Dans le présent article, il s’agit de reconsidérer le rapport entre pyrrhonisme et scepticisme académicien dans Les Essais de Montaigne, en posant l’hypothèse que le philosophe aurait, dès le début de sa réflexion, perçu ces deux tendances sceptiques comme des philosophies très proches, voire compatibles, malgré leurs divergences importantes. Son intérêt croissant pour les Academica de Cicéron, dans les versions postérieures des Essais, le conduirait donc non seulement à transformer son propre scepticisme (qu’il découvre de plus en plus proche de (...) celui de Cicéron), mais aussi à affiner son jugement sur les rapports entre les deux philosophies. En conclusion, l’article évoque brièvement ce qu’apportent ces éléments dans la perspective d’une nouvelle vision des relations entre Montaigne et Cicéron. (shrink)

Neste artigo nos apoiamos em testemunhos diversos de Francis Bacon a respeito da relação entre sua filosofia e o ceticismo filosófico para estender o exame desse ponto ao âmbito de sua ?Doutrina dos Ídolos?. Pretendemos mostrar que, se por um lado as semelhanças revelam-se aí significativas , pode-se também observar, de outra parte, que já nessa Doutrina Bacon prepara uma via diversa da que atribui aos céticos, tanto em vista do modo como compreende a noção de natureza humana, como do (...) encadeamento metódico a que ele submete o material que toma dos céticos. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this paper I propose that examining Locke’s response to skepticism requires us to consider at least three distinct senses in which skepticism appears on the horizon of the Essay. Skepticism is addressed, directly or indirectly, (i) as a general outcome of philosophical inquiry, (ii) as a methodical decision to doubt, and also (iii) as the result of a particular problem that challenges the claim to knowledge. I think that by examining how Locke reacts to such issues, we get (...) a more accurate and nuanced picture of Locke’s relationship to skeptical philosophy. (shrink)

Dans le présent article, il s’agit de reconsidérer le rapport entre pyrrhonisme et scepticisme académicien dans Les Essais de Montaigne, en posant l’hypothèse que le philosophe aurait, dès le début de sa réflexion, perçu ces deux tendances sceptiques comme des philosophies très proches, voire compatibles, malgré leurs divergences importantes. Son intérêt croissant pour les Academica de Cicéron, dans les versions postérieures des Essais, le conduirait donc non seulement à transformer son propre scepticisme (qu’il découvre de plus en plus proche de (...) celui de Cicéron), mais aussi à affiner son jugement sur les rapports entre les deux philosophies. En conclusion, l’article évoque brièvement ce qu’apportent ces éléments dans la perspective d’une nouvelle vision des relations entre Montaigne et Cicéron. (shrink)

O propósito deste artigo é o de examinar o ceticismo sobre a moral e as leis tal como abordado e respondido por Guy de Brués nos seus Diálogos contra os Novos Acadêmicos (1557). Proponho que, para uma apreciação adequada desse tema, é preciso distinguir dois níveis em que essa filosofia se apresenta na obra: aquele em que ela é exposta na fala dos personagens incumbidos de defendê-la (sustentando diferentes versões da tese de que “tudo é opinião”) e aquele que é (...) discernível através de alguns pontos de acordo ao longo das discussões, no qual revela-se antes uma afinidade entre os interlocutores com a Nova Academia. Esta situação aparentemente paradoxal pode ser melhor compreendida se cotejamos os Diálogos com a declamatio paradoxal ou o diálogo filosófico de matriz ciceroniana. De modo mais geral, sugerimos que o papel da filosofia da Nova Academia, especialmente em sua dimensão moral e política, é maior do que usualmenre reconhecido na redescoberta do ceticismo na França do século XVI. (shrink)

Neste artigo examino a noção de ataraxía tal como presente no ceticismo pirrônico de Sexto Empírico. Meu propósito é mostrar que, a despeito de conservar aspectos que parecem estar a ela associados desde a filosofia de Pirro, o sentido da noção de ataraxía muda substancialmente e passa a possuir, ao menos nas Hipotiposes, um aspecto fundamental de ordem “intelectual” associado à supressão de um tipo específico de perturbação filosófica. Pretendo igualmente mostrar que tal peculiaridade permitiria compreender como ele se relacionaria (...) de modo coerente com a noção de investigação cética pirrônica e, para tanto, como ele se associa com a noção de “terapia filosófica” e de “epokhé sobre todas as coisas” que se fazem presentes na obra de Sexto. (shrink)

