Ao longo dos textos das suas cartas e sermões, Vieira mostra um conhecimento completo das principais questões de natureza cosmológica que eram objecto de controvérsia no seu tempo: cometas, estrelas novas, movimento da terra, etc. O autor segue em geral posições tradicionais. mas não se detém em discussões de mera filosofia natural. A leitura que faz dos fenómenos naturais é, podemos dizer, de natureza metafilosófica, no contexto de uma visão global, unificada e coerente de todos os acontecimentos, porque os vê (...) todos unidos pela subtil intenção de Deus. Esta cosmovisão de Vieira permite compreender por que razào Ihe pareciam naturais e legítimas determinadas comparações entre fenómenos da história bíblica, da natureza, e da história do seu tempo, que a um leitor mais desatento poderiam parecer incompreensíveis. /// Both in his letters and in his sermons. Vieira displays a complete knowledge of the main cosmological issues that were controversial in his time: comets, new stars, motion of the earth, etc. He usually adopts traditional positions, but he does not engage in discussions of mere natural philosophy. His understanding of natural phenomena is a philo-theological one, within the context of his global, unified and coherent worldview of all phenomena, as he sees them all united by God's subtle intention. This worldview allows us to understand the reason why he considered naturally and perfectly founded some comparisons between biblical, and contemporary natural and political phenomena, which to a less attemptive reader may well appear incomprehensible. (shrink)

Neste artigo são sumariamente apresentados os temas principais da obra de Kant A Religião nos Limites da Simples Razão, bem como o lugar deste texto no conjunto de toda a obra kantiana, e ainda os problemas da sua recepção por parte da censura prussiana. A Religião não constitui uma Crítica, antes se insere na parte doutrinal do pensamento de Kant. Os méritos e as limitações da análise kantiana são resumidamente apontados num breve confronto com a antropologia de Gabriel Marcel. /// (...) Dans cet article se présentent les thèmes principaux de l'oeuvre de Kant "La religion dans les limites de la simple raison", la place de ce texte dans l'ensemble de toute oeuvre kantienne, et encore les problèmes de sa réception par la censure prussienne. La Religion ne constitue pas une Critique, mais s'insère dans la part doctrinale de la pensée de Kant. Les mérites et les limitations de l'analyse kantienne sont, en résume, confrontés avec l'anthropologie de Gabriel Marcel. /// This article summarizes the main issues dealt with by Kant in "Religion within the Limits of Pure Reason". The book is characterized not a "Critique," but rather as a doctrinal work. The problems raised by Prussian censorship when it was first published are also mentioned. Finally, a critical analysis of both the value and the limitations of the Kantian text is made by confronting it with some aspects of Gabriel Marcel's anthropology. (shrink)

A Verdade tem sido um dos temas fundamentais da filosofia ocidental. Embora a dimensão ontológica tenha estado sempre presente, foi no contexto da reflexão epistemológica, naturalmente nunca isolada da metafísica, que o conceito de verdade como correspondência veio a adquirir preponderância. Todavia, o ataque à metafisica que, a partir de Kant, culminariaem Heidegger, tornou aquele conceito em sentido epistemológico cada vez mais problemático. As considerações heideggerianas são feitas numa perspectiva que pretende superar a metafisica tradicional, mas a indeterminação da ontologia (...) de Heidegger acabou por deixar a problematica em torno da verdade numa situacao de questao em aberto. Embora simpatizando com a superação heideggeriana da metafísica, Richard Rorty crê que a especulação heideggeriana em volta do Sernão tern qualquer interesse hoje, e conclui que uma teoria da Verdade é pura e simplesmente supérflua. Em desacordo com ele, Hilary Putnam acredita que ainda faz sentido tecer consideraçães em torno da verdade, embora apenas no contexto de um "realismo interno". /// La vérité a été un des thémes fondamentaux de la philosophie occidentale. Bien que la dimension ontologique ait toujours été présente ce fut dans le cadre de la réflexion épistémologique, certes jamais isolée de la metaphysique, que le concept de vérité comme correspondance est devenu prépondérant. Toutefois l'ataque à la métaphysique, qui, à partir de Kant, culminerait chez Heidegger, ce concept un sens épistémologique toujours plus problématique. Les considérations heideggeriennes sont proposées selon une perspective qui prétend dépasser la métaphysique traditionnelle, mais l'indétermination de l'ontologie de Heidegger a fini par laisser la problématique relative à la vérité dans la situation de "question ouverte". Bien que sympathisant avec le dépassement heideggerien de la métaphysique, Richard Rorty croit que la spéculation heideggerienne autour de l'être ne présente aucun intérêt aujourd'hui et conclut qu'une théorie de la Vérité est prement et simplement superflue. En désacord avec lui, Hilary Putnam pense qu'il y a encore un sens à présenter des considérations sur la vérité, quoique seulement dans le contexte d'un "réalisme interne". /// Truth has always been one of the main issues in western philosophy. Although its ontological dimension has never been left behind, it was within the context of epistemology (never separated from. (shrink)

