ave, Box 208205, New Haven, Connecticut, CT 06520–8205, United States, joshua.knobe@yale.edu Prof. Dr. James Konow is chair of economics and ethics at the University of Kiel and professor of economics at Loyola Marymount University. He is a former editor of Economics and Philosophy and associate editor of Social Justice Research. His research interest is, amongst others, in economics and ethics, behavioural economics, experimental economics, public economics, and the economics of happiness. You can reach him via: Loyola Marymount University, 1 LMU Drive, Suite 4200, Los Angeles, California, CA 90045–2659, United States, jkonow@lmu.edu Jannis Kreienkamp, M.Sc., is a doctoral researcher at the University of Groningen. His research interest is, amongst others, in the motivational basis of intergroup contact and intergroup conflict. In his research, he puts a particular focus on the function of psychological needs and goals in social contexts. As part of his doctoral research, he applies this perspective to the cultural adaptation process of refugees in the Netherlands and, as a founding member of the Center for Psychological Gun Research, he also works on an understanding of needs and motivation in more violent intergroup contexts. With his research, he is committed to robust research methods that are embedded within societal challenges and give agency to vulnerable and excluded participant groups. You can reach him via: University of Groningen, Heymans Institute for Psychological Research, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands, j.kreienkamp@rug.nl Marvin Kunz, M.Sc., is a researcher at the Wageningen Economic Research Institute in The Hague. There, he works in interdisciplinary research teams on international research projects. He was a research master student at the University of Groningen and was a junior researcher of the Junior Researcher Programme, a programme supported and co-organised by the Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Furthermore, he worked at the University of Cambridge as a visiting researcher. You can reach him via: marvin.c.kunz@gmail.com Dr. Marcel Mertz is head of the working group "Research/Public Health Ethics & Methodology" at the Institute for History, Ethics, and Philosophy of Medicine of Hannover Medical School. His research interest is, amongst others, the methodology and inter-/transdisciplinarity of medical and research ethics, with a particular focus on empirical ethics. He is currently the coordinator of the working group "Ethics and Empirics" of the German Academy for Ethics in Medicine (AEM). You can reach him via: Hannover Medical School, Institute for History, Ethics, and Philosophy of Medicine, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany, mertz.marcel@mh-hannover.de Malte Ingo Meyerhuber, M.Sc., was research master student of behavioural and social sciences at the University of Groningen, with a focus on social and organisational psychology. Both within his studies as well as during his work as a research assistant he focused on creativity and innovation research. Since 2019, he is working as a consultant. You can reach him via: m.meyerhuber@gmx.de Dr. Sylke Meyerhuber is senior researcher associated at the University of Bremen's artec Sustainability Research Centre. Her research as an organisational psychologist is concerned with social sustainability in organisations, with special consideration of leadership. You can reach her via: University of Bremen, artec Sustainability Research Centre, Enrique-Schmidt-Strasse 7, 28359 Bremen, Germany, meyerhuber@uni-bremen.de 344 List of Contributors Prof. Dr. David Miller is professor of political theory at the University of Oxford and senior research fellow in social and political theory at Nuffield College, Oxford. His research interest is, amongst others, in justice, nationality, citizenship, and immigration. You can reach him via: Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford, OX1 1NF, United Kingdom, david.miller@nuffield.ox.ac.uk Prof. Dr. Albert W. Musschenga is professor emeritus of philosophical ethics at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. His research interest is, amongst others, in the universality of morality, quality of life, integrity, (moral) identity, and empirically informed ethics. You can reach him via: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Philosophy, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, a.w.musschenga@vu.nl Dr. Norbert Paulo is research associate at the University of Graz and at the University of Salzburg, he also is fellow at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Bielefeld. His main research interest is, amongst others, in empirically informed ethics, moral psychology, and experimental philosophy. You can reach him via: University of Graz, Attemsgasse 25, 8010 Graz, Austria, norbert.paulo@uni-graz.at PD Dr. Lars Schwettmann is deputy director of the Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres). His research interest is, amongst others, in empirical social choice, economic inequality, behavioural economics and health behaviour, as well as normative health economics. You can reach him via: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Health Economics and Health Care Management, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, lars.schwettmann@helmholtz-muenchen.de Stephen J. Sullivan, Ph.D., is associate professor at Edinboro University. His research interest is, amongst others, in ethics and philosophy of religion, especially in their intersection in the issue of the relationship between morality and religion. You can reach him via: Edinboro University, 219 Meadville Street, Edinboro, Pennsylvania, PA 16444, United States, ssullivan@edinboro.edu Dr. Dr. Peter Wiersbinski is research fellow at the University of Regensburg. His research interest is, amongst others, in metaethics, ethics, action theory, anthropology, and the philosophy of sex. You can reach him via: University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany, peter.wiersbinski@psk.uni-regensburg.de List of Contributors