Richard Popkin’s seminal study on the revival of skepticism from the late Renaissance onwards gave a prominent role to Pyrrhonism, rediscovered through the translation of Sextus Empiricus’s writings into Latin and their usage in Michel de Montaigne’s Essais, among other works. Maia Neto’s new book aims to reassess this interpretation, claiming that Montaigne’s disciple, Pierre Charron, in his La sagesse, displayed a distinctively Academic skeptical wisdom that became central in the philosophical debate of the period. Such wisdom, according to Maia (...) Neto, is conceived as refraining from “opinion” as a way of avoiding error, and thereby arriving at “intellectual integrity,” that is, human perfection insofar... (shrink)

Este artigo examina a concepção de História Natural de Francis Bacon a partir de sua relação com literatura cética discutida no século XVI. Mais exatamente, procura mostrar que essa obra representa uma radicalização de uma tendência naturalista presente no tratamento cético da noção de “milagre”, tal como reconhecível no De Divinatione, de Cícero, e nos Ensaios de Montaigne, dentre outras obras.

O objetivo deste artigo é examinar como Montaigne retoma, na sua crítica das filosofias morais e, especialmente, da existência de leis naturais, a proposta por Sexto Empírico acerca do mesmo tema ao final das Hipotiposes Pirronianas. Pretendo mostrar que, para além das consideráveis similaridades, o modo como Montaigne relaciona razão, natureza e costume, confere um perfil próprio à sua reconstrução do pirronismo, particularmente visível na sua compreensão da oposição entre critério de verdade e critério de ação. Igualmente, sustento que essa (...) distinção, proveniente do pirronismo, ocupará um lugar central na sua reflexão moral. The aim of this paper is to investigate how Montaigne adopts, in his own discussion of moral philosophies (and, in particular, of the proponents of natural laws), Sextus Empiricus' criticism on the same topic, as exposed in his Outlines of Pyrrhonism. I want to show that, besides the deep similarities we can find between them, Montaigne's peculiarities show themselves throughout his way of dealing with relations between reason, costume and nature, as well as in his interpretation of the opposition between a criterion of truth and a practical criterion. I maintain also that this Pyrrhonism notion occupies a prominent place in his moral reflections. (shrink)

Neste artigo, propomos uma leitura do argumento cartesiano do sonho segundo a qual ele deveria ser analisado como um entimema, isto é, como um argumento retórico portador de premissas elípticas. Mais precisamente, o princípio da dúvida hiperbólica, embora formulado no início das Meditações, desempenharia um papel crucial na inferência contida nesse argumento, que o leitor comum que Descartes teria em mente tende a desconsiderar. Tentamos mostrar que este ponto poderia nos propiciar não apenas uma melhor compreensão do papel do argumento (...) nas Meditações, mas uma diferente compreensão da relação entre a filosofia cartesiana e a tradição cética. (shrink)

This book is about power and freedoms in our technological world and has two main objectives. The first is to demonstrate that a theoretical exploration of the algorithmic governmentality hypothesis combined with the capability approach is useful for a better understanding of power and freedoms in Ambient Intelligence, a world where information and communication technologies are invisible, interconnected, context aware, personalized, adaptive to humans and act autonomously. The second is to argue that these theories are useful for a better comprehension (...) of privacy and data protection concepts and the evolution of their regulation. Having these objectives in mind, the book outlines a number of theses based on two threads: first, the elimination of the social effects of uncertainty and the risks to freedoms and, second, the vindication of rights. Inspired by and building on the outcomes of different philosophical and legal approaches, this book embodies an effort to better understand the challenges posed by Ambient Intelligence technologies, opening paths for more effective realization of rights and rooting legal norms in the preservation of the potentiality of human capabilities. (shrink)

