© 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 52 International Journal of Scientific Research in ___________________________ Research Paper . Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.52-61, June (2020) E-ISSN: 2347-7520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v7i3.5261 Preliminary study of moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Coonoor forest area from Nilgiri District Tamil Nadu, India N. Moinudheen 1* , Kuppusamy Sivasankaran 2 1Defense Service Staff College Wellington, Coonoor, Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu-643231 2Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-600 034 Corresponding Author: moinulepido@gmail.com, Tel.: +91-6380487062 Available online at: www.isroset.org Received: 27/Apr/2020, Accepted: 06/June/ 2020, Online: 30/June/2020 Abstract: This present study was conducted at Coonoor Forestdale area during the year 2018-2019. Through this study, a total of 212 species was observed from the study area which represented 212 species from 29 families. Most of the moth species were abundance in July to August. Moths are the most vulnerable organism, with slight environmental changes. Erebidae, Crambidae and Geometridae are the most abundant families throughout the year. The Coonoor Forestdale area was showed a number of new records and seems to supporting an interesting the monotypic moth species have been recorded. This preliminary study is useful for the periodic study of moths. Keywords: Moth, Environment, Nilgiri, Coonoor I. INTRODUCTION The Western Ghats is having a rich flora, fauna wealthy and one of the important biodiversity hotspot area. The Western Ghats southern part is called NBR (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve) in the three states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. It is one of a UNESCO world heritage site. The Nilgiri hills the word Nilgiri meaning "Blue Mountain" which is the junctionof the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats. In Nilgiri hills is having four important type of forests i.e. tropical wet ever green forests, semi evergreen forests, thorny and moist deciduous forest. Many investigators havebeen used the order Lepidoptera as model to assess the impact of disturbance and management performson forest ecosystem ([22], [13], [4], [21], [3], [7]). Moths and butterflies are belonging to the order (Lepidoptera: Heterocera). This is the second largest and most diverse order of the Class Insecta[6]. So far, 316 butterflieswere recorded in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Monitoring the moths in Coonoor range give us vital indication to conserve in our identifiable environment. Moths are mostly nocturnal, but there are also diurnal species. Totally 12,000 moths wererecorded under 41 families in India[8]. A total of 1, 60, 000 moth species have been described in World. The moths are economically important since they are primary herbivorous in the forest ecosystem [19]. Moths are involving the pollination during night time with nightblooming flowers with heavy fragrance and copious dilute nectar. Most of the moths' family is commonly an agricultural pests. In Nilgiris Diamond back moth larva is the one of the cabbage parasite in the larval population at higher altitude [9]. Thenocturnal birds, reptiles, small mammals and rodents are important predator of moths. The moths are consider as a biological indicator of environmental quality[12]. In this presentstudy moths were collected and documented from different families at Coonoor forest area in the Nilgiri District. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was carried out from March2018 to February2019 in Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve the average 1000 meters above the sea level. Average rain fall of the Nilgiri district is 192cm. Moths were observed from Coonoorforestdale [11°21'59.32"N 76°47'43.91"E] (Fig-7) area during night (6 PM to 10 PM). Major observation site is Coonoor forestdaleand shola forest using light trap method for surveying moths. The light traps of various farms have been used to collect and study moths for well over 100 yrs [16]. We haven't collected the moth specimens consider the cause of biodiversity and ecological conservation. We have done the visually observation, photography by day and night time lighting photography by using Olympus camera. III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION A total of 212 moths belonging to 29 families was observed during the study period in 2017 to 2018. In our study most of the moths were found in season of early spring (March to May) and Monsoon season (September to November). Six month of moth collection (May to October) regarding their seasonal abundance the activity of moths was found higher in month of August [10]. In northern Western Ghats 418 species of moths belonging to Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 53 28 families were recorded by [18]. Based on the field observation the most species rich families are Erebidae, Noctuidae and Nolidae belonging to the superfamily Noctuoidea. The Northern Maharashtra is characterized by larger proportions of moth families such asErebidae, Noctuidae, Crambidae, Geometridae and Sphingidae, which are also among the most diverse families of moths in this region [17]. In the present study revealed that the most abundant species family is Erebidae. Subsequently the second most abundant families are Geometridae and Crambidae. Family Geometridae is semi nocturnal in their habits. Totally 41 species have been recorded from the family Geometridae under 4 subfamilies in 10 tribes in field study.Thus far, totally 67 species were recorded belonging to the family Erebidae from Western Ghats by [20]. In western Himalayas most dominant moth family is Geometridae in all vegetation [1]. Totally 41 species of moths were identified belonging to the family Crambidae in 4 subfamilies recorded in the present study. Similarly 42 species was recorded of Crambidae different places in Tamil Nadu by [15]. 29 species were collected from the superfamily Noctuoidea with species under 5 subfamilies. [19] reported 154 species of Noctuidae moths classified under 85 genus and 23 subfamilies from Nilgiri Biosphere reserve.Noctuidae was predominant among the moths (14).In our study the least species abundant was shown the families Lasiocambidae, Sphingidae, Zygaenidae, Plutellidae. The macro moths consider the following families are observed in the field study Tineoidea, Gracillarioidea, Yiponomeutoidea, Gelechoidea, Alucitoidea, Pterophoridae, Carposinoidea and Tortricoidea. Main source of feeding and host behaviours are an angiosperms, gymnosperms and mosses. 43 specimens belonging to the superfamily Tineoidea was observed from Western Ghats [2]. The genusMacroglossum was under family of SpingidaeMacroglossummitchellii Imperator (Fig. 2), Macroglossumpassalus(Fig. 1) Hypochrosishyadaria are rareobservation from Nilgiri hills. In our field observation Macroglossummitchellii imperator taken nector from Rubiacea family plant. The genus Macroglossum is feeding the nectar of flowers from the Rubiacea family [5]. Trabalagaruda(Fig.4),Lygropiadistorta,Omiziamiliaria(Fi g. 5), Macroglossumpassalus is the first time recorded from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Macroglossumpassalus first photo observation record In Nilgiri hills. GenusNepita is a monotypic moth genus in the subfamily Arctiinae described