People sometimes explain behavior by appealing to an essentialist concept of the self, often referred to as the true self. Existing studies suggest that people tend to believe that the true self is morally virtuous; that is deep inside, every person is motivated to behave in morally good ways. Is this belief particular to individuals with optimistic beliefs or people from Western cultures, or does it reflect a widely held cognitive bias in how people understand the self? To address this (...) question, we tested the good true self theory against two potential boundary conditions that are known to elicit different beliefs about the self as a whole. Study 1 tested whether individual differences in misanthropy—the tendency to view humans negatively—predict beliefs about the good true self in an American sample. The results indicate a consistent belief in a good true self, even among individuals who have an explicitly pessimistic view of others. Study 2 compared true self-attributions across cultural groups, by comparing samples from an independent country and a diverse set of interdependent countries. Results indicated that the direction and magnitude of the effect are comparable across all groups we tested. The belief in a good true self appears robust across groups varying in cultural orientation or misanthropy, suggesting a consistent psychological tendency to view the true self as morally good. (shrink)

A growing body of research has examined how people judge the persistence of identity over time—that is, how they decide that a particular individual is the same entity from one time to the next. While a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the types of features that people typically consider when making such judgments, to date, existing work has not explored how these judgments may be shaped by normative considerations. The present studies demonstrate that normative beliefs do (...) appear to play an important role in people's beliefs about persistence. Specifically, people are more likely to judge that the identity of a given entity remains the same when its features improve than when its features deteriorate. Study 1 provides a basic demonstration of this effect. Study 2 shows that this effect is moderated by individual differences in normative beliefs. Study 3 examines the underlying mechanism, which is the belief that, in general, various entities are essentially good. Study 4 directly manipulates beliefs about essence to show that the positivity bias regarding essences is causally responsible for the effect. (shrink)

Past research has identified a number of asymmetries based on moral judgments. Beliefs about what a person values, whether a person is happy, whether a person has shown weakness of will, and whether a person deserves praise or blame seem to depend critically on whether participants themselves find the agent's behavior to be morally good or bad. To date, however, the origins of these asymmetries remain unknown. The present studies examine whether beliefs about an agent's “true self” explain these observed (...) asymmetries based on moral judgment. Using the identical materials from previous studies in this area, a series of five experiments indicate that people show a general tendency to conclude that deep inside every individual there is a “true self” calling him or her to behave in ways that are morally virtuous. In turn, this belief causes people to hold different intuitions about what the agent values, whether the agent is happy, whether he or she has shown weakness of will, and whether he or she deserves praise or blame. These results not only help to answer important questions about how people attribute various mental states to others; they also contribute to important theoretical debates regarding how moral values may shape our beliefs about phenomena that, on the surface, appear to be decidedly non-moral in nature. (shrink)

Recent scientific research has settled on a purely descriptive definition of happiness that is focused solely on agents’ psychological states (high positive affect, low negative affect, high life satisfaction). In contrast to this understanding, recent research has suggested that the ordinary concept of happiness is also sensitive to the moral value of agents’ lives. Five studies systematically investigate and explain the impact of morality on ordinary assessments of happiness. Study 1 demonstrates that moral judgments influence assessments of happiness not only (...) for untrained participants, but also for academic researchers and even in those who study happiness specifically. Studies 2 and 3 then respectively ask whether this effect may be explained by general motivational biases or beliefs in a just world. In both cases, we find evidence against these explanations. Study 4 shows that the impact of moral judgments cannot be explained by changes in the perception of descriptive psychological states. Finally, Study 5 compares the impact of moral and non-moral value, and provides evidence that unlike non-moral value, moral value is part of the criteria that govern the ordinary concept of happiness. Taken together, these studies provide a specific explanation of how and why the ordinary concept of happiness deviates from the definition used by researchers studying happiness. (shrink)

The desire for a meaningful life is ubiquitous, yet the ordinary concept of a meaningful life is poorly understood. Across six experiments (total N = 2,539), we investigated whether third-person attributions of meaning depend on the psychological states an agent experiences (feelings of interest, engagement, and fulfillment), or on the objective conditions of their life (e.g., their effects on others). Studies 1a–b found that laypeople think subjective and objective factors contribute independently to the meaningfulness of a person’s life. Studies 2a–b (...) found that positive mental states are thought to make a life more meaningful, even if derived from senseless activities (e.g., hand-copying the dictionary). Studies 3a–b found that agents engaged in morally bad activities are not thought to have meaningful lives, even if they feel fulfilled. In short, both an agents’ subjective mental states and objective impact on the world affect how meaningful their lives appear. (shrink)

