Il s'agit de commenter les principaux écrits de Jean Cavaillès, d'expliciter son appareil conceptuel, mathématique et philosophique et de montrer la progression d'une réflexion originale qui, dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, voulait prendre la mesure des avancées et des controverses déterminant les mathématiques modernes.

A key feature of Buchanan is emphasis put on the social impact of biomedical enhancement. This social turn enables Buchanan to reframe the question of the desirability of enhancers. The fundamental question is no longer an individual question but a social question: what would be the advantages and the drawbacks of X in our society? The individual question, in Buchanan’s analysis, is second to the social question. Now, if one accepts that an enhancer may have secondary effects, or drawbacks, the (...) social question requires a cost and benefit analysis. I will argue that there are two flaws in Buchanan’s position: 1) the way in which he envisions the social debate about biomedical enhancement, and a cost and benefit analysis, would only be adequate in a kind of utopia which no actual existing State seems to match; 2) The cost and benefit analysis needs to be complemented not by an individual ethics but by narratives accounting for the experience of the subject. The level on which takes place Buchanan’s discussion covers up an individual experience which needs to be articulated and taken into account. It is this kind of individual, or singular, narrative that I will look for in the work of the post-phenomenological philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy, thus attempting to bridge a gap between two different philosophical traditions and styles of writing. (shrink)

This paper concerns the role of mathematical problems in the epistemology of Jean Cavaillès. Most occurrences of the term “problem” in his texts refer to mathematical problems, in the sense in which mathematicians themselves use the term: for an unsolved question which they hope to solve. Mathematical problems appear as breaking points in the succession of mathematical theories, both giving a continuity to the history of mathematics and illuminating the way in which the history of mathematics breaks up into (...) successive theories with different kinds of operations and, in a sense, different kinds of a prioris. We briefly compare mathematical becoming to the succession of episteme in Foucault’s Les Mots et les choses. We then come back to the necessity that Cavaillès attributes to mathematical becoming, and which the position of mathematical problems illustrates, in order to discuss its various consequences in Cavaillès’ later works but also in Canguilhem’s discussion of Cavaillès’ role in the Resistance. Finally, we study other types of problems, in Cavaillès’ writings: philosophical problems and what we will call “questions” rather than “problems,” and which contrary to mathematical problems, as Cavaillès uses the term, cannot be solved but pervade the whole of the history of mathematics. We will put these “questions” in relation to Lautman’s Ideas. (shrink)

Cet article est une discussion de l’ouvrage de A. Badiou, L’être et l’événement, autour de la question du rapport de l’état (et de l’Etat) à la situation. Nous commençons par rappeler la place que donne A. Badiou aux mathématiques dans son dispositif. Nous parcourons ensuite L’être et l’événement en prenant comme fil directeur cette question, du rapport de l’état à la situation. La dernière partie compare la position de A. Badiou à la tradition « épistémologique » en France et, en (...) particulier, aux textes de Jean Cavaillès, dont A. Badiou se réclame à plusieurs reprises. L’originalité de A. Badiou dans cette tradition est sans doute sa rupture avec la perspective historique mais le problème, que cette confrontation pose, est de savoir s’il est en effet possible de couper les théories mathématiques de leur histoire, comme A. Badiou doit le faire. (shrink)

La vie ordinaire efface le temps perdu : il faut travailler pour vivre, et pour que l'ordre social se maintienne. Perdre son temps devient alors une forme de sabotage. Raison pour laquelle nous ne parlons pas de ce temps que nous perdons ; raison pour laquelle aussi le langage ordinaire se prête mal à décrire le temps perdu. On risque donc ici un éloge de l'inactivité. En faisant redécouvrir plusieurs façons de perdre son temps : la mélancolie, le divertissement, la (...) panne, la procrastination, la flânerie, l'ennui, la rêverie, la cigarette... Mais en constatant également que toutes ces expériences ne sont pas celles de ce temps "volé", "dérobé", "tué" que définit plus précisément le verbe traîner. Ceux qui traînent : les passants dans un cimetière, certains personnages d'Aragon ou de Queneau, M Hulot détraquant l'ordre des vacances, les passagers d'un RER stoppé par la neige, l'internaute soudain débranché. Ces moments étranges - où Pascal, lui, pariait sur Dieu - sont autant d'expériences de pensée. Car philosophe est celui qui ne craint pas de rater son train. (shrink)