by (Moore 1860). It also called foot man moth observed in field study. Genus Nepita that contain individual that are morphologically identical to each other but belongs to different species. In this moth pattern and colour is totally different by Nepitaconferta. Lunar moth Actiasselene is one of the most beautiful moths in India and the developmental transformation have been given through photography in this study (Fig. 3). Attacus moth is considered to be the largest moth in the world under the family Saturniidae. The growth of moth is accompanied by its host plants,destruction of moths by destroying host plants that eat caterpillars' rapid urbanization surely the cause of disturbing the moth population. IV. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF RARE AND NEW RECORD OF MOTHS Order: Lepidoptera Family: Spingidae Genus: Macroglossum Species: mitchelli Sub species: imperator Butler, 1875. Macroglosssummitchelli Imperator (Butler 1875). P; 243, xxxvii, Fig.4 (Ceylon): Hampson 1892. P.118 Description: Male: Head and thorax with two broad gray striper contrasting stronglywith the greenish olive black at head and thorax (Fig. 1). A lack discal band of forewing triangularly diluted, behind M1, joining the Subapical and apical blackspots it including yellow band broader and hardly constricted at middle (Fig. 2). Order: Lepidoptera Family: Spingidae Genus: Macroglossum Species: passalus Macroglossumpassalus(Drury 1773) Description: This species and the next species having a dark brown to black basal half to the forewing with a straight (or slightly concave in faro) distal boundary; beyond this the wing is pale grey, grading darker towards the apex, though with a paler lunule on the costa subapically. In faro the dorsum of thorax and abdomen is greener. The basal half of the hindwing below is much more suffused with yellow scales in passalus. M. faro is much larger than passalus. Family: Lasiocampidae Order: Lepidoptera Genus: Trabala Species: Trabalagaruda Description: Male species colour is fully green. The male as smaller than female the male genitalia have a small pair of relatively close triangular or bidentate process on the tegumen Order: Lepidoptera Family: Geometridae Genus: Hypochrosis Species: hyadaria Description: The wingspan ♂52 mm, ♀ 64 mm. Palpiporrect extending forward, and not reached beyond the frons the body pale red, with a purplish tinge and with dark stream. Order: Lepidoptera Family: Geometridae Genus: Omiza Species: miliaria Description: The male of miliaria having a strong forewing submarginal patch centrally, but the antemedial is only strong at the costa rather than extending weakly arc Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 54 to the dorsum. In herois the hindwing margin excavate subdorsally and tinged brown there. In the female the forewing antemedial more definite, curved in herois, and the basal pale zone of the hindwing makes an irregular, mottled incursion into the centre of the distal brown area, this boundary being more or less straight in miliaria. Order: Lepidoptera Family: Crambidae Genus: Lygropia Species: distorta Description: Species colour is fully yellow and black line boxes wings edges dark brown thick edges. Fig-1 Study Area Map. S.No Superfamily Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Species 1 Geometridae Xanthohoe 2 Geometidae Scopula Scopulaemissaria 3 Zygaenidae Eterusia Eterusiaaedea 4 Crambidae Sygamia Sygamialatimarginalis 5 Arctiinae Cyana Cana puella 6 Noctuidae Catocalinae Arcte Arctecoerula 7 Noctuidae Ctenoplusia Ctenoplusiaalbosrtiata 8 Sphingidae Macroglossum Macroglossummitchelli 9 Noctuidae Hadeninae 10 Lasiocampidae Trabala Trabalagaruda 11 Noctuidae Noctuinae Xestia Xestia c-nigrum 12 Noctuidea