A long-debated question in the philosophy of health, and contingent disciplines, is the extent to which wise clinical practice (“clinical wisdom”) is, or could be, compatible with empirically validated medicine (“evidence-based medicine”—EBM). Here we respond to Baum-Baicker and Sisti, who not only suggest that these two types of knowledge are divided due to their differing sources, but also that EBM can sometimes even hurt wise clinical practice. We argue that the distinction between EBM and clinical wisdom is poorly defined, unsupported (...) by the methodology employed, and ultimately incorrect; crucial differences exist, we argue, not in the source of a particular piece of clinical knowledge, but in its dependability. In light of this subtle but fundamental revision, we explain how clinical wisdom and EBM are—by necessity—complementary, rather than in conflict. We elaborate on how recognizing this relationship can have far-reaching implications for the domains of clinical practice, medical education, and health policy. (shrink)

People sometimes disagree about who owns which objects, and these ownership dilemmas can lead to costly disputes. We investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying people's judgments about finder versus landowner cases, in which a person finds an object on someone else's land. We test psychological hypotheses motivated directly by three major principles that govern these cases in the law. The results show that people are more likely to favor the finder when the object is in a public space compared to a (...) private space. We find mixed support for the hypothesis that people are less likely to favor a finder who is employed by the landowner. Last, we find no support for the hypothesis that people are more likely to favor finders for objects located above ground compared to below ground. We discuss implications for psychological theories of ownership and potential applications to property law. (shrink)

Tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como desde una perspectiva práctica, el fenómeno de la "estetización" no parece ser portador de buenos augurios. En el ámbito teórico, la estetización ha sido vinculada con la crisis de los discursos orientados en términos de verdad, mientras que en el terreno práctico, ella ha sido asociada a ciertos procesos culturales que conducirían a la debacle de los principios normativos. Dejando de lado la problemática teórica, el presente trabajo se concentra en el debate (...) en torno al fenómeno práctico de la estetización de la política. En primer lugar, nos remontamos a la historia de la condena filosófica de la estetización de la esfera política para ocuparnos luego, en un segundo momento, de algunas posiciones esteticistas y antiesteticistas de finales del siglo XX. Posteriormente, procuramos avanzar en una redescripción de esta problemática que nos permita rescatar un sentido productivo de lo estético para el pensamiento político. Para esto último, nuestro trabajo se apoya en las reflexiones de la actual coeditora de la Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung, Juliane Rebentisch. Tomando como parámetro algunos de los supuestos de sus investigaciones, aquí intentaremos demostrar hasta qué punto la estetización de la vida política puede contribuir al desarrollo de una concepción renovada de esta última. Both from a theoretical and from a practical perspective, the phenomenon of "aestheticization" does not seem to anticipate anything particularly good. On a theoretical level, it has been linked to the crisis of discourse-oriented in terms of truth, while in the practical, has been associated with certain cultural processes that lead to the the collapse of the normative principles. Leaving aside the theoretical issues, this paper focuses on the debate on the phenomenon of the aestheticization of the political culture. First, it goes back to the history of philosophical condemnation of the aestheticization of the political sphere. In a second time, he deals with some conceptions of the late twentieth century. Subsequently, the paper seeks to advance a redescription of this problem that allows rescue a productive sense of aesthetics for political thought. For the latter, our article is based on the reflections of Juliane Rebentisch and attempts to show how the aestheticization of political life can help to develop a new concept of the same. (shrink)

Este artigo tem como objetivo geral comentar o estatuto do conhecimento da coisa em si na metafísica de Schopenhauer. De modo mais específico, visa analisar como se inserem neste debate, tradicionalmente enfrentado por estudiosos da filosofia schopenhaueriana como Julian Young, Paul Lauxtermann e David Cartwright, duas correntes interpretativas bastante discutidas neste ciclo, principalmente na última década; ambas lidam com o problema da coisa em si a partir de uma interpretação da transição analógica que Schopenhauer empreende do mundo da representação (...) para o da Vontade. Ao disputarem que tipo de conhecimento, metafórico ou metonímico, esse autor pode almejar da coisa em si, é possível apontar como De Cian e Marco Segala, bem como Jorge Prado, por um lado, e Sandra Shapshay, de outro, se distanciam da tradição exegética que lhes antecede; e, mais ainda, em que medida eles são precursores no esforço de apontar uma espécie de “método” específico, alternativo ao método transcendental kantiano, a partir do qual Schopenhauer realizaria sua empreitada metafísica. A fim de situar nossa própria interpretação entre a desses comentadores, focaremos na análise de passagens de O mundo como vontade e como representação e da Crítica da filosofia kantiana, em que Schopenhauer especifica com mais ênfase como deve ser entendida sua abordagem metafísica. (shrink)