O objetivo deste trabalho é a analisar a utilização e impacto das fake news nos últimos anos da vida política brasileira enquanto propulsão ao esvaziamento do pensamento e uma zona de anomia entre democracia e totalitarismo que captura e sacraliza a vida biológica humana ao mesmo tempo que a abandona, reconhecida como estado de exceção permanente. Para tanto, abordamos as obras de Hannah Arendt e Giorgio Agamben, bem como analisamos fenomenologicamente algumas das fake news mais divulgadas entre a população brasileira (...) no período das eleições presidenciais de 2018. Por fim, entendemos que a verdade factual, resguardada pelas humanidades e transmitida pela mídia é capaz de levar a população novamente à percepção da realidade e ao resgate do sentido da política pela ação. (shrink)

Esta obra traz ao leitor ensaios publicados ao longo de algumas décadas, alinhados a tradição brasileira de 'pensamento social'. Entre os vários intelectuais e pensadores analisados por Castro Santos, a obra de Gilberto Freyre, um dos maiores nomes de nosso tempo, mereceu atenção especial. Além do escritor pernambucano, todos os demais autores tratados neste livro revelam uma preocupação com o Brasil, uma intenção de 'reinventar' um país, gerar uma nação, criar metáforas de transformação social, converter idiomas e, regionalismos a uma (...) 'língua geral' de brasilidade. Nomes ilustres e obras hoje clássicas na tradição do pensamento social no Brasil passam pelo crivo do autor, sociólogo pertencente a geração que se voltou para grandes temas e cenários, sempre a cautelosa distância da excessiva especialização profissional dos dias atuais. Apesar da diversidade de perspectivas ou pontos de vista, os autores discutidos neste livro estão sempre a 'conjugar o futuro': a exemplo dos positivistas progressistas, como Pereira Barreto, ou dos agitadores das reformas na educação e saúde, como Azevedo Sodré, Arthur Neiva e Belisário Pena - esses últimos, figuras de destaque da Primeira República; por outro lado, em que pese a diversidade ainda maior de ideais e projetos, em autores como Gilberto Freyre e Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, ou na contribuição destacada de Antonio Candido, há sempre a preocupação de reinventarmo-nos (como já se disse deles), em um sentido que se poderia chamar totalizador. Isto é, trata-se de entender o país, retratá-lo, discutir projetos e novos caminhos. Na agenda intelectual da atualidade, aquela intenção não deveria jamais ser perdida. Essa intenção em 'pensar o país' remete sempre as preocupações do autor, ao relançar, pela EdUERJ, o presente livro. (shrink)

Eva Picardi has been one of the most influential Italian analytic philosophers of her generation. She taught for forty years at the University of Bologna, raising three generations of students. This collection of selected writings honors her work, confirming Picardi's status as one of the most important Frege scholars of her generation and a leading authority on the philosophy of Donald Davidson. Bringing together Picardi's contributions to the history of analytic philosophy, it includes her papers on major 20th-century figures such (...) as Wittgenstein, Quine, Davidson, Rorty, and Brandom. She examines their work in comparison with the philosopher Michael Dummett's, illuminating contrasts between American Neo-pragmatism and Continental philosophy. By considering key contributions made by Gadamer and Adorno and contrasting them with Davidson and Rorty's proposals, Picardi is able to bridge the Analytic and Continental divide. Featuring an introduction by Annalisa Coliva and new translations of previously unpublished papers, this collection emphasizes the significance of Picardi's work for a new generation of readers. (shrink)

In 2015 Dag Prawitz proposed a natural deduction ecumenical system, where classical logic and intuitionistic logic are codified in the same system. In his ecumenical system, Prawitz recovers the harmony of rules, but the rules for the classical operators do not satisfy separability. In fact, the classical rules are not pure, in the sense that negation is used in the definition of the introduction and elimination rules for the classical operators. In this work we propose an ecumenical system adapting, to (...) the natural deduction framework, Girard’s mechanism of stoup. This allows for the definition of a pure harmonic natural deduction system for the propositional fragment of Prawitz’s ecumenical logic. We conclude by presenting an extension proposal to the first-order setting and a different approach to purity based on some ideas proposed by Julien Murzi. (shrink)

This book provides a philosophical theory explicating the cognitive contribution of metaphor. Metaphor effects a transference of meaning, not between two terms, but between two structured domains of content, or ‘semantic fields’. Semantic fields, construed as necessary to a theory of word-meaning, provide the contrastive and affinitive relations that govern a term’s literal use. In a metaphoric use, these relations are projected into a second domain which is thereby reordered with significant cognitive effects. The book provides a revision and refinement (...) of ‘the semantic theory of metaphor’. Taking into account pragmatic considerations and recent linguistic and psychological studies, the book aims to forge a new understanding of the relation between metaphoric and literal meaning. It illustrates the thesis with sensitive and systematic analyses of metaphors found in literature, philosophy, science, and everyday language. Keywords:,, . (shrink)

Democracia -- Modernidade -- Psicanálise -- Literatura.

