In this rejoinder, we respond to two commentaries on the study by Greiff, S.; Stadler, M.; Sonnleitner, P.; Wolff, C.; Martin, R. Sometimes less is more: Comparing the validity of complex problem solving measures. Intelligence 2015, 50, 100–113. The study was the first to address the important comparison between a classical measure of complex problem solving (CPS) and the more recent multiple complex systems (MCS) approach regarding their validity. In the study, we investigated the relations between one classical microworld (...) as the initially developed method (here, the Tailorshop) with three more recently developed multiple complex systems (MCS; here, MicroDYN, Genetics Lab, and MicroFIN) tests. We found that the MCS tests showed higher levels of convergent validity with each other than with the Tailorshop even after reasoning was controlled for, thus empirically distinguishing between the two approaches. The commentary by Kretzschmar and the commentary by Funke, Fischer, and Holt expressed several concerns with how our study was conducted, our data was analyzed, and our results were interpreted. Whereas we acknowledge and agree with some of the more general statements made in these commentaries, we respectfully disagree with others, or we consider them to be at least partially in contrast with the existing literature and the currently available empirical evidence. (shrink)

Si le débat catholique sur la limitation des naissances éclate au grand jour au xxe siècle, l’éminent dix-neuviémiste Claude Langlois nous démontre, dans cet ouvrage, que la question fut ouverte parmi les moralistes catholiques dès les années 1820 ; la limitation des naissances était alors devenue en France une réalité démographique. L’auteur s’appuie sur les questions posées, entre 1816 et 1901, aux congrégations romaines de la Sacrée Pénitencerie ou du Saint-Office par des clercs français....

Aujourd’hui, à une époque où la sexualité est omniprésente et semble triomphante, et où ses rapports avec l’Église catholique romaine restent difficiles et parfois conflictuels, ce recueil de 120 lettres d’il y a deux générations à peine présente un immense intérêt. Elles ont été écrites principalement par des laïcs (107), hommes (55) et femmes (62), riches ou pauvres, cultivés ou non, de toutes les régions de France, mais généralement catholiques pratiquants (plusieurs communiaient quotidien...