This book expands the landscape of research in mathematics education by analyzing how the body influences mathematical thinking.

For a long while the dilemma between ‘not being’ and ‘being other’ has haunted the history of Brazil. The country's mixed-race condition lay at the heart of the dilemma which reached its apogee in the second half of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. At that point in its history, that is, its emergence as a nation-state, the construction of a national identity became an imperative for the political and intellectual elites of Brazil. In this context, a (...) European, the German naturalist, Carl von Martius, made himself particularly notable for having been one of the first, after Independence, to point out the significance of miscegenation in the composition of Brazilian identity. (shrink)

In his struggle to constitute sociology as a natural science, Durkheim fought against finalism, Gabriel Tarde’s general project, efforts at theoretical synthesis unconnected to specific empirical problems, and ideological analysis. The article dwells on these four "epistemological battles," especially on Durkheim’s (unfortunately failed) effort toward purging the social sciences from ideological analysis.

Não apenas uma vez Nietzsche escreve que o mundo, junto com tudo que nele há, é tão somente vontade de poder. Por meio dessa teoria ele pensa os diversos níveis da existência, indo desde elementos ínfimos e simples até estruturas complexas, com elevado grau de refinamento. Tudo não passa, segundo esse filósofo, do desenrolar de forças em jogo agonístico por um algo a mais de poder. Neste artigo nós analisamos alguns aspectos da teoria da vontade de poder para mostrar como (...) Nietzsche faz uso de um mesmo arranjo conceitual para qualificar toda a existência. Assim, tanto o microscópico quanto o macroscópico, tanto o orgânico quanto o inorgânico, são tomados como exemplos de entes que, não obstante suas diferenças, são todos vontades de poder. (shrink)

Resumo: O artigo desdobra algumas implicações decorrentes de uma análise ficcional em torno das artes neoliberais de governo. Nessa direção, articula os pressupostos das teorias biopolíticas da formação humana agenciadas pela entrada no Antropoceno, a fim de pensar a desabilitação do que Elizabeth Povinelli chama de imaginário do carbono e seus processos de marcação, distinção e desqualificação ontológica. Trata-se, portanto, de um ensaio especulativo produzido em torno do diagnóstico de um desmoronamento catastrófico da distinção fundamental da episteme moderna, a distinção (...) entre as ordens cosmológica e antropológica, sugerindo uma cartografia precária dos corpos ingovernáveis ancorada em uma sutil arte política: a arte de segurar o céu pelas diferenças. Essa arte almeja atravessar o abismo que historicamente separou um povo com filosofia em oposição aos povos com mito, construindo pontes que incitem a Filosofia da educação e seus praticantes a se situarem na equivocidade dos mundos e aí habitar. Palavras-chave: Antropoceno. Geontologia. Cartografias da diferença. Formação humana. Altered bodies, ungovernable bodies: ethical-aesthetic cartographies to hold the sky through diferences: The article unfolds some implications arising from a fictional analysis around the neoliberal arts of government. In this sense, it articulates the presuppositions of the biopolitical theories of human formation that were introduced by the entry into the Anthropocene, in order to think about the disabling of what Elizabeth Povinelli calls the carbon imaginary and its processes of marking, distinction and ontological disqualification. The argument is a speculative essay produced around the diagnosis of a catastrophic collapse of the fundamental distinction of modern episteme, suggesting a precarious cartography of ungovernable bodies anchored in a subtle political art: art of holding the sky through the differences. This art aims to bridge the chasm that has historically separated a people with philosophy as opposed to people with myth, building bridges that incite the Philosophy of education and its practitioners to lie in the equivocity of worlds and dwell there. Keywords: Anthropocene. Geontology. Cartographies of the difference. Human formation. Cuerpos alterados, cuerpos ingobernables: cartografías ético-estéticas para sostener el cielo a través de las diferencias Resumen: El artículo desarrolla un análisis sobre las artes neoliberales del gobierno. En este sentido, refleja las presuposiciones de las teorías biopolíticas de la formación humana frente a la entrada al Antropoceno, a fin de pensar la desactivación de lo que Elizabeth Povinelli llama el imaginario del carbono y sus procesos de distinción y descalificación ontológica. Es, por lo tanto, un ensayo especulativo producido en torno al diagnóstico de un colapso catastrófico de la distinción fundamental de la episteme moderna, sugiriendo una cartografía de cuerpos ingobernables anclados en un sutil arte político: la arte de sostener el cielo a través de las diferencias. Esta arte tiene como objetivo cerrar el abismo que ha dividido un pueblo con filosofía y un pubelo con mitos, construyendo puentes que inciten a la Filosofía de la educación y a sus practicantes a pararse en la ambigüedad de los mundos y habitar allí. Palabras clave: Antropoceno. Geontología. Cartografías de la diferencia. Formación humana. (shrink)