Philosophische Familien- und Geschlechterkonzeptionen waren zu allen Zeiten ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der philosophischen Arbeit, insbesondere in der politischen Philosophie, da jede gesellschaftliche Ordnung auf einer bestimmten Familienform und darin institutionalisierten Geschlechterverhältnissen beruht. Auch Hegel hat sich intensiv mit den Begriffen Familie und Geschlecht auseinandergesetzt. Eva Bockenheimers Arbeit liefert einen Kommentar zu den dafür zentralen Abschnitten der "Phänomenologie des Geistes" und der "Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts" unter Einbeziehung zahlreicher Schriften und Vorlesungen, insbesondere der "Naturphilosophie" und der "Vorlesungen über die Philosophie (...) der Weltgeschichte". Ergebnis ist, dass Hegel einen ausgefeilten, systematisch eingebetteten Gedankengang zum Familien- und Geschlechterverhältnis und dessen Geschichte präsentiert, der grundlegende Einsichten bietet - auch für die Analyse der aktuellen Verhältnisse und für die Erarbeitung eines auf Emanzipation zielenden, zeitgemässen Begriffs von Familie und Geschlechtlichkeit."--Publisher's website. (shrink)

Ideas about heredity and evolution are undergoing a revolutionary change. New findings in molecular biology challenge the gene-centered version of Darwinian theory according to which adaptation occurs only through natural selection of chance DNA variations. In Evolution in Four Dimensions, Eva Jablonka and Marion Lamb argue that there is more to heredity than genes. They trace four "dimensions" in evolution -- four inheritance systems that play a role in evolution: genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic. These systems, they argue, can all (...) provide variations on which natural selection can act. Evolution in Four Dimensions offers a richer, more complex view of evolution than the gene-based, one-dimensional view held by many today. The new synthesis advanced by Jablonka and Lamb makes clear that induced and acquired changes also play a role in evolution.After discussing each of the four inheritance systems in detail, Jablonka and Lamb "put Humpty Dumpty together again" by showing how all of these systems interact. They consider how each may have originated and guided evolutionary history and they discuss the social and philosophical implications of the four-dimensional view of evolution. Each chapter ends with a dialogue in which the authors engage the contrarieties of the fictional "I.M.," or Ifcha Mistabra -- Aramaic for "the opposite conjecture" -- refining their arguments against I.M.'s vigorous counterarguments. The lucid and accessible text is accompanied by artist-physician Anna Zeligowski's lively drawings, which humorously and effectively illustrate the authors' points. (shrink)

The question of whether global democracy requires a world state has with few exceptions been answered with an unequivocal ‘No’. A world state, it is typically argued, is neither feasible nor desirable. Instead, different forms of global governance arrangements have been suggested, involving non-hierarchical and multilayered models with dispersed authority. The overall aim of this paper is to addresses the question of whether global democracy requires a world state, adopting a so-called ‘function-sensitive’ approach. It is shown that such an approach (...) is equipped to resist the predominant binary view of a world state and offer a more differentiated and nuanced answer to this question. In brief, a basic presumption of a function-sensitive approach is that the content, justification and status of principles of democracy are dependent on the aim they are set out to achieve, what functions they are intended to regulate (e.g., decision-making, implementation, enforce... (shrink)

This paper seeks to analyze the construction of ethics in sexuality research in which qualitative methods are employed in the field of social sciences. Analyses are based on a bibliographic review of current discussions on research methods of queer theory and on the authors' own experiences of past research on sexuality. The article offers a theoretical perspective on the ways ethnography and in‐depth interviews become methods that can rely on a consensual method and create a politics of intimacy between the (...) researchers and research participants. The politics of intimacy may contribute to the production of a politically engaged knowledge while escaping from the moral matrix that usually governs the relationship between researchers and research participants. It is argued here that the researcher's sexed and gendered body matters for fieldwork; that the consensual method among participants may be employed in sexuality research as a fruitful tool; and that the relationships created among researchers and participants can pose a challenge to predetermined ethical guidelines in research. As a result, discussions problematize the existence of a politics of intimacy in sexuality research that is characterized by ethical relations among research participants. (shrink)