A obra de Descartes tem sido estudada de forma por vezes des-contextualizada. O autor aparece-nos então como um frio racionalista despido de emoções e responsável por tudo o que de pior a modernidade nos legou. Todavia, o estudo das emotivas relações de Descartes com os seus mestres Jesuítas, feita sobretudo com base na correspondência que com eles manteve, revela-nos um carácter emocional, um homem atormentado pelo desejo da verdade, de uma verdade solidamente fundamentada, numa época em que o edifício do (...) saber tradicional parecia abrir fendas um pouco por todo o lado. A frieza racionalista de Descartes aparece-nos assim como a parte visível do "iceberg cartesiano", cuja parte menos visível era de natureza profundamente emocional Por outro lado, tendo em conta as semelhanças entre o contexto cultural em que viveu, num virar de século, e o actual contexto de final do século XX, a personalidade angustiada e inquieta de Descartes não pode deixar de nos aparecer com uma notável actualidade. /// Descartes' philosophy has often be analised out of context. He then appears like a cold-blooded rationalist, completely void of emotions and responsible for the worst of our modern heritage. However, the study of the emotional relationship between Descartes and his teachers, the Jesuits, based mainly on their correspondance, reveals his emotional character, a man tortured by the desire of truth, of a solidly grounded truth, in a time when cracks in the building of traditional knowledge cracks seemed to appear everywhere. Thus, the rational coolness of Descartes appears as the visible part of the "cartesian iceberg", whose less visible part was of a deeply emotional nature. On the other hand, taking into account the similarities between the cultural context in which he lived, in a turn of his century, and the present day context of the end of the XXth century, the anxious and troubled personality of Descartes appears as having a particular relevance. (shrink)

O objectivo central de Kant no texto da "Segunda Analogia da Experiência", na Crítica da Razão Pura, é o de estabelecer a condição de possibilidade da experiência de uma sucessão objectiva de fenómenos. A sucessão contingente de fenómenos ao nível da intuição converte-se na percepção objectiva de uma sequência de fenómenos apenas pela actividade sintética da imaginação de acordo com o princípio de causalidade. No texto em análise, a aplicação daquele princípio não vai além das formas a priori do espaço (...) e do tempo. Kant não afirma pois a tese de que a natureza obedece a leis causais. Finalmente, o mesmo princípio de causalidade não pode ser aplicado ao caso da afectação da sensibilidade pela "coisa em si". /// L'objective central de Kant dans le texte de la "Deuxième Analogie de l'Expérience", dans la Critique de la Raison Pure, est d'établir la condition de possibilité de l'expérience d'une succession objective de phénomènes. La succession contingente de phénomènes au niveau de l'intuition est convertie dans la perception objective d'une séquence de phénomènes seulement par l'activité synthétique de l'imagination d'accord avec le principe de causalité. Dans le contexte en analyse, l'explication de ce principe ne va pas au-delà des formes a priori de l'espace et du temps. Kant n'affirme pas donc la tèse de que la nature obéit aux lois causalles(?). Finalement, le même principe de causalité ne peut pas être appliqué au cas d'affectation de la sensibilité par la "chose en soi". /// The basic aim of Kant in the text of the "Second Analogy of Experience", in the Critic of Pure Reason, is to establish the condition of possibility of the experience of an objective succession. The Kantian thesis is that the contingent succession of appearances at the intuitional level is converted into an objective perception of a sequence only by the synthetic activity of the imagination, according to the principle of causality. In that text, the application of this principle does not go beyond the realm of the intuitional modes of space and time. Thus Kant is not aiming to establish the lawlikeness of nature. Finally, the Kantian concept of causality, as it it transcendentally derived in the Second Analogy, cannot be applied to the case of affection of the sensibility by the "thing in itself. (shrink)

The modern world was in part born as a reaction against Aristotelianism. However, the image of Aristotle to which modern philosophers reacted was partial, to say the least. Paradoxical though it may seem, today, more than twenty-three centuries on, we may now be in the most advantageous position for understanding the Stagirite's philosophy and applying it to contemporary problems. The present book contributes to the forming of an idea of Post-modern reason inspired by a constellation of Aristotelian concepts, such as (...) prudence (phronesis), practical truth (aletheia praktike), science in act (episteme en energeiai), metaphor (metaphora), similarity (homoiosis) and the imitation-creation pair (mimesis-poiesis). They all form an interconnected network and together they make up an idea of reason that may prove suitable for the present. These concepts offer the most promising basis for undertaking a series of urgent reconciliations: of facts and values, of means and ends, of theoretical and practical reason, of intelligence and emotion. Aristotle's notions could help solve many dualisms of modern times. He offers a third way between identity and difference in ontology and politics, between algorithm and anarchism in methodology, between naïve realism and plain relativism in epistemology, between equivocity and univocity in language, between Enlightenment and Romanticism in culture... On the way, this shift facilitates the relationships between science, arts and ethics - the three parts of the sphere of culture which Modernity had separated - as well as the integration of the sphere of culture itself with the world of life. (shrink)