Lygniodes sp. 13 Crambidae Spoladea Spoladearecurvalis 14 Lasiocampidae Trabala Trabalavishnov 15 Crambidae 16 Noctuidae Ericeia Ericeiainangulata 17 Noctuoidea Erebidae Lymantriinea Orgyiini sp. 18 Noctuoide Erebidae Arctiinae Lyclene sp. 19 Noctuoidea Noctuidae Hadeninae 20 Noctuoide Erebidae arctiinae Lithosiini 21 Pterophoroidea Pterophoridae 22 Geometridae Geometrinae 23 Noctuoidea Erebidae Arctiinae Lithosiini 24 Noctuoidea Erebidae Lymantriinae Orgyiini sp. 25 Geometridae Ennominae Boarmiini Cleora sp. 26 Noctuoidea Erebidae Barsine Barsineorientalis 27 Geometroidea Geometridae Larentiinae 28 Geometridae Larentiinae Eupitheciini 29 Tortricoidea Tortricidae 30 Noctuoidea Erebidae Lymantriinae Int. 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Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 55 List of Moths S.No Superfamily Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Species 31 Crambidae Chilo Chilopartellus 32 Bombycidae Bombyx Bombyxmori 33 Crambidae 34 Noctuoidea Arctiidae Lemyra sp. 35 Geometridae 36 Noctuidae Noctuinae Agrotis sp. 37 Noctuoidea Noctuidae Xestia Xestia c nigrum 38 Geometridae Boarmiini Psilalcis sp. 39 Noctuoidea Nolidae Risobinae Risoba sp. 40 Noctuidae Noctuinae Agrotis sp. 41 Plutellidae Plutella sp. 42 Crambidae Nomophila Nomophilanoctuella 43 Noctuoidea Erebidae Hypeninae Hypena sp. 44 Geometridae Sterrhini Idaea sp. 45 Geometridae Larentiinae 46 Tineidae Tineinae Monopis sp. 47 Noctuoidea Nolidae 48 Geometridae Ennominae 49 Noctuoidea Erebidae Pandesmini Polydesma sp. 50 Geometridae Ennominae 51 Geometridae Bistoni Biston 52 Geometridae Ennominae Hypochrosini Hypochrosis Hypochrosishyadaria 53 Geometridae Ennominae Baptini Synegia sp. 54 Geometridae Larentinae 55 Geometridae Eupitheciini Eupithecia sp. 56 Noctuoidea Erebidae Herminiinae 57 Gelechioidea Depressariidae 58 Noctuoidea Erebidae Nygmiini Artaxa sp. 59 Noctuoidea Erebidae Cisthenina Aemene sp. 60 Noctuoidea Erebidae Mangna Manginaargus 61 Erebidae Arctiinae Nepita Nepitaconferta 62 Noctuoidea Erebidae Lymantriinae Nygmiini 63 Geometridae Ennominae Boarmiini Alcis sp. 64 Sphingidae Acherontiini Acherontia sp. 65 Geometridae Abraxini Abraxas sp. 66 Geometridae Sterrhinae Timandrini Timandra sp. 67 Saturniidae Attacus Attacus atlas 68 Saturniidae Actias Actiasselene 69 Noctuoidea Erebidae Erebus Erebus macrops 70 Noctuoidea Erebidae Lymantriini Lymantria 71 Erebidae Arctiinae Amata Amata cyssea 72 Noctuoidea Erebidae Euproctis Euproctislutea 73 Gelechioidea Lecithoceridae 74 Hepialidae Endoclita Int. 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Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 56 75 Erebidae Arctiinae Spilartia 76 Geometridae Xanthorhoini Orthonama Orthonamaobstipata 77 Geometridae Chiasmia Chiasmus emersaria 78 Noctuoidea Erebidae Rajendra Rajendraperrottetii 79 Bombycoidea Eupterotidae 80 Noctuoidea Nolidae Nola Nola aerugula 81 Noctuoidea Noctuidae Eustrotiinae 82 Pterophoroidea Pterophoridae 83 Erebidae Arctiinae Amata Amata cyssea 84 Oecophoridae Oecophorinae Promalctis sp. 85 Geometridae Abraxas Abraxas notata 86 Spinghidae Acherontia Acherontialachesis 87 Totricidae Totricinae Archipini 88 Gelechioidea Gelechiidae 89 Eupterotidae Eupterote Eupterotedaehnsataf.hirsuta 90 Pyraloidea Crambidae Scopariinae 91 Pyraloidea Crambidae Heliothelinae 92 Geometridae Chiasmia Chiasmus nora 93 Eupterotidae Apona sp. 94 Crambidae Leucinodes Leucinodesorbonalis 95 Crambidae Herpetogramma Herpetogrammabipunctalis 96 Geometridae Larentiinae Eupitheciini Chloroclystis sp. 97 Tineoidea Eriocottidae 98 Crambidae Marucavitrata, Crambidae 99 Noctuoidea Erebidae Didugaflavicostata 100 Erebidae Arctiinae Syntomoides Syntomoidesimaon 101 Geometridae Rhodometra