Comment s'est inventé le bord de mer? Avec quelles figures historiques, quels rituels sociaux, quelle littérature? Quel est le sens de cette construction? Et comment la décrire? Car les concepts usuels de la métaphysique sont essentiellement terrestres et sont inadéquats pour traduire le mouvant, le fluctuant, le sans sol. Il faut les y faire jouer à contre-emploi ou les détourner pour les rattacher à ce milieu particulier qu'est la plage. Aussi le bord de mer semble appeler une autre métaphysique, qui (...) reste à élaborer. Un livre polyphonique, construit par fragments, où chacun peut entrer comme il veut, à la saison de son choix, en fonction de son humeur ou de ses goûts, comme on peut passer un week-end à la mer en hiver, ou y rester tout un mois l'été. S'entrecroisent des récits, des scènes de plage, des souvenirs d'enfance ou le portrait de personnages singuliers, avec l'analyse de textes littéraires et des réflexions proprement philosophiques sur les concepts et le statut de la métaphysique. Ces fragments s'organisent en une chronique retraçant une année au bord de la mer. Une histoire des bords de mer, ou comment un territoire du vide est devenu un petit paradis. Une autre manière de faire de la philosophie. (shrink)

This article presents three extracts from the introductory course in mathematical logic that Gödel gave at the University of Notre Dame in 1939. The lectures include a few digressions, which give insight into Gödel's views on logic prior to his philosophical papers of the 1940s. The first extract is Gödel's first lecture. It gives the flavour of Gödel's leisurely style in this course. It also includes a curious definition of logic and a discussion of implication in logic and natural language. (...) The second extract is a discussion on undecidability and on Leibniz. The third extract concerns the paradoxes and Russell's theory of types. (shrink)

This paper is a discussion of Gödel's arguments for a Platonistic conception of mathematical objects. I review the arguments that Gödel offers in different papers, and compare them to unpublished material (from Gödel's Nachlass). My claim is that Gödel's later arguments simply intend to establish that mathematical knowledge cannot be accounted for by a reflexive analysis of our mental acts. In other words, there is at the basis of mathematics some data whose constitution cannot be explained by introspective analysis. This (...) does not mean that mathematics is independent of the human mind, but only that it is independent of our ?conscious acts and decisions?, to use Gödel's own words. Mathematical objects may then have been created by the human mind, but if so, the process of creation cannot be completely analysed and re-enacted. Such a thesis is weaker than some of the statements that Gödel made about his conceptual realism. However, there is evidence that Gödel seriously considered this weak thesis, or a position depending only on this weak thesis. He also criticized Husserl's Phenomenology from this point of view. (shrink)

abstractBackground: Evidence shows both a tendency for research participants to conflate research and clinical care and a limited public understanding of research. Conflation of research and care by participants is often referred to as the therapeutic misconception. Despite this evidence, few studies have explicitly asked participants, and especially minors, to explain what they think research is and how they think it differs from regular medical care. Methods: As part of a longer semistructured interview evaluating assent and parental permission for research, (...) adolescent research participants (n = 177), including adolescents with illnesses and healthy volunteers, and their parents (n = 177) were asked to describe medical research in their own words and say whether and how they thought being in medical research was different from seeing a regular doctor. Qualitative responses were coded and themes were identified through an iterative process. Results: When asked to describe medical research, the majority described research in terms of its goals of helping to advance science, develop treatments and medicines, and help others; fewer described research as having the goal of helping particular research participants, and fewer still in terms of the methods used in research. The majority of teen and parent respondents said being in research is different than seeing a regular doctor and explained this by describing different goals, different or more procedures, differences in the engagement of the doctors/researchers, and differences in logistics. Conclusions: Adolescents participating in clinical research and their parents generally describe medical research in terms of its goals of advancing science and finding new medicines and treatments, sometimes in combination with helping the enrolled individuals. The majority perceive a difference between research and regular medical care and described these differences in various ways. Further exploration is warranted about how such perceived differences matter to participants and how this understanding could be used to enhance informed consent and the overall research experience. (shrink)

The perfect books for the true book lover, Penguin’s Great Ideas series features twelve more groundbreaking works by some of history’s most prodigious thinkers. Each volume is beautifully packaged with a unique type-driven design that highlights the bookmaker’s art. Offering great literature in great packages at great prices, this series is ideal for those readers who want to explore and savor the Great Ideas that have shaped our world.