This book reassesses the seminal work of Wilhelm Wundt by discussing the history and philosophy of psychology. It traces the pioneering theorist's intellectual development and the evolution of psychology throughout his career. The author draws on little-known sources to situate psychological concepts in Wundt's philosophical thought and address common myths and misconceptions relating to Wundt's ideas. The ideas presented in this book show why Wundt's work remains relevant in this era of ongoing mind/brain debate and interest continues in the links (...) between psychology and philosophy. Featured topics include: Theoretical and philosophical foundations of Wundt's early work in scientific psychology. Wundt's conception of scientific philosophy in relation to his theory of knowledge. The epistemological dimensions of Wundt's final project in scientific psychology. Wundt and the Philosophical Foundations of Psychology is a valuable resource for researchers, professors, and graduate students in cognitive and related psychology and philosophy disciplines. ----- "Saulo Araujo raises Wundt scholarship to a new level. This book is the splendid result of intensive studies of the entire Wundt oeuvre." Horst Gundlach Heidelberg, Germany "Saulo Araujo, in his study of Wundt's philosophy and psychology, is as remarkable for the breadth and depth of his scholarship as he is for the clarity of his writing." Rand B. Evans Emeritus Professor of Psychology, East Carolina University "A milestone, this book serves to establish an advanced level in Wundt studies. Araujo presents a reconstruction of Wundt's epistemology and philosophy of psychology and corrects misunderstandings in the reception of Wundt's essential thoughts." Jochen Fahrenberg Emeritus Professor of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Germany. (shrink)

Metaphors help us understand a concept by resorting to the imaginary because it is sometimes difficult to do so through the use of words alone. Thinkers have made use of metaphors to not only describe ‘falling in love’, ‘the pain of losing someone dear to us’, but also to describe particular concepts both in arts and sciences. In fact, the use of metaphors in some disciplines, particularly the sciences, is now regarded as something essential for the development of the field. (...) We note that influential philosophers of education, such as Martin Buber, Paulo Freire, Michael Apple, Gert Biesta and Ilan Gur-Ze’ev have also made use of metaphors to discuss education and specific issues in educational contexts. In this article, we do two things: we discuss the methodological importance of metaphors in helping us make better sense of concepts and particular problems; building on this methodological discussion, we critically discuss the problems posed by the current processes of ‘marketisation’ and ‘learnification’ in education. We conclude by arguing that metaphors do not provide us with ultimate answers to the problems we face; rather, they help us unveil a diversity of novel perspectives and a world of new possibilities. (shrink)

In his Art and Illusion, art historian Ernst Gombrich argues that the emergence and development of styles of pictorial representation depend on the availability of certain schemata, which can be documented. He himself documents the schemata responsible for the emergence and development of several styles. Nothing of this kind has been done as far as the growth of scientific knowledge is concerned. In this article we discuss whether is it possible to document something analogous to Gombrich's schemata that can be (...) of crucial relevance for the development of clinical research. (shrink)