Rhodometrasacraria 102 Tineidae Opogona Opogonadimidiatella 103 Geometridae Abraxas Abraxas martaria 104 Erebidae Boletobiinae Areapteron sp. 105 Noctuidae Hypena Hypenalaceratalis 106 Pyralidae Ariappara Arippara indicator 107 Noctuoidea Noctuidae Sarobides Sarobidesinconclusa 108 Erebidae Lithosiina Teulisna sp. 109 Noctuoidea Noctuidae Spodoptera Spodopteralitura 110 Pyralidae Anonaepestis Anonaepestisbengalella 111 Noctuidae Thysanoplusia Thysanoplusiaorichalcea 112 Noctuidae Aedia Aedialeucomelas 113 Erebidae Arctiinae Padenia Padeniatransversa 114 Noctuidae Leucania Leucanialoreyi 115 Noctuoidea Noctuidae Lemyra Lemyraspilosomata 116 Crambidae Parotis Parotismarginata 117 Crambidae Musotima Musotimasuffusalis 118 Crambidae Glyphodes Glyphodespulverulentalis 119 Crambidae Palpita Palpitanigropunctalis 120 Division:Ditrysi a Ethmiidae Ethmia sp. Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 57 121 Uraniidae Phazaca Phazacatheclata 122 Crambidae Pygospila Pygospilatyres 123 Crambidae Bradina sp. 124 Crambidae Piletocera Piletocerasodalis 125 Crambidae Nosophora sp. 126 Crambidae Pycnarmon Pycnarmoncribrata 127 Noctuoidea Erebidae Mocis Mocisundata 128 Crambidae Crocidolomia sp. 129 Noctuoidea Erebidae Cocytiini Avatha sp. 130 Crambidae Lamprosema Lamprosemacommixta 131 Gracillarioidea Gracillaridae 132 Crambidae Conogethes Conogethespunctiferalis 133 Plutellidae Plutella Plutellaxylostella 134 Noctuidae Elusa Elusaantennata 135 Nolidae Paracrama Paracramadulcissima 136 Geometridae Eupitheciini Chloclystis sp. 137 Noctuoidea Erebidae Ataboruza Ataboruzadivisa 138 Noctuidae Bastilla Bastillajoviana 139 Noctuidae Euteliinae Anigraea sp. 140 Drepanidae Drepaninae Teldenia sp. 141 Geometridae Petelia sp. 142 Crambidae Spilomelinae 143 Crambidae Lygropia Lygropiadistorta 144 Noctuoidea Erebidae Boletobiinae Laspeyria sp. 145 Nolidae Chloephorinae Xanthodes Xanthodesalbago 146 Erebidae Grammodes Grammodesgeometrica 147 Pyralidae Phycitinae 148 Pyraloidea Crambidae Scopariinae 149 Noctuoidea Erebidae Boletobiinae Corgatha 150 Noctuoidea Erebidae Lithosiina Gampola 151 Noctuidae Callopistria Callopistriaguttulalis 152 Crambidae Synclera Syncleratraducalis 153 Noctuidae Hipoepa sp. 154 Crambidae Uresiphita Uresiphitareversalis 155 Noctuoidea Noctuidae Caradrinini Conservula Conservulaindica 156 Noctuoidea Erebidae Oeonistis Oeonistisentella 157 Crambidae Autocharis Autocharishedyphaes 158 Geometridae Abraxini Heterostegane Heterosteganesubtessellata 159 Geometridae Hemithea Hemitheatritonaria 160 Crambidae Talanga Talangasexpunctalis 161 Crambidae Aetholix Aetholixflavibasalis 162 Geometridae Comibaenini Protuliocnemis Protuliocnemisbiplagiata 163 Geometridae Ennominae Hypochrosini Omiza Omizamiliaria 164 Geometridae Ennominae Hypochrosini Achrosis sp. 165 Geometridae Oxymacaria Oxymacariatemeraria 166 Geometridae Sterrhinae Timandrini Timandra Timandracomae Int. 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Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 58 167 Geometridae Ennominae Macariini Chiasmia Chiasmiafidoniata 168 Geometridae Hemitheini Comostola Comostolalaesaria 169 Noctuoidea Erebidae Subtribe: Nudariina Cyana Cyanaperegrina 170 Crambidae Filodes Filodesfulvidorsalis 171 Pyralidae Endotrichini Endotricha sp. 172 Crambidae Pyraustinae 173 Geometridae Macariini Isturgia sp. 174 Noctuidae Euteliinae Targalla Targallaapicifascia 175 Erebidae Arctiinae Syntomini Amata sp. 176 Erebidae Grammodes Grammodesstolida 177 Noctuidae Callopistria sp. 178 Noctuidae Hadeninae Sasunaga Sasunagatenebrosa 179 Crambidae Agrioglypta sp. 180 Crambidae Orphanostigma Orphanostigmaabruptalis 181 Geometroidea Uraniidae Epipleminae 182 Geometridae Petelia sp. 183 Noctuidae Gesonia sp. 184 Erebidae