Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca The Sunnah and Elements of Flexibility in Determining the Times of Fajr and Imsak (beginning of fasting) Shaikh Ahmad Kutty iit@islam.ca www.islam.ca 416-335-9173 1 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca The Sunnah and Elements of Flexibility in Determining the Times of Fajr and Imsak (beginning of fasting) By Shaikh Ahmad Kutty The following essay is an attempt to clarify the issue of fajr al-sadiq (the true dawn) and the cut-off point for suhur (the pre-dawn meal), in light of the Qur'an, the authentic traditions, and the sound practices of the companions, their successors, and the venerable imams and scholars. The Spirit of Ease in Shari'ah Let me state from the outset that Shari'ah is all about ease and the removal of hardship for people in order to facilitate things for them. Shari'ah, as it has been articulated by eminent jurists, has the sole objective of catering to the welfare of people in both worlds. Consequently, practicality, balance, ease, and removal of hardship are all valid principles that have always been used as the criteria for providing rulings for people, according to changing times and circumstances. The Qur'an and the Prophetic Sunnah have reiterated this principle throughout. Allah says, "Allah intends to bring for you ease; and He does not wish to make things hard upon you." (Qur'an: 2:185) and "He did not appoint for you any hardship in this religion: the way of your ancestor Ibrahim" (Qur'an: 22:78). Additionally, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) is known to have said: "I have been sent to teach the simple, natural way (of Ibrahim)." (Cf. Ibn Hajar, Kashf AsSitr, #37); "This religion is easy and simple to follow; whoever makes it hard will only be defeating himself." (Reported by Nasa'i); "Make things easy for people; do not make things hard for them. Give them glad tidings, and don't turn them away from religion 2 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca (by making it hard on them)" (Reported by Bukhari). A'ishah, the beloved wife of the Prophet (peace be upon him), tells us about the Prophet, when left to choose between two viable options, he would always choose the easier of the two, as long as it was not sinful; for if it had been sinful, he would be the farthest from it. (Reported by Bukhari, Muslim and others). This spirit of ease, comfort, and removal of hardship, was the basis for how the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Companions practiced and applied Islamic principles. While stressing ease and comfort, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) also warned against rigidity and hair-splitting in religion. In this regard, he is reported to have said: "Woe to those who are rigid." (Reported by Muslim); "Abstain from what I had forbidden, and fulfill the duties I had enjoined as best as you can (shunning rigidity) for the nations before you perished because of their (excessive rigidity and) hair-splitting interpretations of religion." (Reported by Muslim) Time of Fajr According to Arabic Linguists Before elaborating on this issue further, let us look at the meaning of the word fajr as used in the Arabic language: "Fajr means the light of the morning; because it is the cleaving of darkness from before the light: i.e. the redness of the sun in the darkness of the night; the fajr in the end of the night is like the shafaq in the beginning. It is two fold: the first is called alfajr al-kadhib (the false dawn); that which rises without extending laterally, which appears black, presenting itself like an obstacle (on the horizon); the second is called al-fajr al-sadiq (the true dawn); which is the rising and spreading (dawn) which appears to rise and fills the horizon with its whiteness, and this is what is called 'amood al-ssubh; rising after the former has disappeared, and by its rising the day 3 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca commences, and everything by which fasting would be broken becomes unlawful to the faster. Hence, The time of the fajr." (Cf. E.W. Lane's Arabic-English Lexicon.) Time of Fajr According to the Quran The above definitions, as compiled from various authoritative Arabic lexicons, are directly based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Thus, while stipulating the rules of abstinence as applicable to the person fasting, Allah says: "It is lawful for you to go in unto your wives during the night preceding the [day's] fast: they are as a garment for you, and you are as a garment for them. God is aware that you would have deprived yourselves of this right, and so He has turned unto you in His mercy and removed this hardship from you. Now, then, you may lie with them skin to skin, and avail yourselves of that which God has ordained for you, and eat and drink until you can discern the white streak of dawn against the blackness of night, and then resume fasting until nightfall; but do not lie with them skin to skin when you are about to abide in meditation in houses of worship. These are the bounds set by God: do not, then, offend against them - [for] it is thus that God makes clear His messages unto mankind, so that they might remain conscious of Him." (Qur'an: 2: 187) The verse mentioned above has been further explained in a number of traditions. When one of the Companions, namely, Adiyy b.Hatim, mistakenly thought this to be an order to determine whether he can distinguish a white thread from a black thread, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) pointed out to him that what is meant is the whiteness of the day as distinct from the blackness of the night, and he said, "Eat