Video data has now become the most common form of data for educational researchers studying classroom interaction and school culture. Software protocols for analysing vast archives of video data are deployed regularly, allowing researchers to annotate, code and sort images. These protocols are often applied by researchers without reflection or reference to the extensive philosophical work in film and media studies. Without exception, this research treats the video image as movement-image or picture, a recording of ‘raw data’, indexical of a (...) given time-space relationship. In this article I situate this kind of research within the history of scientific cinema, drawing on Deleuze's books on cinema, as well as his ideas on colour and figure from The Logic of Sensation, to propose an alternative way of analysing video data. One of the central claims of Deleuze in Cinema 2 is that the time-image reconfigures bodies as expressions of force – the body becomes a ‘shock of forces’. I argue that such an approach allows us to study the student body as less a phenomenological organism with built-in ‘I can’ cognitive and motor capacities, and more an indeterminate crystalline contraction and expansion of intensity. I present an example of how to study classroom video data as time-image, and explore the implications of such work for education research. (shrink)

Thinking with Spinoza about education involves thinking with and beyond his authored texts, situating his work within the tradition of Western thought, and exploring his contribution to the philoso...

Os Espaços Discursivos, fundamentados nos conceitos da Teoria do Agir Comunicativo de Jürgen Habermas, possibilita por vias democráticas, debates sobre formação, gestão e inclusão escolar no âmbito das Redes de colaboração estabelecidas entre a universidade, as redes de ensino municipais, estadual e com Instituições de Ensino Superior de países lusófonos; pela via do projeto de pesquisa e extensão. Busca-se compreender o Espaço discursivo como espaço de participação entre sujeitos que mediante o discurso, apresentam argumentos para elaboração de consensos e fortalecimento (...) do entendimento mútuo, no sentido de captar os movimentos vivenciados por pesquisadores e participantes de processos de pesquisa realizados pela via da pesquisa-ação ou investigação-ação; e ainda fomentar a elaboração de espaços formativos colaborativos na defesa da formação humana na perspectiva da inclusão. Optamos por empregar a pesquisa-ação colaborativo-crítica de cunho qualitativo, para entender como os Espaços Discursivos vêm se configurando no contexto do grupo de pesquisa. Nesse processo inicial de pesquisa, tomamos os argumentos dos participantes nos momentos de constituição da compreensão sobre Espaços Discursivos, nos planejamentos e realização deles. Participaram duas redes municipais de ensino, sendo envolvidos gestores (municipais), estudantes e professores (graduação e pós-graduação), sendo tematizadas a formação, as políticas públicas, a gestão e a pesquisa-ação. É urgente o desafio de aprofundarmos sobre esses processos e é um enorme desafio instaurar a cultura da sustentabilidade da vida, ou seja, promover uma releitura de mundo onde a vida em todas suas relações e contradições seja centralidade. (shrink)

Este estudo tem como finalidade analisar a perspectiva da arte como parte do aparato de dominação social, desenvolvida na obra A ideologia da sociedade industrial, de Herbert Marcuse. Para isso, utilizaremos como referência constante as teorias propostas pelos filósofos da Escola de Frankfurt, em especial Theodor W. Adorno e Max Horkheimer no que diz respeito, sobretudo, ao termo “indústria cultural”, cujo conceito aparece no capítulo homônimo de A dialética do esclarecimento. Apoiaremo-nos também na tese de doutorado de Imaculada Kangussu, intitulada (...) Leis da liberdade: as relações entre Estética e Política na Filosofia de Herbert Marcuse, e, ainda, nas demais obras marcuseanas, com destaque para Eros e Civilização: uma interpretação filosófica do pensamento de Freud. (shrink)

The article addresses the psychological experience of the "We" developed in Being and Nothingness (BN), and how it resonates within the social dynamics of Critique of Dialectical Reason (CDR). It is problematized about which "We" is spoken in the condition of Being-with. In BN, Sartre demonstrates that the foundation of human relationships is conflict, as being-with-others is rooted in being-for-others. This, therefore, reflects on the impossibility of psychological experiences of the Us-object and We-subject to support alienation and engagement. We start (...) from the conjuncture of serial collectivity to address the experience of the Us-object, and the necessity of individual choice for engagement with others, which may or not occur when the experience of Us-object takes place. In this way, when individuals recognize themselves as part of a structure organized by a third party and aim for a common goal, the community subject happens. We noticed that Sartre, in Being and Nothingness and its developments, helps us to think about being-with-another, even in a virtual world of the 21st century. Sartre, throughout his life and although without success, strove to materialize the Being that he idealized for people: mutually committed to the responsible construction of a socio-material field “desirable for a community”, including conflict resolutions. (shrink)