In der Öffentlichkeit häufig als Auswanderungsland wahrgenommen, unternahm China in den letzten Jahren verstärkt Bemühungen, qualifizierte Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland für den chinesischen Arbeitsmarkt zu gewinnen. Die Einführung eines Fachkräfteeinwanderungssystem mit abgestuften Rechten für Arbeitsmigrant:innen sollte diese Entwicklung fördern. Die vorliegende Analyse zeigt, dass diese Reform des Einwanderungssystems die Gerichtspraxis nicht verändert hat. Abseits der politischen Diskurse um die Anwerbung von internationalen Talenten und der Propagierung Chinas als Wissenssupermacht, bleibt China aufgrund der existierenden Probleme im bestehenden Rechtssystems für Arbeitsmigrant:innen unattraktiv.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel und die Weiter- und Höherenentwicklung seiner Ideen, von A. Abusch.-G.W.F. Hegel und seine Zeit (1770-1831). Eine Chronik.-G.W.F. Hegels Werke in Erstausgaben.-Aus Werken Hegels.-Marx, Engels, Lenin über Hegel.-Hegel Literatur in der DDR 1949-1969.-Hegel Literatur zum Hegel Jahr 1970.-Veranstaltungen aus Anlass des 200. Geburtstages von G.W.F. Hegel am 27. August 1970.

With regard to current debates on the ethical implementation of AI, especially two demands are linked: the call for explainability and for ultimate human responsibility. In the medical field, both are condensed into the role of one person: It is the physician to whom AI output should be explainable and who should thus bear ultimate responsibility for diagnostic or treatment decisions that are based on such AI output. In this article, we argue that a black box AI indeed creates a (...) rationally irresolvable epistemic situation for the physician involved. Specifically, strange errors that are occasionally made by AI sometimes detach its output from human reasoning. Within this article it is further argued that such an epistemic situation is problematic in the context of ultimate human responsibility. Since said strange errors limit the promises of explainability and the concept of explainability frequently appears irrelevant or insignificant when applied to a diverse set of medical applications, we deem it worthwhile to reconsider the call for ultimate human responsibility. (shrink)

Is musical practice 'real' - and how is it connected with everyday life? Eva-Maria Houben shows that making music changes as soon as its meaning is not sought in a purpose-oriented production of results, but in performing music as an activity - indeed, as play. Musical practice, Eva-Maria Houben contends, should be understood as open and never finished. Such an emphasis on repetition can free us from perfection, productivity, and purpose, allowing meaning to unfold in specific situations, places, and relationships. (...) Thus understood, musical practice can become a form of life and a reality in its own right. (shrink)

Este não é um livro sobre marketing. É um livro sobre a existência, avisa o filósofo Luiz Felipe Pondé, logo na abertura de Marketing existencial. Seu objetivo não é indicar caminhos para o mercado, nem auxiliar os leitores a serem consumidores mais felizes. É analisar por que a produção de bens em nossa época foi, pouco a pouco, se confundindo com os anseios existenciais dos indivíduos e deixou de atender à mera satisfação de necessidades básicas. Neste século XXI, a (...) difusão de bens de signifi cado passa à vanguarda do mercado, conduzido por um marketing existencial que busca vender produtos não apenas materiais, mas, sobretudo, os imateriais, na forma de bálsamos para as angústias mais profundas das pessoas. Em sua provocante reflexão, o autor recorre à filosofia da existência – de Kierkegaard a Sartre, de Unamuno a Camus – para examinar como as questões essenciais dos seres humanos permanecem vivas e sem resposta, mesmo na sociedade do cartão de crédito. O AUTOR Luiz Felipe Pondé é filósofo, professor da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP) e da Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado (FAAP). É autor de, entre outros, Os Dez Mandamentos (+ um) e coautor de Por que virei à direita (ambos pela Três Estrelas). É colunista da Folha de S.Paulo. (shrink)

The Problem of Political Normativity Understood as Functional Normativity.