Trigonodes Trigonodeshyppasia 185 Erebidae Oxyodes Oxyodesscrobiculata 186 Crambidae Conogethes sp. 187 Crambidae Spilomelinae Lamprosema sp. 188 Crambidae Omiodes Omiodesindicata 189 Crambidae Pardomima Pardomimadistorta 190 Nolidae Eligma Eligma narcissus 191 Geometridae Ourapterygini Ourapteryx Ourapteryxkantalaria 192 Noctuoidea Erebidae Mocis Mocisfrugalis 193 Immoidea Immidae Moca sp. 194 Geometridae Menophra sp. 195 Erebidae Arctiinae Paraplastis Paraplastishampsoni 196 Tortricidae Archipini Adoxophyes sp. 197 Crambidae Spilomelinae Botyodes sp. 198 Crambidae Bacotoma Bacotomaviolata 199 Noctuoidea Erebidae Scoliopteryginae Cosmophila Cosmophilaflava 200 Stathmopodidae Stathmopoda Stathmopodaauriferella 201 Erebidae Sommeria 202 Erebidae Rivula Rivula basalis 203 Noctuoidea Erebidae Erebus Erebus hieroglyphica 204 Oecophoridae Endrosis Endrosissarcitrella 205 Noctuoidea Erebidae Speiredonia Speiredoniamutabilis 206 Sphingidae Macroglossum Macroglossumpassalus 207 Noctuoidea Erebidae Digama Digamainsulana 208 Noctuoidea Erebidae Digama Digamahearseyana 209 Noctuoidea Erebidae Herminiinae Hydrillodes Hydrillodesgravatalis 210 Noctuoidea Erebidae Somena Somenasimilis 211 Noctuoidea Erebidae Lacera Laceranoctilio 212 Erebidae Arctiinae Lithosiini Miltochrista sp. Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 59 Images of Moths Plate-1 Fig 2 Macroglossumpassalus Fig. 3 MacroglossumMitchelli Imperator Fig 4 Actias Selene developmental transformation. Int. J. Sci. Res. in Biological Sciences Vol.7, Issue.3, June 2020 © 2020, IJSRBS All Rights Reserved 60 Images of Moths Plate-2 Fig 5 Trabalagaruda Fig 6 Omiziamiliaria Fig 7 Nepita monotypic moth genus ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are thankful to NagabhushanJothi, Roger Kendrick, for species identification and guidance. Our hearty thankful to Defense Service Staff College Wellington OIC Library Lt Col Sandeep Sharma , Library Information Assistant K. Suaramurthi, Mrs. Shakila, Hakkim, Kannan and Janarthanan, Sarath Kumar, and my brothers, Clement Kishore, Clement Kiran, Appu and Ragav for their kind help during the study. REFERENCES [1] Abesh Kumar Sanyal, Uniyal V. 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Elixir Bio Diversity. 38:4131-4134. 2011. [20] Sivasankaran K and Ignacimuthu S. A report of Erebidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) from the Tamil Nadu part of the Western Ghats, India Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 111(3): 192-209. 2014. [21] Stork NE, Srivastava DS, Watt AD, Larsen TB. Butterfly diversity and silvicultural practice in lowland rainforests in Cameroon. Biodi. Conserv. 12: 387-410. 2003. [22] Willott SJ, Lim DC, Compton SG, Sutton SL. Effects of selective logging on the butterflies of a Bornean rainforest. Biol. Conserv. 14: 1055-1065. 2000. AUTHORS PROFILE Mr N.MOINUDHEEN Master of Science in Zoology with Wild life Biology. He is working in the main Libraryat Defence service staff college, Wellington Coonoor. He is an independent researcher in the Nilgiri Biosphere reserve. His is concentrating the high altitudinal endemic and endangered Fauna and Flora, mainly focusing the Insects: Beetle, Arachnids, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and also the Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibian, Fungi. Dr.K.SIVASANKARAN, is a professional entomologist and senior scientist at Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai. He is a member of the Royal Entomological Society, London. For the last 15 years he has been studying taxonomy, biodiversity and molecular phylogenetics of Noctuoid moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera). He is the author of 17 scientific articles and one monograph.