and drink and do not be misled by the ascending white light. Eat and drink until the redness (of the dawn) appears." (Reported by Ahmad) Dawn According to Natural Sciences It may be expedient here to refer to the various usages and definitions of the dawn as applied in natural sciences: 4 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca "Dawn is the time that marks the beginning of the twilight before sunrise. It is recognized by the presence of weak sunlight, while the sun itself is still below the horizon. ...Dawn may easily be determined by observing a thread. When the color of a thread can be determined, changing from black to the thread's distinctive color, the 'crack of dawn' has occurred. This same measure of ambient light can be used to determine, conversely, the instant of dusk." There are also more technical definitions of dawn, including the following: "Astronomical dawn: the moment after which the sky is no longer completely dark; formally defined as the time at which the sun is 18 degrees below the horizon in the morning. "Nautical dawn: the time at which there is enough sunlight for the horizon and some objects to be distinguishable; formally, when the sun is 12 degrees below the horizon in the morning. Civil dawn: that time at which there is enough light for objects to be distinguishable, so that outdoor activities can commence; formally, when the sun is 6 degrees below the horizon in the morning." (Source: http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Dawn) Time of Fajr According to Qur'anic Commentators Now it is pertinent to ask the question, which of the three definitions of dawn should be the criterion to determine the beginning of imsak and the Fajr Prayer. This can be answered by a perusal of the Islamic sources. 5 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca In examining the various authentic commentaries of the Qur'an on the definition of the verse we have referred to above, we find that all of them indicate that fajr starts when we can be assured by means of our naked eyes of its arrival in no uncertain terms (the word used in the verse is yatabayyana). The commentaries refer to various traditions and precedents of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the companions in order to clearly distinguish the false dawn from the true dawn. Whereas the false dawn is described as being deceptive in that it appears like dawn but does not dissipate the darkness, the true dawn is what is described as dispelling darkness gradually. Therefore, explaining the words, yatabayyana, Ibn Jarir cites the following statement, "The proper way to describe this state is to say that the glow of dawn should be so wide-spread in the sky in such a way that the whiteness and light emanating from it should fill the streets." Therefore, it is said, "Whoever has any doubt whether the dawn has arrived or not, he or she may eat until they are certain that Fajr has indeed arrived." The criterion for determining true dawn is the certainty of its arrival beyond a shadow of doubt. Time of Fajr According to the Sunnah of the Prophet & His Companions It is no wonder then that we find the companions demonstrated remarkable latitude when it came to imsak, by postponing suhur and eating it until such time that it was plainly clear to them that the true dawn had arrived. In short, rather than erring on the side of abstention from foods, they chose to err on the side of consumption. The traditions, in support of this, are numerous: Hudhayfah states that Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and I were on a roof during Ramadhan and I came to him, asking, "Won't you eat (suhur), O the Caliph of the Messenger of Allah?" He said, "Not yet"; I came again, and he repeated the same answer; when I came a third time, he looked at dawn, and told me, again, not yet. Then, after a while, I came, again, asking the same question, and he said, "Yes, now let us have our meal (i.e. 6 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca suhur). Soon after, he prayed two rak'ahs, and stood up to pray fardh (in congregation). Hammad b. Salamah reports from Asim from Zirr b. Hubaysh, "I had my suhur. Then I went to the mosque (to pray Fajr). On my way, I stopped by Hudhayfah (the Prophet's companion). He brought a camel to be milked; then the milk was warmed up... and he told me to partake of suhur with him. I told him, But, I intend to fast!', he said, 'I also intend to fast'; so we both ate and drank. Soon after, we went to the mosque and the iqamah was given. Hudhayfah told me, 'The Prophet (peace be upon him) had done the same thing with me.' I asked him. 'Did he have suhur after the daybreak? He said, yes, it was the daybreak, but the sun had not appeared yet.'" Zirr b. Hubaysh asked Hudhyfah: "When did the Prophet (peace be upon him) used to have his suhur?" He said, "During the daybreak, but the sun did not appear in the sky yet!" Zirr reports, again, that Hudhayfah said, "The Prophet (peace be upon him) used to eat suhur when you could see where an arrow would fall-if you were to shoot it." Anas said, "I saw the Prophet (peace be upon him) having suhur with Zayd b.Thabith (while he was intending to fast). Having done so, he prayed two rak'ahs and headed to the mosque where the iqamah was already given." Hasan al-Basari said, "Umar b. al-Khattab used to say: If two people doubt about the arrival of dawn, let them eat until they can ascertain that the dawn has arrived." Ikrimah said, "Ibn Abbas once told me, 'Give me a drink' I told him, but it is already dawn! He said, 'we still doubt it. So, give me the drink.' Accordingly, I offered him a drink and he drank (in preparation for the fast)." Makhul says, "I saw Ibn Umar draw water from zamzam well; he inquired two persons (around him) whether it was daybreak or not. One of them said, 'Yes it is', while another said, 'No'; then he drank the water." 