A actividade científica de Mário Martins, S.J. (1908-1990) integra-se em uma directriz que aponta para a valorização do pensamento português, um dos objectivos precípuos da Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, de que aquele foi colaborador. Pode definir-se o alcance da tese que está subjacente aos estudos de M. Martins: - a existência du. duma constante no Homem, quando este é considerado globalmente, como ser vivo e senhor de sentimentos e de aspirações em larga medida comuns a todos os tempos. Os termos (...) em que o homem medieval experimentou e desenvolveu tão complexa teia de relações na sua época - de ideias, de gostos, de crenças, de volições e de vivências, e sobre aquela, nos textos quenos legou pôde reflectir em plano. especulativo - tal foi o objecto prioritário da diuturna inquirição do nosso Autor. Tese essa que supõe, para conveniente compreensão e tratamento dos temas, se reconheça a funcionalidade interdisciplinar dos agentes da cultura. É esta noção que leva M. Martins a recorrer a uma metodologia comparatista, privilegiando as inter-relações, ao aproximar as doutrinas filosóficas de textos osmais diversos, tais como fontes históricas (primárias,narrativas, literárias, iconográficas, litúrgicas,) estruturas tradicionais de mitos e lendas, arquétipos de versões arcaicas de poema de contos, do romanceiro popular, enfim da vasta e complexa rede de veios de espiritualidade, entre Oriente e Ocidente, entre a Antiguidade e o Medievo, ou entre este e o tempo actual. Autor de vastíssima bibliografia no campo da cultura portuguesa, e especialmente em seu âmbito medieval, M. Martins apresenta-se como o historiador das inter-relações, em termos, amplitude e alcance antes desconhecidos, como chave de interpretação da cultura medieval, com novas modalidades de tratamento e de exegese de textos o que conduz a uma necessária revisão de conceitos na actual historiografia portuguesa. O epistolário inédito e a bibliografia do Autor, em Apêndice, colocam em relevo os traços essenciais da personalidade e os núcleos temáticos da obra deste Medievalista. /// L'activé scientifique de Mário Martins, S.J. (1908-1990) a comme ligne de force la valorisation de la pensée portugaise, un des objrectifs principaux de la Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, dont il fut collaborateur. On peut définir l'enjeu de la thèse sous-jacente aux études de M. Martins: l'existence d'une constante en l'Homme, quand celui-ci est considéré globalement, comme être vivant et siège de sentiments et d'aspirations pour une large part communs à tous les temps. Les termes en lesquels l'homme médiéval a vécu et développé un si complexe réseau de relations en son époque - réseau d'idées, de goûts, de croyances, volitions et expériences vécues - et la réflexion qu'il a pu poursuivre sur ce réseau grâce aux textes qu'il nous a légués, tel fut l'objectif prioritaire de la longue recherche de notre Auteur. Cette thèse suppose, pour que l'on puisse correctement comprendre et développer les thèmes en questions, que l'on reconnaisse la fonctionalité interdisciplinaire des agents de la culture. C'est cette notion que pousse M. Martins à faire appel à une méthodologie comparatiste privilégiant les relations en rapportant les doctrines philosophiques de textes très divers comme les sources historiques (primaires, narratives, littéraires, iconographiques, liturgiques), ou comme les structures traditionnelles de mythes et de légendes, les archétypes de versions archaïques de poèmes et de contes, du romain populaire, enfin de Ia vaste et complexe gamme des chemins de spiritualité, entre l'Orient et l'Occident, entre F Antiquité et le Moyen Age, entre ce temps-là et le temps actuei. Auteur d'une três vaste bibliographie dans le domaine de lacultureportugaise, et spécialement sur le térrain du Moyen-Age, M. Martins apparait comme Tnistorien des "inter-relations» (menées avec une envergure jusqu'alors inconnue) comme clé d'interprétation de laculture médiévale, avec de nouvelles modalités de traitement et d'exégèse de textes, ce que conduit à une nécessaire révision des concepts dans 1'actuelle historiographie portugaise. La correspondance et Ia bibliographie de 1'Auteur, en appendice, mettent en relief les traits essentiels de Ia personnalité et les thèmes centraux de 1'oeuvre de ce Médiéviste. /// Mário Martins' work can be appreciated as part of the project, implicit in the criation of the Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, to promote Portuguese thought as such. M. Martins' contribution can be seen in his insistence that there is a constant factor in the existence of Man. His rechearch into Medieval texts attemps to bring this factor out; the key notion is the interdisciplinary functioning of cultural agents. M. Martins releas, thus, to a comparative methodology, giving special emphasis on interrelationships; diverse philosophical doctrines, historical sources, tradional myths and legends archetypes revealed in arcajc poetry, popular novelas, etc. What we find is avast network of spirituality that brings together East and West, Antiquity and the Middle Ages, the Middle Ages and our oun times. As historica of interrelationships, M. Martins' work can contribute to the need revision of concepts in current Portuguese historical studies. Unpublished letters and bibliography of the author can be found in apendix. These reveal the personality traits and the central themes of this medievalist. (shrink)

By the author of Life of Ramakrishna, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature.

"Saturne, c'est ici l'Absolu de Hegel, un Absolu pensé si seul qu'il ne vit que de la perpétuelle dévoration de ses propres enfants, craignant d'être détrôné de son absoluité s'il n'absorbe pas, à mesure qu'il la produit, sa propre altérité. C'est cette solitude de Dieu qui est ici interrogée, en suivant au sein de l'oeuvre hégélien l'évolution, puis le plein déploiement conceptuel de la notion de Singularité, qui n'est autre que le nom divin par excellence. Si Dieu, l'Absolu, est pour (...) Hegel la Singularité même, ce n'est que parce qu'il est le mouvement de réflexion réciproque de l'Universel et du Particulier : l'Esprit est la réflexion du Logique dans la Nature, et de la Nature dans le Logique. Hegel ou Le Festin de Saturne se présente alors comme une enquête destinée à dévoiler le meurtre rituel dont la Singularité est le nom dans le Système hégélien. Or, cette Singularité, que nous sommes habitués à entendre individuelle, s'y révèle être boulimique ou, justement, saturnienne. S'ouvrant sur la faillite spéculative des singuliers sensibles au début de la Phénoménologie de l'Esprit, le présent ouvrage ne pourra se conclure qu'avec le triomphe de la Singularité dialectique ne laissant rien - pas même ou surtout pas son Autre - hors d'elle-même, lorsque ce triomphe sera mesuré à l'aune de la conceptualité chrétienne dont se revendique le protestant Hegel, mais qu'il trahit sur un point capital en voulant l'accomplir. Mais Saturne, c'est aussi le "soleil noir" des alchimistes, que l'on a pu associer au soleil obombré au moment de la mort du Christ : quoi de plus naturel, dès lors, que d'en faire l'astre tutélaire d'un système qui se construit tout entier autour d'un "Vendredi saint spéculatif"? Car, comme Dante dut traverser les neuf cercles de l'Enfer avant d'espérer pouvoir s'élever au Purgatoire, puis au Paradis, l'homme pensant doit traverser le Système de la Science, en subir peut-être les glaçantes tentations, en méditer en tous cas la fascinante rigueur conceptuelle, pour pouvoir ensuite espérer voir scintiller devant lui les lueurs matinales d'un inattendu "dimanche de Pâques spéculatif"."--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

