Corporate citizenship represents various organizational activities and status related to the organization's societal and stakeholder obligations. This study develops five different dimensions of corporate citizenship and examines the relationship between the five dimensions and purchase intention by including two key mediators. In the proposed model of this study, purchase intention is indirectly affected by economic, legal, ethical, general philanthropic, and strategic philanthropic citizenship via the mediation of corporate identification and brand trust. Empirical testing using a survey of 353 consumers from (...) various industries confirms most of our hypothesized effects. Last, managerial implications for corporate leaders and limitations of our findings are discussed in depth. (shrink)

Citizenship, such as corporate citizenship and organizational citizenship, has been an important issue in business management for decades. This study proposes a research model from the perspectives of social identity and resource allocation, by examining the influence of corporate citizenship on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). In the model, OCBs are positively influenced by perceived legal citizenship and perceived ethical citizenship, while negatively influenced by perceived discretionary citizenship. Empirical testing using a survey of personnel from 18 large firms confirms most of (...) our hypothesized effects. Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed. (shrink)

Drawing on propositions from the signaling theory and expectancy theory, this study hypothesizes that the perceived corporate citizenship of job seekers positively affects a firm’s attractiveness and career success expectation. This study’s proposed research hypotheses are empirically tested using a survey of graduating MBA students seeking a job. The empirical findings show that a firm’s corporate citizenship provides a competitive advantage in attracting job seekers and fostering optimistic career success expectation. Such findings substantially complement the growing literature arguing that corporate (...) citizenship brings firms competitive advantages without solid evidence from the perspective of recruitment and human resources. Finally, managerial implications and limitations of this study are also discussed. (shrink)

Citizenship, such as corporate citizenship and organizational citizenship, has been an important issue in business management for decades. This study proposes a research model from the perspectives of social identity and resource allocation, by examining the influence of corporate citizenship on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). In the model, OCBs are positively influenced by perceived legal citizenship and perceived ethical citizenship, while negatively influenced by perceived discretionary citizenship. Empirical testing using a survey of personnel from 18 large firms confirms most of (...) our hypothesized effects. Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed. (shrink)

Given that citizenship challenges the basis and workings of the basic institutions market, state, and civil society, organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) become an important moral tenet found in some codes of ethical principles. This study explores service-oriented OCBs and their determinants. Three dimensions of service-oriented OCBs (loyalty, service delivery, and participation) are hypothetically influenced by distributive justice, procedural justice, personal cooperativeness, and the need for social approval through the mediation of organizational commitment. The three dimensions of OCBs are hypothetically influenced (...) by personal cooperativeness, need for social approval, task interdependence, and outcome interdependence through the mediation of social network ties. The model is tested using data from contact employees at several financial holding companies in Taiwan. Test results reveal that the relationships between need for social approval and organizational commitment and those between task interdependence and social network ties are insignificant, whereas all other paths are significant. This study also provides managerial implications and limitations. (shrink)

A company’s product-harm crises often lead to negative publicity which substantially affects purchase intention. This study attempts to examine the purchase intention and its antecedents (e.g., perceived negative publicity) during product-harm crises by simultaneously including perceived corporate ability (CA) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) as moderators. In the study’s proposed model, purchase intention is indirectly affected by perceived CA, negative publicity, and CSR via the mediation of trust and affective identification. At the same time, the influences of perceived negative publicity (...) on trust and affective identification are moderated by perceived CA and CSR, respectively. Empirical testing using a survey of car users from 477 working professionals confirms most of our hypothesized effects except the insignificant moderating effects of perceived CA. Finally, managerial implications and limitations of our findings are discussed. (shrink)

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become a remarkable experimental paradigm of dynamic emotion decision making. In recent years, research has emphasized the “prominent deck B (PDB) phenomenon” among normal (control group) participants, in which they favor “bad” deck B with its high-frequency gain structure—a finding that is incongruent with the original IGT hypothesis concerning foresightedness. Some studies have attributed such performance inconsistencies to cultural differences. In the present review, 86 studies featuring data on individual deck selections were drawn from (...) an initial sample of 958 IGT-related studies published from 1994 to 2017 for further investigation. The PDB phenomenon was found in 67.44% of the studies (58 of 86), and most participants were recorded as having adopted the “gain-stay loss-randomize” strategy to cope with uncertainty. Notably, participants in our sample of studies originated from 16 areas across North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia, and the findings suggest that the PDB phenomenon may be cross-cultural. (shrink)

Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics—dishonesty. Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost–benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of (...) the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm—perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level, collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels, mixed barrels, and bad barrels display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities —the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities. CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics. (shrink)

Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level and micro-level. We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and (...) quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness. Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP entities, “high income” not only reduces aspirations—“Rich, Motivator, and Power,” but also promotes stewardship behavior—“Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute” and appreciation of “Achievement.” After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. “Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels.” This notion adds another explanation to managers’ low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index. In low GDP entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics. (shrink)

Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains-losses domain and high-low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high-low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision-makers adopt avaricious love-of-money aspiration (...) as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains-losses domain (pay satisfaction-dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high-low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross-level three-dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect—maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion—achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S-shaped Curve to three 3-D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility. (shrink)

The social media industry lacks developed principles of professional ethics that it would need in order to better navigate the ethics of conforming to local media laws in authoritarian countries that lack meaningful protections for privacy, personal and political expression, and intellectual property. This chapter analyzes this question through three frameworks of professional ethics—journalism ethics, technology ethics, and business ethics—and the ways that social media resembles and crucially differs from these three industries.

Section One - Principles and concepts of healthcare law and ethics -- Section Two - Complaints, disciplinary proceedings and indemnity insurance -- Section Three - Confidentiality, disclosure and apologies -- Section Four - Alternative dispute resolution and relationship with colleagues -- Section Five - Liabilities beyond healthcare practices.

On publication in 1791-92, the two parts of Paine’s Rights of Man proved to be both wildly popular and extremely controversial. It was one of the earliest political texts to question hereditary government, it advocated democratic principles, and introduced a blueprint for the modern welfare state. As a result the book was both an instant bestseller and led to Paine’s trial, in his absence, for seditious libel. The Routledge Guidebook to Paine’s Rights of Man provides a complete introduction to this (...) foundational text in the history of modern political thought, addressing: The context in which Rights on Man appeared: the rhetoric of ‘rights’, the proliferation of pamphlets and the French Revolution The key themes and ideas explored by Paine and his arguments against tradition The reception that Paine’s book received on publication and its ongoing influence. (shrink)

林毓生先生是研究近、現代中國思想史的著名學者，畢生思考自由、理性、法治、民主等議題，提出過深邃只見解，在中文世界有著廣泛而深刻的影響。《自由的追尋》是他的思想傳記，前半部分著重敘寫林毓生成長與學思之路 ，突出在此道路上曾經對他產生關鍵影響的人與事；後半部分深入探討林毓生學術思想與代表著述，探討其旨意與論證、說明不同論著之間的邏輯關係，並揭示這些學術研究的實質意義，及其與我們這個時代的互動關係。.