Data on advance directives in Brazil are lacking. This study aims to assess the understanding of oncologists regarding advance directives and the frequency with which they discuss advance directives and advance care planning with their patients in Brazil. This is an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted with cclinical oncologists associated with the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology. Participants were invited to answer a questionnaire prepared by the authors. In total, 72 physicians answered the questionnaire, of which 73% were under (...) 45 years old and 56% worked in oncology for less than 10 years. Regarding the limits of intervention and end-of-life care during treatment, 54.2% of respondents reported not discussing it. Although 67% of oncologists know the term advance directives, they do not develop them with their patients and 57.2% do not perform advance care planning. Most oncologists in this study do not set advance care planning and advance directives for most patients. (shrink)

O objetivo desse artigo é evidenciar que o realismo interno pode ser um arcabouço teórico capaz de garantir que haja objetividade nos contextos linguísticos que estruturam nossas inter-relações comunitárias. Isso é parte de um projeto que Putnam tem desenvolvido desde a metade da década de 1970 e que, se lograr êxito, poderá ajudar a solucionar, a uma só vez, os problemas suscitados pelo relativismo cultural e dar um encaminhamento programático no que se refere à viabilidade de compreensão da realidade social (...) e política em que está assentado o Ocidente, no que concerne à condição irreversível do pluralismo contemporâneo. Desse modo, nosso intuito será o de deixar evidenciado que é possível haver objetividade fundamentada em uma alternativa moderada do realismo que rejeita o realismo da metafísica tradicional e também as consequências mais comuns desse alijamento, qual seja, o relativismo cultural. (shrink)

The primary aim of this article is to bring the work of Deleuze and Guattari to bear on the question ofcommunication in the classroom. I focus on the mathematics classroom, where agency and subjectivity are highly regulated by the rituals of the discipline, and where neoliberal psychological frameworks continue to dominate theories of teaching and learning. Moreover, the nature ofcommunication in mathematics classrooms remains highlyelusive and problematic, due in part to the distinct relationship the discipline has with verbal language and (...) thought. I first discuss current attempts to better address the embodied nature ofcommunication in mathematics classrooms, and argue that these remain overly logo-centric and language-centric in their conception of thinking. I then show how the work of Deleuze and Guattari on thought as a radical disruptive event can be used effectively to critique current pedagogical practices that privilege a narrow conception of communication in the classroom. I examine a set of exemplary classroom videos used in mathematics teacher education to argue that the current approach fails to honor the highly creative and disruptive nature ofthinking. (shrink)

Aunque admito sin reservas -nos dice Spinoza en su TTP- que todas las cosas son determinadas por leyes universales de la naturaleza a existir y a obrar de una forma fija y determinada, afirmo, no obstante, que [...], para el uso de la vida,...

Os instrumentos de pesquisa nos arquivos são ferramentas utilizadas para facilitar o acesso e a localização de documentos em acervos arquivísticos. Eles são criados com base na organização e na descrição realizadas pelos profissionais de arquivo, permitindo que os usuários possam realizar pesquisas com mais facilidade. Neste artigo estão apresentadas articulações conceituais no âmbito do processamento técnico dos arquivos, com base na revisão de literatura. Esses instrumentos de pesquisa são importantes para o acesso e uso desses documentos pela sociedade em (...) geral. Os arquivos precisam ter uma preocupação constante com seus usuários, buscando garantir que eles tenham acesso aos documentos e informações que precisam de forma eficaz, além de garantir a segurança e preservação dos acervos. (shrink)

In the second section of Foucault’s last course at the Collège de France, taught around four months before his death, emerges, apparently in an abrupt manner, an analysis exclusively devoted to Cynicism. Because of the time proximity between such analysis and his death, Foucault’s late interest in Cynic philosophy has been interpreted as a kind of philosophical well. Rather than drawing attention to biographical aspects, the present article will intend both to explain the theoretical framework in which the Foucauldian concern (...) for Cynicism is revealed and to show evidence of a continuity between Foucault’s study of this phenomenon and what he had been exploring, not only in The Courage of Truth, but also throughout his intellectual work during the eighties. (shrink)

For a long while the dilemma between ‘not being’ and ‘being other’ has haunted the history of Brazil. The country's mixed-race condition lay at the heart of the dilemma which reached its apogee in the second half of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. At that point in its history, that is, its emergence as a nation-state, the construction of a national identity became an imperative for the political and intellectual elites of Brazil. In this context, a (...) European, the German naturalist, Carl von Martius, made himself particularly notable for having been one of the first, after Independence, to point out the significance of miscegenation in the composition of Brazilian identity. (shrink)