L'analyste des discours qui surgissent au sein de conflits sociaux, de controverses, de débats publics, a souvent le sentiment qu'il n'observe pas des 'camps' correspondant à des groupes d'individus, mais des agencements qui doivent être considérés indépendamment des intentions, des stratégies ou des opinions de ceux qui y sont impliqués. Pour décrire les processus dans lesquels se constituent ces configurations conflictuelles, on fait alors appel à des combinaisons conceptuelles plus ou moins heureuses. À partir de l'hypothèse selon laquelle les conflits (...) sociaux évoluent par le renforcement/affaiblissement de la disponibilité de types d'actions, ce livre se propose de construire une théorie sémantique qui permette d'éclairer les mécanismes à l'œuvre dans les dynamiques sociales structurées par des tensions, d'interroger les liens entre discours et actions humaines, et d'explorer les conditionnements de la formation sociale du politique"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Libertas philosophandi è una indagine del rapporto disciplinare tra filosofia e teologia che ruota intorno alla celebre Lettera alla granduchessa Cristina di Lorena di G. Galilei, lettera-trattato con cui lo scienziato cerca di salvare uno spazio di libertà di ricerca nel contesto della cultura controriformata. La prima parte del libro illustra criticamente le polemiche sorte a partire dalla pubblicazione del Sidereus nuncius e proseguite fino alla condanna del copernicanesimo nel 1616. La seconda è dedicata all'analisi strutturale della Lettera e alla (...) ricerca delle fonti testuali che l'hanno ispirata, identificandone talora l'edizione precisa. La terza parte sviluppa i diversi temi della Lettera, presentando alcuni elementi fin qui ignoti o ignorati, tra i quali un forte indebitamento con la tradizione del trattato aristotelico De anima (in particolare con Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Pietro Pomponazzi e Cesare Cremonini); la scoperta di un plagio da parte di Cremonini; la sensibilità politica di Galileo. Viene poi discusso il problema del cosiddetto concordismo del trattato e proposta una lettura controcorrente; si presenta una analisi iconografica che evidenzia, tra l'altro, il legame tra la Lettera a Cristina e l'Accademia dei Lincei. Ancora, si offre un documento inedito che getta luce sul ruolo del cardinale Bellarmino nella condanna del 1616. Infine una rilettura dei documenti dei due processi a Galileo mostra come una lieve, ma decisiva manipolazione della sentenza del primo processo riproponga la problematicità del secondo. La quarta parte del libro contiene il testo della Lettera accompagnato da numerose note di commento storico. (shrink)

Archaeology has been an important source of metaphors for some of the key intellectuals of the 20th century: Sigmund Freud, Walter Benjamin, Alois Riegl and Michel Foucault, amongst many others. However, this power has also turned against archaeology, because the discipline has been dealt with perfunctorily as a mere provider of metaphors that other intellectuals have exploited. Scholars from different fields continue to explore areas in which archaeologists have been working for over two centuries, with little or no reference to (...) the discipline. It seems that excavation, stratigraphy or ruins only become important at a trans-disciplinary level when people from outside archaeology pay attention to them and somehow dematerialize them. Meanwhile, archaeologists have been usually more interested in borrowing theories from other fields, rather than in developing the theoretical potential of the same concepts that other thinkers find so useful. The time is ripe for archaeologists to address a wider audience and engage in theoretical debates from a position of equality, not of subalternity. Reclaiming Archaeology explores how archaeology can be useful to rethink modernity's big issues, and more specifically late modernity (broadly understood as the 20th and 21st centuries). The book contains a series of original essays, not necessarily following the conventional academic rules of archaeological writing or thinking, allowing rhetoric to have its place in disclosing the archaeological. In each of the four sections that constitute this book (method, time, heritage and materiality), the contributors deal with different archaeological tropes, such as excavation, surface/depth, genealogy, ruins, fragments, repressed memories and traces. They criticize their modernist implications and rework them in creative ways, in order to show the power of archaeology not just to understand the past, but also the present. Reclaiming Archaeology includes essays from a diverse array of archaeologists who have dealt in one way or another with modernity, including scholars from non-Anglophone countries who have approached the issue in original ways during recent years, as well as contributors from other fields who engage in a creative dialogue with archaeology and the work of archaeologists. (shrink)

