In "Handbook of Philosophical Logic" M. Dunn formulated a problem of describing pretabular extensions of relevant logics (cf. M. Dunn [1984], p. 211: M. Dunn, G. Restall [2002], p. 79). The main result of this paper described in the title.

In [60] N. Belnap presented an 8-element matrix for the relevant logic R with the following property: if in an implication A → B the formulas A and B do not have a common variable then there exists a valuation v such that v(A → B) does not belong to the set of designated elements of this matrix. A 6-element matrix of this kind can be found in: R. Routley, R.K. Meyer, V. Plumwood and R.T. Brady [82]. Below we prove (...) that the logics generated by these two matrices are the only maximal extensions of the relevant logic R which have the relevance property: if A → B is provable in such a logic then A and B have a common propositional variable. (shrink)

W tych badaniach logiczno-filozoficznych, w których używał logiki modalnej, Jerzy Perzanowski szczególną uwagę zwracał na miejsce danej logiki modalnej w kracie logik modalnych: ważne dla niego były logiki otaczające daną logikę. Cenił rozważania nad kratą logik modalnych i poświecił jej sporo miejsca w swej naukowej twórczości. Natrafił w szczególności na tzw. logiki anty-monotoniczne; badania nad nimi rozpoczął, ale ich nie ukończył (por. Perzanowski [1989, 1989’], Makinson [1971]). Podał podstawowe fakty syntaktyczne dotyczące tych logik, lecz nie opisał semantyki dla takich logik: (...) ani relacyjnej, ani algebraicznej. Logiki te są o tyle ciekawe, że wyniki badań nad nimi uzupełniają obraz całej kraty logik modalnych. Poniżej uzupełniam rozważania J. Perzanowskiego: podaję semantykę relacyjną i algebraiczną dla takich logik i opisuję strukturę całej kraty logik modalnych. (shrink)

This paper is devoted to showing certain connections between normal modal logics and those strictly regular modal logics which have as a theorem. We extend some results of E. J. Lemmon (cf. [66]). In particular we prove that the lattice of the strictly regular modal logics with the axiom is isomorphic to the lattice of the normal modal logics.

This essay aims to show that philosophy-hence also ethics-and neuroscience are dependent on each other. To make this visible, is to investigate the relationship between the personal identity and the changes of the brain. While the personal identity still owes its scientific resonance of philosophy, the brain is one of the entities that neuroscience is responsible to analyze in the first place. These three perspectives have to be taken into account: mereological, hermeneutic, and concrete.

It is proved that the relevance logic \ has no structurally complete consistent axiomatic extension, except for classical propositional logic. In fact, no other such extension is even passively structurally complete.

In the paper some varieties E s n of BCK-algebras with condition defined by W. H. Cornish [1] are considered. A characterization of simple algebras in E s 2 is given and some properties of simple algebras in E s 3 are indicated.

Wollte man die Erkenntnistatigkeit der menschlichen Subjekte einer einfachen Analyse unterziehen, dann konnte man z.B. bei der Frage ansetzen: Wie gehen die Menschen mit Erkenntnis um? Im 21. Jahrhundert wird das Erkennen im Kontext einer (post-)modernen Gesellschaft betrachtet, die viele pluralistische Varianten zulasst: Globale, soziale, Kultur-, Frauen-, Manner-, Bildungs-, Wissenschaftler-, Religionen-, Sportgesellschaft usw. In jeder Form der Gesellschaft wird dem Erkenntnisphanomen eine prinzipielle, wenn auch jeweils spezifische Funktion zugeschrieben, deren objektive Problemstellung auch in ihrem geschichtlichen Horizont gedeutet werden muss, wenn (...) sie sich bewahren soll. Allerdings gilt uberall folgendes Prinzip: Entfaltung jeder Form der Gesellschaft erfordert unbedingt die fortschreitende Erkenntnis. Diese Notwendigkeit hat schon von Anfang an als zuverlassiger Motor fur jedes nur denkbare Modell der Erkenntnistheorie gegolten.". (shrink)