Periodically, we take stock of SubStance and provide a brief statement regarding initiatives and priorities in the journal's interests. Three years ago, we announced that "Exploring hybrid writing with theoretical impact is at the center of our current preoccupations."1 Since that time, the journal has made significant changes. This issue marks our fourth issue of publishing with Johns Hopkins University Press in a transition that recognizes our new publisher as a leader among university presses.Our plan also expressed our intent to (...) move toward publishing digital work that exemplifies theoretical thinking in nonlinear, experimental forms. In 2018, we launched Digital SubStance, a platform for "hybrid work that... (shrink)

Jean-François Lyotard (1924-1998) was one of the most important French philosophers of the Twentieth Century. His impact has been felt across many disciplines: sociology; cultural studies; art theory and politics. This volume presents a diverse selection of interviews, conversations and debates which relate to the five decades of his working life, both as a political militant, experimental philosopher and teacher. Including hard-to-find interviews and previously untranslated material, this is the first time that interviews with Lyotard have been presented as (...) a collection. Key concepts from Lyotard's thought – the differend, the postmodern, the immaterial – are debated and discussed across different time periods, prompted by specific contexts and provocations. In addition there are debates with other thinkers, including Emmanuel Levinas and Jacques Derrida, which may be less familiar to an Anglophone audience. These debates and interviews help to contextualise Lyotard, highlighting the importance of Marx, Freud, Kant and Wittgenstein, in addition to the Jewish thought which accompanies the questions of silence, justice and presence that pervades Lyotard's thinking. (shrink)

This issue of SubStance is the first since 2010 not dedicated to a specific theme or author; it features ten eclectic essays submitted from different disciplines and countries by well-established as well as emerging scholars. We wish to take this opportunity to emphasize the importance of these varia, which illustrate the range of our speculative and critical interests, and to signal directions we anticipate the journal moving in the near future. Beyond its interest in French literature and theory, SubStance has (...) always promoted a dialogue between contemporary theory and a multifaceted outside, an outside where contemporary theory may be used to investigate literary, philosophical, and artistic traditions.. (shrink)

Presents a series of the Wellek Library lectures given in May of 1986 entitled: Clouds, Touches, and Gaps.

Las figuras históricas y bíblicas a menudo se han utilizado como recurso didáctico y moral, convirtiéndose en modelos para una parte destacada de la sociedad. En este proceso de transformación aparece un importante componente ideológico que selecciona qué aspectos de la vida de estos personajes pueden o no contarse y cómo debe hacerse. Este estudio pretende analizar cómo estas figuras de referencia se adaptan en los textos de carácter didáctico-moral del siglo xv tomando como ejemplo el cambio que experimenta la (...) figura del Cid en el libro de Diego Rodríguez de Almela Valerio de las historias escolásticas y de España. (shrink)

This book explains, in simple terms, with a minimum of mathematics, why things can appear to be in two places at the same time, why correlations between simultaneous events occurring far apart cannot be explained by local mechanisms, and why, nevertheless, the quantum theory can be understood in terms of matter in motion. No need to worry, as some people do, whether a cat can be both dead and alive, whether the moon is there when nobody looks at it, or (...) whether quantum systems need an observer to acquire definite properties. The author's inimitable and even humorous style makes the book a pleasure to read while bringing a new clarity to many of the longstanding puzzles of quantum physics. (shrink)

Discourse on the sciences and the arts -- Discourse on the origin and foundations of inequality among men -- Discourse on political economy -- On the social contract -- The state of war.

Johann Gottlieb Fichte’s Foundations of Natural Right represents a turning point in the philosophy of law and the state. In 14 original essays, this volume compiles a collaborative commentary that offers a differentiated interpretation of this controversial classic in legal philosophy. Ideally suited for seminar courses.

L’épistémologie de Cavaillès est connue pour une critique abrupte des notions de conscience et de sujet. Cette critique ne vise pas à éliminer de la philosophie la notion de conscience mais seulement à la destituer de sa place de notion primitive. Dès lors, il s’agit de rendre compte de la conscience. Nous soutenons que la conscience est définie et constituée à partir de la réflexivité du devenir mathématique. Pour établir ce point, nous discutons de quelques textes. Nous sommes amené à (...) distinguer deux problématiques, celle des thèses de 1938, qui restent marquées par la philosophie de Brunschvicg, et celle des écrits posthumes. (shrink)

In this wide-ranging historical introduction to philosophical hermeneutics, Jean Grondin discusses the major figures from Philo to Habermas, analyzes conflicts between various interpretive schools, and provides a persuasive critique of Gadamer's view of hermeneutic history, though in other ways Gadamer's Truth and Method serves as a model for Grondin's approach. Grondin begins with brief overviews of the pre-nineteenth-century thinkers Philo, Origen, Augustine, Luther, Flacius, Dannhauer, Chladenius, Meier, Rambach, Ast, and Schlegel. Next he provides more extensive treatments of such major (...) nineteenth-century figures as Schleiermacher, Böckh, Droysen, and Dilthey. There are full chapters devoted to Heidegger and Gadamer as well as shorter discussions of Betti, Habermas, and Derrida. Because he is the first to pay close attention to pre-Romantic figures, Grondin is able to show that the history of hermeneutics cannot be viewed as a gradual, steady progression in the direction of complete universalization. His book makes it clear that even in the early period, hermeneutic thinkers acknowledged a universal aspect in interpretation--that long before Schleiermacher, hermeneutics was philosophical and not merely practical. In revising and correcting the standard account, Grondin's book is not merely introductory but revisionary, suitable for beginners as well as advanced students in the field. (shrink)