유한의 시간 속에서 불변의 진리를 논하다! 살아서는 경험할 수 없고 죽어서는 전할 수 없는 삶과 죽음의 근원적 연속성 ◎ 도서 소개 인문학의 세 번째 질문, “나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가?” 최재천, 김상근, 강영안, 황농문… 삶에 던져진 마지막 물음과 인문학에서 찾은 최후의 답! 인생에 관한 대단원의 물음, 나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가. 삶의 황폐화와 사회 가치의 퇴색, 현실 문제에 대한 근원적인 해결책의 부재로 현대인들은 인간과 삶, 죽음에 대한 근원적인 물음을 품기 시작했다. 그 물음 끝에 탄생한 『나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가』는 2015년 봄 플라톤 아카데미가 (...) 주최한 동명의 대중강연을 엮은 것으로, 누적 10만 명 이상 청중들의 열광적인 호응을 불러일으켰다. 1부에서 최재천, 황농문, 김애령, 김종성은 우리 삶의 영역 안에 이미 자리하고 있는 죽음의 본질을 드러내고 2부에서 김상근, 정재현, 강영안, 윤영호는 죽음을 의식하는 삶이 지닌 진정한 의미에 대해 이야기한다. 생태학자, 공학자, 철학자, 건축가, 신학자, 종교학자, 의학자 등 다양한 분야에서 섬세한 시각을 발휘하는 최고 학자 8인은 죽음을 냉철하면서도 따뜻한 시선으로 바라본다. 이를 통해 우리는 삶과 죽음이 그리 멀리 있지 않으며, 죽음에 대한 물음이 도달하는 자리가 결국 삶이라는 점을 깨닫게 된다. 죽음을 삶의 흐름이 가져오는 결과로 보든 고통스러운 삶으로부터의 해방으로 보든 죽음은 우리 삶의 영역 안에 자리하며, 궁극적으로 나를 나일 수 있게 하는 고유한 가치로 발현한다. ◎ 출판사 서평 우리는 어떻게 죽어야 할까? 아름다운 자연의 원리를 향한 8가지 용기 나는 누구인가, 어떻게 살 것인가, 어떻게 죽을 것인가. 현대인들이 잊고 살지만, 인생에서 가장 중요한 질문이다. 개인의 삶이 점점 황폐해지고 사회 가치가 희미해지는 요즘, 이러한 근원적인 물음은 우리 삶에 더욱 중요해졌다. ‘인간’을 탐구하고 ‘인생’을 공부하는 학문인 인문학 열풍이 거세진 것도 이와 같은 이유다. 그 물음 끝에 탄생한 『나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가』는 2015년 봄 플라톤 아카데미가 주최한 동명의 대중강연을 엮은 것으로, 누적 10만 명 이상 청중들의 열광적인 호응을 불러일으켰다. 마치 눈앞에서 듣는 것처럼 최재천, 김상근, 강영안, 황농문 등 이 시대를 대표하는 학자 8인이 전하는 삶의 지혜와 인문학적 통찰이 뜨거운 감동과 함께 생생하게 전해진다. 위대한 고전과 과학적 진실을 통해 삶과 죽음의 연속성을 이야기하며, 우리 일상에 맞닿은 사례들을 중심으로 죽음이 전하는 메시지를 깊이 있고 흥미롭게 해석했다. 독자들은 이 책을 통해 ‘나는 어떻게 죽을 것인가’라는 생의 마지막 물음에 잔잔한 해답을 얻을 수 있을 것이며, 삶과 죽음은 그 자체로 아름다운 자연의 원리임을 깨닫게 된다. 삶의 순간에 마주한 죽음 죽음의 숙고로 완성하는 삶 생태학자, 공학자, 철학자, 건축가, 신학자, 종교학자, 의학자 등 다양한 분야에서 섬세한 시각을 발휘하는 최고 학자 8인은 죽음을 냉철하면서도 따뜻한 시선으로 바라본다. 1부에서는 우리 삶의 영역 안에 이미 자리하고 있는 죽음의 본질이 드러난다. 원래 하나였던 자연과 인간이 공생하는 법을 알고 평안한 마음으로 살아가는 것이야 말로 아름다운 삶과 죽음을 맞이하는 자세임을 전한 최재천, 죽음을 온전히 의식하는 것이야말로 성숙한 삶을 위해 반드시 필요하다고 역설한 황농문, 받아들일 수밖에 없는 죽음을 인정하고 아름답게 사는 것이야말로 아름다운 죽음을 맞이하는 방법임을 이야기한 김애령, 삶을 오롯이 담고 있는 공간인 건축으로부터 죽음에 접근한 김종성을 통해 우리는 살아서는 절대 경험할 수 없는 죽음에 한 발짝 가까워진다. 2부에서는 죽음을 의식하는 삶의 진정한 의미에 대해 이야기한다. 죽음은 벽이 아닌 평화(Shalom)의 세계로 나아가는 문이라는 희망의 이야기를 담아낸 김상근, 죽음을 숙명과 해방의 대립 구도로 보는 것을 떠나 ‘유한한 초월’, 즉 삶 안에서 죽음을 발견해 남은 삶인 자신의 현재를 사랑하라고 말하는 정재현, 철학의 가장 중요한 임무인 멜레테 타나투, 즉 죽음에 대한 수련을 위해 현상학, 해석학, 윤리학의 시선으로 죽음을 분석한 강영안, 죽음을 절망이 아닌 희망의 순간으로 바꾸기 위해서는 의미 있는 삶을 살아야 한다는 윤영호를 통해 우리는 인간에게 허락된 유한의 시간 속에서 죽음이라는 불변의 진리를 맞이하는 법을 배운다. 이를 통해 우리는 삶과 죽음이 그리 멀리 있지 않으며, 죽음에 대한 물음이 도달하는 자리가 결국 삶이라는 점을 깨닫게 된다. ◎ 본문 중에서 오랫동안 생명에 대해 공부하면서 깨달은 점 중 하나는 지구에 존재하는 모든 생명은 하나의 공통적인 속성을 가지고 있다는 것입니다. 