Roman Ingarden (1893-1970) gehort zu den polnischen Philosophen, deren Leistung weltweit breite Anerkennung gefunden hat. Von Husserl hat er gelernt, wie phanomenologische Analysen durchzufuhren sind. Trotz dieser Verpflichtung seinem Meister gegenuber hat Ingarden niemals Angst gehabt, scharfe Kritik an Husserl zu aussern, die sich nach vielen Jahren in eine reife realistische Position umwandelte. Der Weg zu dieser realistischen Position ist durch Ingardens Auseinandersetzung mit dem transzendentalen Idealismus Husserls gekennzeichnet, also mit der These Die reale Welt und ihre Entitaten werden als (...) rein intentionale Gegenstandlichkeiten aufgefasst, die in den Tiefen des konstituierenden Bewusstseins ihren Seins- und Bestimmungsgrund haben.". (shrink)

The contemporary development of socialist economy is featured not only by high dynamics, but also by essential structural and qualitative changes. The economic policy and the socialist planning in particular tendtowards optimalization of economic growth, then to engage for its proper directions, structure and rythmicality. The every year growing national product ought to be, as it is possible, most suitable and useful for implementation of threefold objective: 1° the better satisfaction with the necessities of population, 2° the quicker modernization of (...) the national economy, and 3° the effective development of the foreign trade as well as the international cooperation.The superiority of a set of social criteria is becoming the general assumption of economic policy. A vision of the future human being and the mature society is determining prospective objectives and aims of the development as well is indicating ways and means for their realization by economic policy.The economic growth is not objective by itself, but has to serve for a comprehensive social advancement. At the same time the factors of social advancement advantageously impact the labour productivity and otherwisethey perform a role of additional stimulatives of the economic growth.The objectives of social advancement should be realized gradually basing on staging patterns of systematic raise of the living standards of the population. A hierarchy and a sequence of satisfaction with the both individual and collective necessities demand a skillful application of the criteria of the economic and social choice. We are using here the principle of social and economic rationality.Hence the factors of social advancement, involving the scientific and technical progress, belang to the fundumatel elements of the present economic and social policy. At the same time objectives and means of modern economic and social advancement are here strictly interlaced. (shrink)

The paper presents the problem of the frame, a clearly prevalent pattern in the selected activities of Bauhaus representatives. Despite only a dozen years of its existence, the school of modern architecture and design had a significant impact on the 20th-century world of art, and its social context, aesthetic and functions. In spite of its utilitarianist approach, it has developed a variety of standpoints that resulted in debates over the limits of art and have evolved into a wide range of (...) creative movements that became a permanent feature of the art world. The essence of artistic activity evolved in this formation in two seemingly contradictory directions – towards a radical consolidation of the visual form, which is devoid of any decorations, and its gradual opening to the space surrounding the artistic and design activity. The first direction led to strengthening the integrity of the work and its materiality, while the second led to interference with the environment and the disappearance of the outline of the form. The diverse involvements and relations between these attitudes created different understandings of the frame encompassing the works. (shrink)

This essay explores social forces which contributed to regaining independence by the Polish people and sovereignty by the Polish state after 45 years of Soviet domination There were four major factors or forces of historical change: workers' resistance (big-industry working class); intellectual opposition (dissidents); grass-roots movement (families, households and their microeconmuc activity); and the Catholic Church (in the late phase of the Polish People's Republic). The preliminary thesis is that Poland succeeded in transcending communism and Soviet domination as quickly as (...) it did thanks to its civil society traditions. In particular, universities and their intellectual influence on the young generations of Poles helped nurture the political opposition Equally, the grass-roots movement of Polish family households undermined the unrealistic, strange system of national (planned) economy, which otherwise could have lasted much longer in Poland, as it did in all of Eastem Europe. The conclusion follows that the historically formed cultural capital of the Polish people was the decisive factor in the nation's liberation from totalitarian rule. (shrink)

Autor porusza zagadnienie struktury Peryta, która posiada tę właściwość, iż środkiem świata jest miejsce założone przez obserwatora. W ten sposób zmienia się charakter zjawisk geometrycznych, w tym perspektywy.