O presente texto traz uma breve abordagem sobre a morte e a questão da indestrutibilidade do Ser a partir de uma análise da obra O mundo como Vontade e Representação, do filósofo Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) e outros textos de apoio. Schopenhauer aborda a morte como natural, intrinsicamente ligada a vida, e que a mesma não é um mal para o homem e nem representa perigo para a espécie humana, por isso, não deveríamos temê-la, mas encará-la com serenidade, visto que a (...) morte não é o fim absoluto, mas apenas o retorno do indivíduo para a natureza. O filósofo pontua que o Ser é indestrutível e que, após a morte, permanecerá presente por meio da vontade nos seres que continuam vivos. O que se perde com a morte é apenas a individualidade; a matéria, jamais a essência do Ser. Cada Ser que morre, nasce um novo em uma matéria diferente, porém com a mesma essência do que se fora, por isso o Ser em si, e por essência, não morre por ser indestrutível. Desta forma, o homem não pode viver sem pensar na morte, sendo necessário refletir sobre a finitude para viver o presente, sendo que é apenas no presente que a vontade se manifesta. Resumo: O presente texto traz uma breve abordagem sobre a morte e a questão da indestrutibilidade do Ser a partir de uma análise da obra O mundo como Vontade e Representação, do filósofo Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) e outros textos de apoio. Schopenhauer aborda a morte como natural, intrinsicamente ligada a vida, e que a mesma não é um mal para o homem e nem representa perigo para a espécie humana, por isso, não deveríamos temê-la, mas encará-la com serenidade, visto que a morte não é o fim absoluto, mas apenas o retorno do indivíduo para a natureza. O filósofo pontua que o Ser é indestrutível e que, após a morte, permanecerá presente por meio da vontade nos seres que continuam vivos. O que se perde com a morte é apenas a individualidade; a matéria, jamais a essência do Ser. Cada Ser que morre, nasce um novo em uma matéria diferente, porém com a mesma essência do que se fora, por isso o Ser em si, e por essência, não morre por ser indestrutível. Desta forma, o homem não pode viver sem pensar na morte, sendo necessário refletir sobre a finitude para viver o presente, sendo que é apenas no presente que a vontade se manifesta. (shrink)

Review & Reply. Review of Gonçalves, R.T. (tr.) Lucrécio. Sobre a Natureza das Coisas(2021).

Como sabemos, a República de Platão tem como um dos pontos cardinais a busca pela Justiça. Os temas abordados ao longo do diálogo convergem para o desejo do ateniense de construir uma cidade calcada no modelo que ele considera justo. Platão encontra inspiração para seu conteúdo político na Cosntituição de Esparta, formulada pelo legendário legislador Licurgo no século IX a.C.. As semelhanças entre a obra platônica e o conjunto de leis espartanas tornam-se inevitáveis se cotejarmos ambos os textos. A reforma (...) militarista, estabelecida por Licurgo após uma consulta feita ao Oráculo de Delfos, e o pensamento revelado pelo filósofo de Atenas, quatro séculos mais tarde, guardam muitas analogias. (shrink)

Cuando en El coraje de la verdad se comienzan a trazar las primeras directrices para la realización de una transhistoria del cinismo, que implicaría un rastreo de las diferentes manifestaciones cínicas desde la era alejandrina hasta el presente, Foucault dice estar muy desprovisto de trabajos en los que haya sido planteado este proyecto, y que apenas tiene noticia de cuatro textos, todos de origen germánico y de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, que, al menos, abordan la relación entre el (...) cinismo clásico y un presunto cinismo moderno. De estos cuatro, el filósofo francés confiesa haber leído solo tres: El coraje de existir de Paul Tillich, Parmenides und Jona de Klaus Heinrich y Moral e hipermoral de Arnold Gehlen, obras que le hacen preguntarse sobre el especial interés de la filosofía alemana por el fenómeno cínico. En el presente ensayo, pretendemos adentrarnos en estos libros para esclarecer la forma en la que en ellos se entiende dicho fenómeno, y así dar cuenta de su influjo, por concordancia o confrontación, sobre la original concepción foucaultiana del cinismo. (shrink)