아이러니컬하게도 그것은 죽음입니다. ‘생명’의 가장 보편적인 속성이 바로 ‘죽음’이라는 것입니다. (21쪽) 죽음에 직면하면 온갖 자부심과 자만심, 수치스러움과 실패에 대한 두려움, 외부의 기대들이 모두 떨어져나갑니다. 그리고 진실로 중요한 것들만이 남습니다. (…) 살아 있음이 얼마나 소중한지를 알고 있기 때문입니다. (73쪽) 시간은 많은 것을 피어나게 하고 성장하게 하고 탄생하게 하고 변화하게 합니다. 또 많은 것을 파괴하고 해체하고 늙게 하고 낡게 하고 저물게 하고 죽게 합니다. (…) 인간의 시간은 존재론적인 결함이기도 하고, 유한한 자가 가지고 있는 무한한 슬픔이기도 합니다. (81쪽) 아름다운 삶은 고통이나 슬픔을 경험하지 않는 삶이 아니라 그 고통이나 슬픔을 어떻게 받아들이고 해석하고 이해하느냐를 통해 만들어가는 것입니다. 아름다운 삶은 결코 확신이나 확실성으로 가득 찬 삶이 아닙니다. 오히려 삶이 가지고 있는 그늘, 고통, 눈물, 불확실성, 연약함을 끌어안고 나아가는 것, 그것이 진정 아름다운 삶이라고 이야기할 수 있습니다. (106~107쪽) 이런 요소들이 갖춰질 때 건축물로서의 아름다움이 완성되어 제대로 빛을 발하게 됩니다. 우리의 삶 또한 이와 다르지 않다고 생각합니다. 그런 면에서 죽음 또한 우리 삶의 일부라고 말하고 싶습니다. 아름다운 삶이 있어야 아름다운 죽음이 있고, 그때 비로소 하나의 인생이 완성되는 것일 테니까요. (144쪽) 우연의 연속에 불과한 사다리 같은 인생을 살아가야 하는 우리. 그리고 그 운명이 다하면 우리는 죽음이라는 미지의 세계로 뛰어들어야 합니다. 죽음을 맞이한 우리는 그 미지의 세계를 향해 몸을 날려야 합니다. 그것이 우리 인간의 운명입니다. (163~164쪽) 예수는 분노하거나 화를 내는 것이 아니라 오히려 그들에게 평화를 기원합니다. 그것도 두 번씩이나 “샬롬”이라 고 외칩니다. 예수에게 죽음은 벽도 문도 아니었습니다. 후회와 분노를 넘어서는 평화의 길이었습니다. (187쪽) 우리의 본능은 죽음에 저항하며 삶과 죽음의 관계를 가능한 한 멀리 떼어놓으려 합니다. (…) 그런데 여기서 가장 심각한 것은 무엇보다도 삶의 바깥으로 내몰린 죽음이 오히려 삶을 일그러뜨린다는 점입니다. 그 문제를 극복하려는 노력은 곧 우리의 몫입니다. 그래서 바깥으로 내몰렸던 죽음을 삶 속으로 끌고 들어오는 새로운 시도가 필요합니다. (191쪽) 욕망으로 죽음을 덮어버리면 삶이 일그러지고 맙니다. (…) 이렇게 볼 때 죽음에 대한 생각은 삶을 더 풍요롭고 가치 있게 엮어내려는 노력입니다. 그래서 건강한 삶을 위해서는 삶에서 죽음을 보아야 합니다. 그리고 어떻게 하면 밀어냈던 죽음을 삶과 함께 엮어낼 수 있을지에 대해 지혜를 모아야 합니다. (196쪽) 우리의 몸을 이루고 있는 모든 세포들은 생성과 소멸의 과정을 거칩니다. (…) 말하자면 몸은 죽음을 받아들이면서 죽음을 살아가고 있는 것이지요. 몸을 이루고 있는 모든 세포들이 끊임없이 죽음으로써 몸 전체가 살아가는 생명의 역설을 우리 몸은 이미 실천해오고 있습니다. (209쪽) 죽지 않을 것처럼, 아직 죽지 않은 것처럼 살지 말고 이미 죽은 사람으로 살라는 것입니다. “죽음을 기억하라(Memento mori)!”는 말씀이 바로 이를 가리킵니다. 그렇게 되면 지금 사는 삶은 덤으로 사는 것입니다. 덤의 시간들, 순간들, 그것이 바로 지금입니다. 그래서 한마디로 추립니다: “자신의 현재를 사랑하라! Carpe diem!” (219쪽) 하이데거는 그 끝이 있기 때문에 오히려 내가 나 자신이 될 수 있다고 말합니다. 끝이 있으므로 해서 너와 나 구별도 없이 군중 속에 무리지어 사는 그런 삶이 아니라 비로소 누구와도 혼돈되지 않는 나 자신, 존재의 가능성을 발견하게 된다는 것입니다. 왜냐하면 그 죽음은 누구의 죽음도 아닌 나의 죽음이기 때문입니다. (246쪽) 우리가 진심으로 우리의 삶 자체를 내게 주어진 값진 선물이라 생각하고 감사한 마음으로 살아간다면, 죽음은 결코 두려움의 대상이 될 수 없을 뿐 아니라 삶이 정말로 살 만한 것이 되지 않을까 생각합니다. (253쪽) 만약에 우리가 우주라는 하나의 몸에 존재하는 세포라고 가정한다면 어떻게 될까요. 우리는 각자의 이기를 위해 존재하는 것이 아니라 우주라는 몸을 위해 서로 조화를 이루며 봉사하는 존재가 될 것입니다. (…) 서로 믿고 조화를 이루며 봉사하는 삶, 바로 이것이 의미 있는 삶이라고 생각합니다. (275~276쪽) 우리는 죽지 않기 위해 사는 것도 아니고, 죽지 못해 사는 것도 아닙니다. 죽기 위해 열심히 살아가는 것입니다. 의미 있는 삶을 살다가 아름답게 죽음을 마무리하는 것까지가 인생의 완성입니다. 나무는 죽어 새로운 생명으로 태어납니다. 다시 대지로 돌아간 우리 역시 어디선가 다른 생명으로 이어집니다. 죽음은 자연으로의 회귀이며 또 다른 시작입니다. (279쪽). (shrink)