7 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca It is reported about Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas that (while he was in Kufah) he had his suhur, and then proceeded to pray in the mosque, where the iqamah was already given. Habban b. Harith said that he had suhur with Ali, and both were intending to fast; when they had finished, Ali told the mu'adhin to call the iqamah. Abu Uqayl said, "I took suhur with Ali b. Abi Talib and then he told the mu'adhin to call iqamah to start the prayer." Aamir b. Matar said, "I visited Abd Allah b. Mas'ud at his home. He took out some suhur for us and we ate it. Then iqamah was given and we prayed together." Ibn Abbas, the Prophet's companion (and the reputed scholar of his generation), was asked, "Should I stop eating when I doubt whether Fajr has begun or not?" He replied, "No, eat until you can ascertain clearly that the dawn has arrived." (Reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah) The fact that such a practice was directly derived from the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) is shown by the following tradition: Imam Ahmad, An-Nasai, and Ibn Majah reported on the authority of Hudhayfah, a prominent companion of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), "We partook of suhur with the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) until it was plain day, except the sun had not arisen yet." (Cited by Ibn Kathir in his tafsir) In other words, to them, there was no question about the arrival of fajr when observed by the naked eye. A'ishah is also reported to have said, "Bilal used to give adhan at night. Therefore, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) instructed us to 'Eat and drink until Ibn Umm Makthum calls the second adhan, for he will only give adhan when fajr clearly arrives.' (Reported by Bukhari) In another report, the words, 'when fajr clearly 8 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca arrives', is replaced with the words, 'until he is told that fajr has arrived'" ( being blind, Ibn Umm Makthum could not have observed the arrival of dawn on his own). Commenting on the position of companions in regards to the determination of the time of fajr, Ibrahim A-Nakha'i states: "The Prophet's companions have never agreed on any issue as they have agreed on reckoning the time of fajr as the time when it is plainly visible for all to see." (Reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah) After citing numerous traditions from the companions in this regard, Ibn Hazm concludes that eleven companions of the Prophet held the view that if a person ate thinking it was still night, while the daybreak has already arrived, his fast was still valid, and there is no need for him to make up for it. This had been the position of Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, Ibn Umar, Ibn Abbas, Abu Hyrah, Ibn Mas'ud, Hudhayfah, Anisah b. Khubayb, Zayd b. Thabit, Said b. Abi Waqqas. And there is not a single authentic report from anyone else objecting to it. Therefore, it can be taken as a view widely held by the Prophet's companions. In other words, it can be reckoned as a consensus, albeit ijma' sukuti (tacit or silent) among them. The same has been the view of a great number of successors such as Muhammad b. Ali, Abu Mujliz, Ibrahim, Muslim, companions of Ibn Mas'ud, Ata, Hasan, Hakam b. Utaybah, Mujahid, Urwah, Jabir b. Zayd, and also Ma'mar and A'mash. Ibn Jurayj said, "I asked Ata, 'If I am at home and I cannot be sure that dawn has arrived, can I still eat and drink?' he said, 'There is nothing objectionable in doing so!'" A'mash reported from Muslim, they (the prophet's companions) did not reckon the fajr as you reckon today. They reckoned Fajr as the dawn that spreads light in the streets and houses. Views of the Eminent Imams on the Time of Fajr & Imsak 9 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca The various Imams' views on this issue include the following: Imam Ahmad b. Hanbal said, "If one has any doubt in his mind about whether fajr has arrived, he may eat until he is certain of its arrival." Imam Nawawi states, "Imam Shafi's followers are unanimous on the fact that it is permissible for anyone who doubts the arrival of dawn to eat until he is certain of its arrival. The evidence for this is that Allah has allowed for us to eat and drink until the arrival of dawn; the one who doubts the fajr is not certain of its arrival." And Imam Ibn Kathir writes in his famous tafsir: "Leniency and flexibility with regard to partaking of suhur has been reported from a great number of pious predecessors. It has been reported from Abu Bakr, `Umar, `Ali, Ibn Mas`ud, Hudhayh, Abu Huryah, Ibn `Umar, Ibn `Abbas, Zayd ibn Thabit and a considerable number of successors, including Muhammad ibn Ali, AlHusayn, ...Ibrahim An-Nakha'i, ....