--I. The life of Ramakrishna. -- II. The life of Vivekananda and the universal gospel.

A long-standing theme in discussion of perception and thought has been that our primary cognitive contact with individual objects and events in the world derives from our perceptual contact with them. When I look at a duck in front of me, I am not merely presented with the fact that there is at least one duck in the area, rather I seem to be presented withthisthing (as one might put it from my perspective) in front of me, which looks to (...) me to be a duck. Furthermore, such a perception would seem to put me in a position not merely to make the existential judgment that there is some duck or other present, but rather to make a singular, demonstrative judgment, that that is a duck. My grounds for an existential judgment in this case derives from my apprehension of the demonstrative thought and not vice versa. (shrink)

On Inception is a translation of Martin Heidegger's Gesamtausgabe 70. This work belongs to the crucial period, before and during WWII, when Heidegger was at work on a series of treatises that begins with "Contributions to Philosophy" and includes "The Event" and "The History of Beyng." These works are difficult, even hermetic, but represent a crucial development in Heidegger's thinking. On Inception deepens the investigation underway in the other volumes of the series and provides a unique perspective on Heidegger's (...) thinking of Being and of Event. Here, Heidegger asks, with a greater insistence than anywhere else in his work, what it might mean to think of being as event, and not as presence. Event cannot be thought without the sense of a beginning - an inception - and so, Heidegger insists, we must try to think of being as inception, as fundamentally inceptive. On Inception pursues rigorously the difficult and puzzling implications of this speculation. It does not merely extend work already undertaken but also opens doors onto wholly other pathways. (shrink)

In these three Indian biographies dating from the 1920s, Romain Rolland introduces the French reader to Gandhi's political struggle and to the spiritual careers of Ramakrishna and his disciple Vivekananda, while revealing the deep meaning of his attraction to Hindu India at this time of his life.

Is it OK to lie to Siri? Is it bad to mistreat a robot for our own pleasure? Under what condition should we grant a moral status to an artificial intelligence (AI) system? This paper looks at different arguments for granting moral status to an AI system: the idea of indirect duties, the relational argument, the argument from intelligence, the arguments from life and information, and the argument from sentience. In each but the last case, we find unresolved issues with (...) the particular argument, which leads us to move to a different one. We leave the idea of indirect duties aside since these duties do not imply considering an AI system for its own sake. The paper rejects the relational argument and the argument from intelligence. The argument from life may lead us to grant a moral status to an AI system, but only in a weak sense. Sentience, by contrast, is a strong argument for the moral status of an AI system—based, among other things, on the Aristotelian principle of equality: that same cases should be treated in the same way. The paper points out, however, that no AI system is sentient given the current level of technological development. (shrink)

Thirteen inscriptions are published concerning magistrates or Roman emperors, which were found in the Claros excavations carried out from 1950 to 1961 by Louis and Jeanne Robert and Roland Martin. There are ten inscriptions on monuments put up (or reused) in honour of Romans along the sacred way (one is an unpublished inscription by the Ionian koinon in honour of Pompey, γης και θαλάσσης έπόπτην; the others come from the city of Colophon). A base of Octavian found in the (...) interior of the temple of Apollo suggests that he could have been honoured shortly after Actium, as σύνναος of the god. The two last inscriptions on architrave blocks from the temple of Apollo, show that the northern part of the pronaos was consecrated to Tiberius, and make it possible to restore and date the dedication of the temple by Hadrian (between 135 and 138). (shrink)

Over the past three decades, the philosophy of biology has emerged from the shadow of the philosophy of physics to become a respectable and thriving philosophical subdiscipline. The authors take a fresh look at the life sciences and the philosophy of biology from a strictly realist and emergentist-naturalist perspective. They outline a unified and science-oriented philosophical framework that enables the clarification of many foundational and philosophical issues in biology. This book will be of interest both to life scientists and philosophers.