1-pu. Ttang ŭi soksagim -- 2-pu. Mul ŭi norae -- 3-pu. Pulkkot ch'ŏrŏm -- 4-pu. Param ŭi hŭnjŏk.

唐君毅先生是近代中國最重要的哲人之一， 事業和學問與當時仍是英國殖民地的香港有密不可分的關係。 唐君毅的努力，豐富了香港的文化氣息， 改變了香港純然商業社會的狀況； 香港的環境，也影響了唐君毅對事情的理解， 對唐君毅的哲學發展有極大的影響。 《唐君毅與香港》討論唐君毅與香港的重要關係，冀能一方面幫助讀者更了解唐君毅其人，另一方面幫助讀者更了解香港其地。本書分為三章，第一章討論唐君毅在香港的文化運動；第二章介紹唐君毅在香港的足跡；第三章評論 唐君毅留在香港的一批藏書，同時也收錄了唐君毅留在香港新亞研究所的藏書照片，這些照片從未曝光，價值尤其珍貴。.

This paper articulates the relationship between knowledge and qing 情 in the Zhuangzi. I argue that Zhuangzi has a twofold view of qing, which is structurally similar to his view of knowledge. I sta...

Byun et al. describe how deaf signers deal with communication problems in first encounters with signers of different languages. They show that the basic Conversation Analytic repair mechanisms for dealing with verbal troubles are largely reproduced in gesture and sign, including details of turn‐taking structure, timing and form. This underlines the role of repair as a basic resource for linguistic and interactional creativity across modalities.

Byun et al. describe how deaf signers deal with communication problems in first encounters with signers of different languages. They show that the basic Conversation Analytic repair mechanisms for dealing with verbal troubles are largely reproduced in gesture and sign, including details of turn‐taking structure, timing and form. This underlines the role of repair as a basic resource for linguistic and interactional creativity across modalities.

Byun et al. describe how deaf signers deal with communication problems in first encounters with signers of different languages. They show that the basic Conversation Analytic repair mechanisms for dealing with verbal troubles are largely reproduced in gesture and sign, including details of turn‐taking structure, timing and form. This underlines the role of repair as a basic resource for linguistic and interactional creativity across modalities.