`Ataa', Hasan, ..Mujahid, `Urwah b. al-Zubayr, etc." This is the reason why Ibn Hajar, the great authority on hadith and fiqh, denounced those who laid unnecessary restrictions in regard to partaking of suhur: "Among the reprehensible innovations of our times is the practice of calling the second adhan of fajr quarter hour earlier in Ramadhan and putting off the lights signaling that the one fasting should stop eating-under the false pretext that they would like to exercise caution in the practice of the acts of worship...Such an unwarranted caution has also led them to delay the adhan of magrib for some time. In this way, they end up delaying iftar (breaking the fast) and advancing the suhur and thus violate the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him). No wonder then you find them bereft of virtue and rampant in corruption." Conclusion In light of the above incontrovertible evidence, it should be rather easy for us to conclude that relying on astronomical dawn to determine the time of imsak is unwarranted, and that we cannot go wrong if we consider the nautical dawn, if not the civil dawn, as the starting time of imsak and beginning of fajr. Furthermore, there is 10 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca no basis for compelling people to start the imsak way before fajr, for, as it has been clearly demonstrated, the companions were in the habit of standing up for fajr soon after finishing their suhur. Furthermore, it has been clearly demonstrated from the Sunnah and the practices of the pious generations that the time of imsak and fajr is not determined by minutes, seconds, or degrees, but by sufficient latitude, ease, and flexibility. Hence, there is no compelling reason for us to insist on the astronomical definition of dawn. Still another point to note: When we consider the above statements and reports carefully, it is clear that their approach to the issue unravels another fundamental principle of jurisprudence. This has been often phrased as "That which is certain cannot be removed by doubts." When we apply this principle to the issue at hand, since the night precedes dawn, that is a certainty, as such, it cannot be ruled out until we can clearly determine that the dawn has arrived. Closely allied with the above is the importance of taking into account our own times and circumstances. No one can doubt we are living at a time where Muslims are showing increasing complacency and are slipping away from the practice of Islam. Moreover, since the day hours are excessively long, such rigidity when determining imsak can be viewed as only dampening one's spirit about fasting. We saw all of the above leniency and latitude as pointed out above were demonstrated in standard time zones like those of Makkah and Madinah. So one might legitimately ask: By applying a far more stricter rule in calculating the time of imsak, are we trying to prove to be more pious than the Prophet's companions and successors, and end up causing greater and greater hardship for people, who reside in less than standard time zones? 11 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca In this regard, therefore, let us recognize that the juristic traditions in all of the acceptable schools of jurisprudence have taken into account the circumstances of people and countries, for they knew too well that Shari'ah is based on tangible maqasid (higher purposes) and masalih (benefits). They also understood that the function of an `alim is to render ease where there is difficulty. Long ago, Imam Sufyan Ath-Thawri said, "A true scholar is one who finds (based on sound principles) an easier way for people, because as far as making things difficult is concerned, one need not have any knowledge to do that!" It is perhaps pertinent to mention here that, according to one of the great jurists of the Hanafi school of the twentieth century, the late Shaikh Mustafa Az-Zarqa, Muslims living in time zones where daylight hours are unusually long may base their times for imsak and iftar on the regular timetables followed in Makkah and Madinah. If this is the inference of an eminent Hanafi jurist, coming as he is from a long lineage of authentic representatives of the Hanafi school, how can we be faulted for going by a time-table which calculates the Fajr in a slightly flexible manner? As a final word, it would be wise to remind ourselves of the dire warning of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), "There are among you those who simply drive people away from Islam." (Reported by Bukhari and Muslim). I pray to Allah to guide us to the straight path, make us instruments of guidance and gather us all under the banner of the seal of prophets and messengers. 12 1630 Neilson Road, Scarborough ON M1X 1S3 Tel: (416) 335-9173 Fax: (416) 335-9208 E-mail: iit@islam.ca Web: www.islam.ca Bibliography Asad, Muhammad. The Message of the Qur'an. Watsonville (California): The Book Foundation, 2003. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Shihab al-Din Ahmad b. Ali. Fath al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih alBukhari. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1993. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Shihab al-Din Ahmad b. Ali. Kashf al-Sitr an al-Salat ba'da alWitr, Ed. Hadi b. Hamd b. Salih, Beirut: Dar Ibn Hazm, 1993. Ibn Hazm al-Zahiri, Abu Muhammad Ali b. Ahmad b. Said. Al-Muhalla bi al-Athar. Ed. Ahmad Muhammad Shakir. Cairo: Dar al-Turath, n.d. Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad b. Jarir. Jami' al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. Beirut: Dar al-Ma'rifah, 1989. Ibn Kathir, 'Imad al-Din Abu al-Fida b. Umar. Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim. Beirut: Dar alKhayr, 1990. Ibn Manzur, Abu al-Fazl Jamal al-Din Muhammad b. Mukarram b. Ali. Lisan al-'Arab. Beirut; Dar Sadir, 1997. Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Din Ahmad b. Abd al-Halim. Majmu' al-Fatawa. Ed. Abd alRahman b. Muhammad b. Qasim. Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymiyyah, n.d. Lane, E.W. Arabic English Lexicon, 2 Vols. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1984. Al-Qurtubi, Abu Abd Allah Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Ansari. Al-Jami' li Ahkam alQur'an. Beirut: Dar al-Fkir, 1987.