Thinking and Reasoning

ISSNs: 1354-6783, 1464-0708

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  1.  2
    Elaborative feedback and instruction improve cognitive reflection but do not transfer to related tasks.Dustin P. Calvillo, Jonathan Bratton, Victoria Velazquez, Thomas J. Smelter & Danielle Crum - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (2):276-304.
    Cognitive reflection, or the ability to inhibit intuitive and incorrect responses in favour of correct responses, predicts performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. The present study examined interventions to improve cognitive reflection. In two experiments, college students (N = 491) were assigned to one of three conditions, completed two versions of a cognitive reflection test (CRT), and then completed transfer tasks. Between the two CRTs, some participants were provided with elaborative feedback, others were instructed to consider additional responses for (...)
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  2. Metacognitive control in single- vs. dual-process theory.Aliya R. Dewey - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (2):177-212.
    Recent work in cognitive modelling has found that most of the data that has been cited as evidence for the dual-process theory (DPT) of reasoning is best explained by non-linear, “monotonic” one-process models (Stephens et al., 2018, 2019). In this paper, I consider an important caveat of this research: it uses models that are committed to unrealistic assumptions about how effectively task conditions can isolate Type-1 and Type-2 reasoning. To avoid this caveat, I develop a coordinated theoretical, experimental, and modelling (...)
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  3.  6
    Semantic memory and creativity: the costs and benefits of semantic memory structure in generating original ideas.Roger E. Beaty, Yoed N. Kenett, Richard W. Hass & Daniel L. Schacter - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (2):305-339.
    Despite its theoretical importance, little is known about how semantic memory structure facilitates and constrains creative idea generation. We examine whether the semantic richness of a concept has both benefits and costs to creative idea generation. Specifically, we tested whether cue set size—an index of semantic richness reflecting the average number of elements associated with a given concept—impacts the quantity (fluency) and quality (originality) of responses generated during the Alternate Uses Task (AUT). Across four studies, we show that low-association, sparse, (...)
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  4.  11
    Bullshit receptivity, problem solving, and metacognition: simply the BS, not better than all the rest.Tim George & Marta K. Mielicki - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (2):213-249.
    People are often inaccurate in their predictions of performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. We tested whether receptivity to bullshit – the tendency to perceive meaningless statements as profound – would relate to the accuracy of metacognitive judgments on several problem-solving tasks. Individuals who were highly receptive to bullshit were less accurate in their predictions of performance on creative problem-solving tasks, but not on verbal analogy or recall tasks. Further, individuals with high BS receptivity were less able to discriminate (...)
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  5.  6
    Voters’ wishful thinking in an unprecedented event of three national elections repeated within one year: fast thinking, bias, high emotions and potential rationality.Refael Tikochinski & Elisha Babad - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (2):250-275.
    Wishful thinking (WT) of Israeli voters was measured in the unprecedented event of three failing national elections repeated within one year. WT is considered as Type 1 fast/intuitive thinking leading to bias. A novel method for measuring WT – including relevant campaign information and distinguishing between “WT for self” and “WT for others” – was introduced. WT components of voters in leading and trailing camps were compared across the three elections to examine whether patterns would be consistent or haphazard. Despite (...)
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  6.  3
    Motivated formal reasoning: Ideological belief bias in syllogistic reasoning across diverse political issues.Julia Aspernäs, Arvid Erlandsson & Artur Nilsson - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (1):43-69.
    This study investigated ideological belief bias, and whether this effect is moderated by analytical thinking. A Swedish nationally representative sample (N = 1005) evaluated non-political and political syllogisms and were asked whether the conclusions followed logically from the premises. The correct response in the political syllogisms was aligned with either leftist or rightist political ideology. Political orientation predicted response accuracy for political but not non-political syllogisms. Overall, the participants correctly evaluated more syllogisms when the correct response was congruent with their (...)
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  7.  4
    Understanding the relationship between rationality and intelligence: a latent-variable approach.Alexander P. Burgoyne, Cody A. Mashburn, Jason S. Tsukahara, David Z. Hambrick & Randall W. Engle - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (1):1-42.
    A hallmark of intelligent behavior is rationality – the disposition and ability to think analytically to make decisions that maximize expected utility or follow the laws of probability. However, the question remains as to whether rationality and intelligence are empirically distinct, as does the question of what cognitive mechanisms underlie individual differences in rationality. In a sample of 331 participants, we assessed the relationship between rationality and intelligence. There was a common ability underpinning performance on some, but not all, rationality (...)
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  8.  3
    Searching for the cognitive basis of anti-vaccination attitudes.Marjaana Lindeman, Annika M. Svedholm-Häkkinen & Tapani J. J. Riekki - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (1):111-136.
    Research on the reasons for vaccine hesitancy has largely focused on factors directly related to vaccines. In contrast, the present study focused on cognitive factors that are not conceptually related to vaccines but that have been linked to other epistemically suspect beliefs such as conspiracy theories and belief in fake news. This survey was conducted before the Covid-19 pandemic (N = 356). The results showed that anti-vaccination attitudes decreased slightly with cognitive abilities and analytic thinking styles, and strongly with scientific (...)
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  9.  2
    Out of the blue: on the suddenness of perceived chance events.Karl Halvor Teigen & Alf Børre Kanten - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (1):137-175.
    People commonly use terms like ‘random’, ‘by chance’, or ‘accidentally’ when they describe occurrences that sidestep the normal course of events, with no apparent causal link to ongoing activities. Such intrusive events are typically perceived as happening all of a sudden. This was demonstrated in seven experiments (N = 1299) by asking people to identify statements they believed belonged to stories about chance events, and by comparing chance vs. non-chance events from their own life and from the lives of others. (...)
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  10.  5
    The influence of varying positive affect in approach-motivation intensity on creative idea generation and creative idea evaluation: an fNIRS study.Xuewei Wang, Yadan Li, Xinyi Li, David Yun Dai & Weiping Hu - 2023 - Thinking and Reasoning 29 (1):70-110.
    The aim of this study was to explain previous inconsistent results regarding the effects of positive affect on creative cognition based on the motivational dimensional model of affect theory and provide the underlying neural correlates of the effects of different approach-motivation intensities of positive affect on creative processes (creative idea generation and creative idea evaluation) using the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) technique. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to three groups (high-approach-motivated positive affect (HAM), low-approach-motivated positive affect (LAM) and affectively neutral (...)
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