王船山，一位明末清初的著名思想家。後人將顧炎武、黃宗羲和王船山三人並稱「清初三儒」。 王船山的氣化生命論，是從氣的角度詮釋生命本質。若與現代分子生物學的微觀立場相較，氣化生命論則為一種巨觀立場，它不是從分子層次觀察生命，而是從宇宙整體的尺度來界定何謂生命。這種生命論述是晚明儒、道、佛跨 界交流之下的產物，它以儒家氣學為根柢，汲取道教內丹學的修鍊功法，以及佛教唯識學的生死流轉。因此，氣化生命論除了關懷宋明儒者熱衷的心性問題外，亦看重人體生理的因素，甚至進而探索生命的終極歸宿。這些嶄新的 議題，構成了氣化生命論的獨特內容，可謂「別開生面」。本書重新爬梳前人研究中相對忽略的原典材料，試圖釐清隱含其中的若干線索，從思想史的角度重新勾勒船山生命論述的輪廓。 本書共六章，開章介紹王船山生平，後四章則專論王船山的氣化生命論，探討他的生命觀、修養觀、倫理觀及其政治觀。王船山的生命論述在現代船山學研究中，涉及生理學、生物學或生命科學等面向。.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Buddhist-Christian Studies 22 (2002) 149-162 [Access article in PDF] Buddhist-Christian Complementarity in the Perspective of Quantum Physics Lai Pan-chiu Chinese University of Hong Kong Introduction The idea of Buddhist-Christian complementarity is by no means new. 1 But what is meant by "complementarity"? In quantum physics, the concept of "complementarity" has been extensively discussed due to the principle of complementarity introduced by Niels Bohr (1885-1962). This principle is also (...) one of the hotly debated issues in the areas of religion and natural science. Many scholars attempt to show that there are cases in Christian theology comparable to the complementarity in quantum physics. The most discussed case is perhaps the Christological doctrine of two natures in Jesus Christ. 2 Some scholars even attempt to interpret the relationship between theology and science in terms of complementarity. 3 This kind of discussion is not merely fanciful imagination originated by Christian theologians, since even Niels Bohr himself did advise Christian theologians to apply the complementary way of thinking in theology. 4 An interesting question may then be whether the principle of complementarity in quantum physics may cast light on the problem concerning Buddhist-Christian complementarity. This is the issue this essay attempts to address. Complementarity in Quantum Physics Modern physics, especially the theory of relativity and quantum physics, as Werner Heisenberg pointed out, brings forth to us an important philosophical issue—the relationship between language and reality. Some modern physicists find that they have to make use of ordinary language to establish a visual understanding or presentation of some events, which can hitherto only be expressed by a bundle of mathematical formulae. However, the ordinary language, together with its derived concepts, used in classical physics cannot adequately interpret some of the discoveries of modern physics. For example, conventional concepts of time and space can no longer apply directly in the general theory of relativity. The inadequacy of the classical concepts of "wave" and "particle" in quantum physics is another illustrative case. According to Bohr's theory, physicists can make use of these classical concepts in a [End Page 149] loose way, even though these concepts may seem to contradict each other when applied together. 5The principle of complementarity proposed by Niels Bohr refers specifically to the use of the two seemingly contradictory concepts in classical physics—"particle" and "wave"—to explain the behavior of a particular entity, light. Wave and particle are mutually exclusive concepts in classical physics. According to the classical understanding, wave possesses some characteristics that particle does not have, such as reflection, refraction, diffusion and interference. In reverse, particle also possesses some characteristics that wave does not have, such as occupying certain space. However, quantum physicists have discovered that in some experiments, light "behaves" as wave, whereas in others it behaves as particle. The results of experiments seem to suggest that neither "wave" nor "particle" can adequately explain the quantum phenomena. For this reason, some physicists, including Albert Einstein, suggest abandoning the use of the concepts of wave and particle in the subatomic realm. Contrary to this view, Bohr insists that the concepts of "wave" and "particle" remain usable and useful in quantum physics because "however far the phenomena transcend the scope of classical physical explanation, the account of all evidence must be expressed in classical terms." 6 As Bohr puts it, "the fundamental postulate of the indivisibility of the quantum of action is itself, from the classical point of view, an irrational element which inevitably requires us to forego a causal mode of description and which, because of the coupling between phenomena and their observation, forces us to adopt a new mode of description designated as complementary in the sense that any given application of classical concepts precludes the simultaneous use of other classical concepts which in a different connection are equally necessary for the elucidation of the phenomena." 7The principle of complementarity can thus be understood as a method or "mode of description" using two or more mutually exclusive concepts of a specific realm (classical physics) to explain a phenomenon of another realm (quantum physics) that... (shrink)