This issue should have been entitled, "The Man-Machine." It was the title that we had submitted to SubStance. At first, there was no question of dismantling the man-machine. The dismantling of the man-machine was an accident.This issue originates from a seminar organized at University of Paris 7, in the laboratory SPHERE, by Pierre Cassou-Noguès, Viktoria Tkaczyk, and Koen Vermeir. It ran for several years. The idea was to meet about once a month and invite scholars from various disciplines around a (...) common machine, or at least around machines with a common function. There were historians of science and technology, scholars in literature, art, media studies, gender studies, philosophers of science, and... (shrink)

In Made for Happiness, Jean Vanier examines the basis for modern moral philosophy and its role in our lives today. Having discovered through his work with the intellectually disabled the degree to which our society is divided, and our values misplaced, Vanier invites us to read with fresh eyes theories of happiness written 2,400 years ago.

This paper is concerned with Cavaillès' account of "intuition" in mathematics. Cavaillès starts from Kant's theory of constructions in intuition and then relies on various remarks by Hilbert to apply it to modern mathematics.

According to a well-known view in the philosophy of mind, intentional attitudes by their very nature satisfy requirements of rationality (e.g. Davidson 1980; Dennett 1987; Millar 2004). This view (which I shall call Constitutivism) features prominently as the ‘principle of minimal rationality’ in de Sousa’s monograph The Rationality of Emotion (1987). By explicating this principle in terms of the notion of the formal object of an attitude, de Sousa articulates an interesting and original version of Constitutivism, which differs in important (...) respects from other extant versions. In this paper, I explore this version of Constitutivism against the background of recent developments in the theory of rationality and make explicit its ramifications for the long-standing dispute over whether the mind is essentially normative. My focus will be on how to conceive of the form of the rationality requirements that attitudes as such must satisfy according to this principle. I argue that, although de Sousa seems officially to endorse a structuralist conception of rationality, according to which these requirements are requirements of coherence, his considerations on formal objects suggest that they are more aptly conceived in terms of a reasons-responsive conception of rationality. I further argue that which of these two readings we choose makes a significant difference to the prospect of vindicating the essential normativity of mind by invoking the principle of minimal rationality. (shrink)

History and Philosophy of Logic, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 193-195, May 2012.

Résumé Cet article interroge la place du platonisme de Lautman dans la tradition épistémologique en France à partir de Brunschvicg. Nous soutenons que, malgré sa position originale, le platonisme de Lautman s’intègre en effet dans cette tradition et doit être compris dans ce contexte. La première partie rappelle certains éléments du relativisme critique de Brunschvicg. La seconde tente une reconstruction de la philosophie de Lautman. Nous concluons en montrant comment le rôle donné par Brunschvicg à « l’expérience » se traduit (...) chez Lautman dans une difficulté propre, concernant la « matière » dans laquelle se réalisent les « Idées ».This paper considers the position of Lautman’s Platonism in the French tradition of epistemology starting with Brunschvicg. We claim that Lautman’s Platonism does indeed belong to this tradition and can only be properly understood in this context. The first section discusses Brunschvicg’s “critical relativism”. The second section aims at reconstructing in this context Lautman’s philosophy. Finally, we show that Brunschvicg’s inheritance — or, more specifically, the role that Brunschvicg gives to “experience” — leads in Lautman’s texts to a particular problem, concerning the “material” in which “Ideas” are realized. (shrink)

Le but de cet article est d’étudier la référence à l’espace et au temps dans le problème du fondement des mathématiques, au cours de la période 1880-1935. Après avoir évoqué la problématique kantienne, qui reste présente dans la controverse entre Brouwer et Hilbert, nous discutons de la référence au temps dans l’intuitionisme et dans le programme formaliste pour montrer comment, dans les deux cas mais de façon différente, la référence au temps introduit des restrictions sur ce qui peut être considéré (...) comme une démonstration mathématique. Nous évoquons ensuite trois tentatives, Frege, le Hilbert d’avant le programme formaliste et Gentzen, pour éliminer la référence au temps et ne fonder les mathématiques que sur l’intuition de l’espace. (shrink)