La religión ha sido objeto de estudio por parte de distintas disciplinas. En examen crítico se presentan aquí aportaciones de ciencia al conocimiento de ella. El adepto de una religión rara vez la examina o se autoexamina. No suele conocer su propia religiosidad. Le asusta pensar que esta es un hecho humano, al igual que otros, no sobrenatural. Pero es así. Los hechos de religión pueden ser no solo descritos, sino también explicados, al igual que otros hechos sociales. Hubo y (...) hay factores históricos, sociales, psicológicos, antropológicos, que los han suscitado. El libro es un estudio no confesional de la religión, el cual difiere de la teología tanto como la química difiere de la alquimia; y en él se toma nota de la pérdida de relevancia de lo religioso en el Occidente moderno. (Fuente: La Casa del Libro). (shrink)

Vivimos un tiempo de confusión, saturación, agitación, superficialidad, confrontación y polarización, sin rumbo, sin norte y necesitados de un sentido que no sabemos dónde encontrar. En los últimos siglos, hemos construido una sociedad saturada de bienes materiales y extremadamente financiarizada convirtiendo nuestra existencia en una carrera con poca conciencia de que vamos "hacia ninguna parte". El incremento de inquietudes y necesidades sociales, disfrazadas de consumo, nos lleva a buscar la inclusión, el acoplamiento y el reconocimiento social en una lucha de (...) la que resultan nuevos ganadores y muchos perdedores, insatisfechos o excluidos. Unos y otros, desde el éxito o desde el fracaso, con sus formas de interacción social, han dinamitado el contrato social que hasta ahora habíamos tenido por bueno, mientras seguimos pendientes de definir el nuevo contrato para una sociedad rica, abierta y global. (shrink)

Trecho da obra: "Nos itinerários históricos mais recentes, o corpo atlético, de alto rendimento, tornou-se metáfora da superação de si e lugar de sacralização de quase ilimitados recursos tecnocientíficos. (...) O desempenho dos corpos no campo desportivo pode ser compreendido como concretização daquela mitologia do progresso que moldou a experiência do tempo na modernidade. (...) Os trânsitos entre desporto, ética e transcendência foram o objecto de estudo e reflexão de um colóquio internacional realizado na Universidade Católica Portuguesa, e o presente (...) volume, dando continuidade a uma política de publicação do Instituto Português do Desporto e Juventude / Plano Nacional de Ética no Desporto, reúne os textos apresentados, procurando, assim, atingir um público mais amplo e contribuir para o aprofundamento desta linha de indagação na sociedade portuguesa.". (shrink)

Philosophers of perception frequently assume that we see actual states of affairs, or facts. Call this claim factualism. In his book, William Fish suggests that factualism is supported by phenomenological observation as well as by experimental studies on multiple object tracking and dynamic feature-object integration. In this paper, I examine the alleged evidence for factualism, focusing mainly on object detection and tracking. I argue that there is no scientific evidence for factualism. This conclusion has implications for studies on the phenomenology (...) and epistemology of visual perception. (shrink)

The sensorimotor theory of vision and visual consciousness is often described as a radical alternative to the computational and connectionist orthodoxy in the study of visual perception. However, it is far from clear whether the theory represents a significant departure from orthodox approaches or whether it is an enrichment of it. In this study, I tackle this issue by focusing on the explanatory structure of the sensorimotor theory. I argue that the standard formulation of the theory subscribes to the same (...) theses of the dynamical hypothesis and that it affords covering-law explanations. This however exposes the theory to the mere description worry and generates a puzzle about the role of representations. I then argue that the sensorimotor theory is compatible with a mechanistic framework, and show how this can overcome the mere description worry and solve the problem of the explanatory role of representations. By doing so, it will be shown that the theory should be understood as an enrichment of the orthodoxy, rather than an alternative. (shrink)

The objective of this study is to provide insight into culinary systems. Each culture expresses its own identity through the way in which it transforms food into an elaborated cuisine. The phases of a cooking process start with the choice of ingredients, their preparation, their processing, how they are served, and how they are eaten. Each of these phases makes it possible to understand the semiotic and social behavior of a human group in the moment they choose to prepare and (...) eat a particular food. Therefore, this article contains a contrastive analysis of how Mexican, Texan, and Italian cuisines show how spicy and hot food is interpreted depending on the values that ​​are given to it in regards to being considered a dish, a spice or a vegetable. It bases its analysis on the mechanisms built around the meaning of chile in order to express cultural characteristics and differences. The recipes and their narrative processes, in addition to the use of color, allow the identification of parameters to describe the various cuisines through recipes books. (shrink)