We provide a battery of examples of delusions against which theoretical accounts can be tested. Then, we identify neuropsychological anomalies that could produce the unusual experiences that may lead, in turn, to the delusions in our battery. However, we argue against Maher’s view that delusions are false beliefs that arise as normal responses to anomalous experiences. We propose, instead, that a second factor is required to account for the transition from unusual experience to delusional belief. The second factor in the (...) aetiology of delusions can be described superficially as a loss of the ability to reject a candidate for belief on the grounds of its implausibility and its inconsistency with everything else that the patient knows. But we point out some problems that confront any attempt to say more about the nature of this second factor. (shrink)

Martin Heidegger's Contributions to Philosophy reflects his famous philosophical "turning." In this work, Heidegger returns to the question of being from its inception in Being and Time to a new questioning of being as event.

“Neural coding” is a popular metaphor in neuroscience, where objective properties of the world are communicated to the brain in the form of spikes. Here I argue that this metaphor is often inappropriate and misleading. First, when neurons are said to encode experimental parameters, the neural code depends on experimental details that are not carried by the coding variable. Thus, the representational power of neural codes is much more limited than generally implied. Second, neural codes carry information only by reference (...) to things with known meaning. In contrast, perceptual systems must build information from relations between sensory signals and actions, forming an internal model. Neural codes are inadequate for this purpose because they are unstructured and therefore unable to represent relations. Third, coding variables are observables tied to the temporality of experiments, whereas spikes are timed actions that mediate coupling in a distributed dynamical system. The coding metaphor tries to fit the dynamic, circular, and distributed causal structure of the brain into a linear chain of transformations between observables, but the two causal structures are incongruent. I conclude that the neural coding metaphor cannot provide a valid basis for theories of brain function, because it is incompatible with both the causal structure of the brain and the representational requirements of cognition. (shrink)

Aujourd’hui, à une époque où la sexualité est omniprésente et semble triomphante, et où ses rapports avec l’Église catholique romaine restent difficiles et parfois conflictuels, ce recueil de 120 lettres d’il y a deux générations à peine présente un immense intérêt. Elles ont été écrites principalement par des laïcs (107), hommes (55) et femmes (62), riches ou pauvres, cultivés ou non, de toutes les régions de France, mais généralement catholiques pratiquants (plusieurs communiaient quotidien...

Aujourd’hui, à une époque où la sexualité est omniprésente et semble triomphante, et où ses rapports avec l’Église catholique romaine restent difficiles et parfois conflictuels, ce recueil de 120 lettres d’il y a deux générations à peine présente un immense intérêt. Elles ont été écrites principalement par des laïcs (107), hommes (55) et femmes (62), riches ou pauvres, cultivés ou non, de toutes les régions de France, mais généralement catholiques pratiquants (plusieurs communiaient quotidien...

What exactly is hope and how does it influence our decisions? In How We Hope, Adrienne Martin presents a novel account of hope, the motivational resources it presupposes, and its function in our practical lives. She contends that hoping for an outcome means treating certain feelings, plans, and imaginings as justified, and that hope thereby involves sophisticated reflective and conceptual capacities. Martin develops this original perspective on hope--what she calls the "incorporation analysis"--in contrast to the two dominant philosophical (...) conceptions of hope: the orthodox definition, where hoping for an outcome is simply desiring it while thinking it possible, and agent-centered views, where hoping for an outcome is setting oneself to pursue it. In exploring how hope influences our decisions, she establishes that it is not always a positive motivational force and can render us complacent. She also examines the relationship between hope and faith, both religious and secular, and identifies a previously unnoted form of hope: normative or interpersonal hope. When we place normative hope in people, we relate to them as responsible agents and aspire for them to overcome challenges arising from situation or character. Demonstrating that hope merits rigorous philosophical investigation, both in its own right and in virtue of what it reveals about the nature of human emotion and motivation, How We Hope offers an original, sustained look at a largely neglected topic in philosophy. (shrink)

