(1956). DE SPAANS-SCHOLASTIEKE WIJSBEGEERTE OP DE NOORD-NEDERLANDSE UNIVERSITEITEN IN DE EERSTE HELFT DER 17e EEUW. Bijdragen: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 26-55.

L'ordre infra-humain connaît-il un déroulement historique ? A cette question il faut répondre par la négative, du moins si l'infra-humain est considéré en soi, indépendamment de sa relation à l'humain. Seul l'homme peut donner un sens aux processus de la nature, qui, sans lui, ne possèdent aucune intelligibilité ni même ne peuvent exister. Pour élaborer cette thèse, il faut commencer par définir ce qu'est l'histoire en tant qu'enchaînement de faits. Un fait a nécessairement un certain caractère « événementiel » et (...) surgit toujours d'une manière imprévue, inattendue. Pour l'intelligence subsistante qui, elle, n'a rien d' « événementiel », un pareil fait n'existe pas, tandis qu'au contraire pour une intelligence qui est à elle-même un événement, les faits existent et même lui opposent une irréductible résistance. La connaissance de l'histoire est intrinsèquement liée à une intelligence qui est ellemême, dans une certaine mesure, historique dans son mode de connaître. Une histoire de la nature s'articule nécessairement à une histoire de l'homme. Et plus une connaissance passe à l'absolu, moins il subsiste d'histoire authentique. La place de l'homme dans l'univers est par là indiquée. Comme centre et terme de perfection de l'univers matériel, l'homme est le seul vrai porteur d'histoire ; il est le sujet pour qui tout le reste est objet. Mais un objet qui n'est pas objet pour un sujet, perd son objectivité. L'auteur note ici les points de divergences entre sa conception et celle concernant l'histoire chez Hegel comme aussi celle concernant l'historicité chez Heidegger et Jaspers. L'expression « centre de l'univers » est précisée à la lumière de ces mises-au-point. En conclusion, la thèse défendue est confrontée à ce que dit de la « finis creationis » la théodicée scolastique. La fin de la création est la gloire formelle extrinsèque de Dieu. Si donc il n'y avait pas de pensée dans la sphère matérielle, en d'autres mots si l'homme n'existait pas, il ne pourrait être question que de gloire objective, qui même perdrait son objectivité, puisque le sujet corrélatif serait inexistant. Ceci ne signifie évidemment pas qu'il a toujours fallu des hommes sur terre, ni non plus que l'homme doit avoir une omniscience exhaustive. L'intellect humain est moins encore à considérer comme un point d'appui nécessaire à la pensée divine pour prendre conscience de soi. (shrink)

The problem of the impact of traditions of romantic literature on Dostoevsky’s novel ‘The Idiot‘ is examined in the article. The author points out that the attitude of Russian novelist towards the phenomena of the outgoing culture was essentially devoid of dogmatism: the very approach to different cultural trends and styles was always notable for amazing flexibility and diversity. A novel by Charles Nodier, ‘Jean Sbogar‘, is considered as one of the precedent texts. Its motivic repertoire is reproduced in full (...) in the novel by F. Dostoevsky. A comparison of the protagonist of the French novel, Jean Sbogar, which is depicted in two masks, with the main characters of the novel ‘The Idiot‘ Prince Myshkin and Rogozhin, suggests that, starting from a given source, Dostoevsky developed Nodier’s art idea. Russian writer abandoned the principle of a split personality in favor of representation of two heroes that are fighting and, at the same time, there is a mystical connection between them. Comparison between Myshkin and angel-like Lothario and between Rogozhin and the rogue Jean Sbogar once again confirms the idea that in Dostoevsky’s novel there is an introduction of high philosophical symbolism in realism: ‘splitting‘ a romantic image sends a thoughtful reader to the Gospel legend about Christ and the robber. Thus, reading of the images of "The Idiot" through the prism of romantic novels of Charles Nodier detects correlation not only between the plot of the novel and literary tradition, but also between the plot and the Christian symbolism. Someone else’s text not only becomes Dostoevsky’s material for improvisation, but also serves as a secret pointer to the reader and reconstructs his cultural memory. (shrink)

BackgroundRelatives have no formal position in the practice of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide (EAS) according to Dutch legislation. However, research shows that physicians often involve relatives in EAS decision-making. It remains unclear why physicians do (not) want to involve relatives. Therefore, we examined how many physicians in the Netherlands involve relatives in EAS decision-making and explored reasons for (not) involving relatives and what involvement entails.MethodsIn a mixed-methods study, 746 physicians (33% response rate) completed a questionnaire, and 20 were interviewed. The (...) questionnaire included two statements on relatives’ involvement in EAS decision-making. Descriptive statistics were used, and multivariable logistic regression analyses to explore characteristics associated with involving relatives. In subsequent interviews, we explored physicians’ views on involving relatives in EAS decision-making. Interviews were thematically analysed.ResultsThe majority of physicians want to know relatives’ opinions about an EAS request (80%); a smaller group also takes these opinions into account in EAS decision-making (35%). Physicians who had ever received an explicit EAS request were more likely to want to know opinions and clinical specialists and elderly care physicians were more likely to take these opinions into account. In interviews, physicians mentioned several reasons for involving relatives: e.g. to give relatives space and help them in their acceptance, to tailor support, to be able to perform EAS in harmony, and to mediate in case of conflicting views. Furthermore, physicians explained that relatives’ opinions can influence the decision-making process but cannot be a decisive factor. If relatives oppose the EAS request, physicians find the process more difficult and try to mediate between patients and relatives by investigating relatives’ objections and providing appropriate information. Reasons for not taking relatives’ opinions into account include not wanting to undermine patient autonomy and protecting relatives from a potential burdensome decision.ConclusionsAlthough physicians know that relatives have no formal role, involving relatives in EAS decision-making is common practice in the Netherlands. Physicians consider this important as relatives need to continue with their lives and may need bereavement support. Additionally, physicians want to perform EAS in harmony with everyone involved. However, relatives’ opinions are not decisive. (shrink)

Terence Irwin's edition of the Nicomachean Ethics offers more aids to the reader than are found in any modern English translation. It includes an Introduction, headings to help the reader follow the argument, explanatory notes on difficult or important passages, and a full glossary explaining Aristotle's technical terms. The Third Edition offers additional revisions of the translation as well as revised and expanded versions of the notes, glossary, and Introduction. Also new is an appendix featuring translated selections from related texts (...) of Aristotle. (shrink)

This volume offers a collection of in-depth explorations of pragmatism as a framework for discussions in philosophy of science and metaphysics. Each chapter involves explicit reflection on what it means to be pragmatist, and how to use pragmatism as a guiding framework in addressing topics such as realism, unification, fundamentality, truth, laws, reduction, and more. -/- .

كتاب بحصي يتناول الصراع بين الصوفية والسلفية ويتناول قصة حياة الحلاج وابن الفارض والسهروردي ودواوينهم ويتناول الحب الإلهي عند الصوفية.

"First published by Oxford University Press, 1916."--Title page verso.

An English language translation accompanies the original Greek text of Aristotle's book about the nature of the state, constitutions, revolutions, democracy, and oligarchy.