Martin Heidegger is one of the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th Century. A major figure in the development of phenomenology, his work also profoundly influenced many of the intellectual movements that followed in his wake, from Sartre's Existentialism to Derrida's deconstructionism. Towards the Definition of Philosophy brings together two seminal lectures that mark a breakthrough moment in Heidegger's thought and introduces the major themes that he would develop in his opus Being and Time.

Eric Martin and Daniel N. Osherson present a theory of inductive logic built on model theory. Their aim is to extend the mathematics of Formal Learning Theory to a more general setting and to provide a more accurate image of empirical inquiry. The formal results of their study illuminate aspects of scientific inquiry that are not covered by the commonly applied Bayesian approach.

A landmark discussion between two great thinkers, vital to an understanding of twentieth-century philosophy and intellectual history.

A ‘lottery belief’ is a belief that a particular ticket has lost a large, fair lottery, based on nothing more than the odds against it winning. The lottery paradox brings out a tension between the idea that lottery beliefs are justified and the idea that that one can always justifiably believe the deductive consequences of things that one justifiably believes – what is sometimes called the principle of closure. Many philosophers have treated the lottery paradox as an argument against the (...) second idea – but I make a case here that it is the first idea that should be given up. As I shall show, there are a number of independent arguments for denying that lottery beliefs are justified. (shrink)

This paper proposes a view of time that takes passage to be the most basic temporal notion, instead of the usual A-theoretic and B-theoretic notions, and explores how we should think of a world that exhibits such a genuine temporal passage. It will be argued that an objective passage of time can only be made sense of from an atemporal point of view and only when it is able to constitute a genuine change of objects across time. This requires that (...) passage can flip one fact into a contrary fact, even though neither side of the temporal passage is privileged over the other. We can make sense of this if the world is inherently perspectival. Such an inherently perspectival world is characterized by fragmentalism, a view that has been introduced by Fine in his ‘Tense and Reality’ (2005). Unlike Fine's tense-theoretic fragmentalism though, the proposed view will be a fragmentalist view based in a primitive notion of passage. (shrink)

Inner speech has been shown to vary in form along several dimensions. Along condensation, condensed inner speech forms have been described, that are supposed to be deprived of acoustic, phonological and even syntactic qualities. Expanded forms, on the other extreme, display articulatory and auditory properties. Along dialogality, inner speech can be monologal, when we engage in internal soliloquy, or dialogal, when we recall past conversations or imagine future dialogues involving our own voice as well as that of others addressing us. (...) Along intentionality, it can be intentional (when we deliberately rehearse material in short-term memory) or it can arise unintentionally (during mind wandering). We introduce the ConDialInt model, a neurocognitive predictive control model of inner speech that accounts for its varieties along these three dimensions. ConDialInt spells out the condensation dimension by including inhibitory control at the conceptualization, formulation or articulatory planning stage. It accounts for dialogality, by assuming internal model adaptations and by speculating on neural processes underlying perspective switching. It explains the differences between intentional and spontaneous varieties in terms of monitoring. We present an fMRI study in which we probed varieties of inner speech along dialogality and intentionality, to examine the validity of the neuroanatomical correlates posited in ConDialInt. Condensation was also informally tackled. Our data support the hypothesis that expanded inner speech recruits speech production processes down to articulatory planning, resulting in a predicted signal, the inner voice, with auditory qualities. Along dialogality, covertly using an avatar’s voice resulted in the activation of right hemisphere homologues of the regions involved in internal own-voice soliloquy and in cerebellar deactivation, consistent with internal model adaptation. Switching from first-person to third-person perspective resulted in activations in precuneus and parietal lobules. Along intentionality, compared with intentional inner speech, mind wandering with inner speech episodes was associated with greater bilateral inferior frontal activation and decreased activation in left temporal regions. This is consistent with the reported subjective evanescence and presumably reflects condensation processes. Our results provide neuroanatomical evidence compatible with predictive control and in favor of the assumptions made in the ConDialInt model. (shrink)