Bioethics

ISSN: 0269-9702

47 found

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  1.  3
    Cracking the code of the slow code: A taxonomy of slow code practices and their clinical and ethical implications.Erica Andrist, Jacqueline Meadow, Nurah Lawal & Naomi T. Laventhal - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):309-317.
    The ethical permissibility of the “slow code” sparks vigorous debate. However, definitions of the “slow code” that exist in the literature often leave room for interpretation. Thus, those assessing the ethical permissibility of the slow code may not be operating with shared definitions, and definitions may not align with clinicians' understanding and use of the term in clinical practice. To add clarity and nuance to discussions of the “slow code,” this manuscript highlights the salient medical and moral components that distinguish (...)
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  2.  5
    Epigenetics and Responsibility: Ethical Perspectives By Moorman, Emma; Smajdor, Anna; Cutas, Daniela, Bristol: Bristol University Press. 2024. pp. 145. $159.95 (Hardback). ISBN: 978‐1‐5292‐2542‐6. [REVIEW]Sonya Anvar & Charles Dupras - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):397-398.
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  3.  6
    Show and slow codes: A historical analysis of clinicians' adaptations to ethical overreach.Robert Baker - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):318-326.
    After briefly reviewing the historical development and ethical regulation of resuscitative technologies, this study probes why clinicians engage in the morally problematic practice of show and slow coding and why hospitals tolerate it? Studies conducted in 1995 and 2020 indicate that conscientious clinicians engage in these practices to protect their patients from abusive or futile resuscitation. And hospitals' clinical cultures tolerate these practices to protect conscientious clinicians from censure, dismissal, delicensing, or legal prosecution for withholding or withdrawing abusive or futile (...)
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  4. Moral dilemmas and slow codes.Parker Crutchfield - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):359-367.
    Slow codes—insincere attempts at resuscitation—are widely regarded in medicine and medical ethics as morally impermissible. My goal here is to enrich this special issue on the slow code with an argument for the permissibility of slow codes that is rooted in moral psychology. Specifically, if we take seriously the results from moral psychology, the slow code is not only permissible, it is often the best option. The context of the decision about whether to perform a slow code is analogous to (...)
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  5. Revisiting slow codes.Parker Crutchfield & Jason Adam Wasserman - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):307-308.
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  6.  1
    Are slow codes uniquely deceptive?Michael B. Grosso & Paola Nicolas - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):350-358.
    Abstract“Sham codes” or “slow codes”—defined here as resuscitative efforts undertaken only to the extent necessary to convey the impression that “everything was done,” rather than to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)—have been almost universally condemned for the past five decades. To facilitate an examination of this practice, we consider how the clinician's obligations and prerogatives differ under four scenarios, all of which involve conflict between the physician who desires to withhold cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the family who does not. (...)
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  7.  2
    Slow codes without regret.Patricia A. Mayer - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):378-380.
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  8.  7
    Slow Codes are symptomatic of ethically and legally inappropriate CPR policies.Stuart McLennan, Marieke Bak & Kathrin Knochel - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):327-336.
    Although cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initially used very selectively at the discretion of clinicians, the use of CPR rapidly expanded to the point that it was required to be performed on all patients having in‐hospital cardiac arrests, regardless of the underlying condition. This created problems with CPR being clearly inadvisable for many patients. Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders emerged as a means of providing a transparent process for making decisions in advance regarding resuscitation, initially by patients and later also by (...)
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  9.  8
    Slow codes, multiple layers of deception, and partial solutions.Christopher Meyers - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):375-377.
    It is not unusual for patients or families to disagree with healthcare professionals (HCPs) over best treatment options. Conversation typically results and mutually agreeable choices are implemented. Rarely, but increasingly, patients or families will request, even demand, interventions the treating team believes will be ineffective (they will not achieve the intended goal) or inappropriate (the medical or moral harms clearly outweigh any potential benefits). One's duty as an HCP requires one to refuse such interventions, but resulting patient or family conflict (...)
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  10. Missing references and citations at Google Scholar.Joona Räsänen - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):399-400.
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  11.  14
    The problem of value change: Should advance directives hold moral authority for persons living with dementia?Anand Sergeant - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):381-388.
    As the prevalence of dementia rises, it is increasingly important to determine how to best respect incapable individuals' autonomy during end‐of‐life decisions. Many philosophers advocate for the use of advance directives in these situations to allow capable individuals to outline preferences for their future incapable selves. In this paper, however, I consider whether advance directives lack moral authority in instances of dementia. First, I introduce several scholars who have argued that changes in peoplewith dementia's values throughout disease progression reduce the (...)
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  12.  7
    Public preferences regarding slow codes in critical care.Philipp Sprengholz - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):337-342.
    The term slow code refers to an intentional reduction in the pace or intensity of resuscitative efforts during a medical emergency. This can be understood as an intermediate level between full code (full resuscitation efforts) and no code (no resuscitation efforts) and serves as a symbolic gesture when intervention is considered medically futile. While some previous research acknowledges the slow code as an integral part of clinical practice, many ethicists have condemned the practice as dishonest and causing unnecessary pain for (...)
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  13. Purely performative resuscitation: Treating the patient as an object.Aleksy Tarasenko-Struc - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):343-349.
    Despite its prevalence today, the practice of purely performative resuscitation (PPR)—paradigmatically, the “slow code”—has attracted more critics in bioethics than defenders. The most common criticism of the slow code is that it's fundamentally deceptive or harmful, while the most common justification offered is that it may benefit the patient's loved ones, by symbolically honoring the patient or the care team's relationship with the family. I argue that critics and defenders of the slow code each have a point. Advocates of the (...)
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  14.  11
    A defense of ectogenic abortion.Shane Ward - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):389-396.
    A popular argument for a right to ectogenic abortions appeals to a right to avoid the obligations associated with parenthood. A common objection to this argument questions whether there are any sufficiently great harms associated with parenthood to ground such a right. I propose a novel formulation of this argument that avoids these objections. I then defend it against important objections.
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  15.  9
    Slow codes as ethical disobedience.Jason Adam Wasserman - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (4):368-374.
    KEY: Patients or families sometimes demand interventions that are of no benefit or are even harmful. Even in cases where cardiopulmonary resuscitation is futile or medically inappropriate, instituting a do not attempt resuscitation order requires either consent of the patient or family, or working through a cumbersome and conflictual institutional process to change code status over their objection. Sometimes they contest these decisions in court and sometimes they win. Avoiding such conflicts gave rise to the practice of “slow codes,” a (...)
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  16.  4
    Health care and the ethical implications of treatment spaces.Ruth Chadwick - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):231-231.
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  17.  10
    Misaligned hope and conviction in health care.Steve Clarke, Justin Oakley, Jonathan Pugh & Dominic Wilkinson - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):232-239.
    It is often said that it is important for patients to possess hope that their treatment will be successful. We agree, but a widely appealed to type of hope—hope based on conviction (religious or otherwise), renders this assertion problematic. If conviction‐based hope influences patient decisions to undergo medical procedures, then questions are raised about the scope of patient autonomy. Libertarians permit patients to make decisions to undergo medical procedures on the basis of any considerations, including conviction‐based hopes, on grounds of (...)
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  18.  14
    Autonomy and prevention: From conflicting to complementary aims of prenatal screening.Wybo Dondorp, Guido de Wert, Ellis C. Becking, Peter G. Scheffer, Mireille Bekker & Lidewij Henneman - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):259-266.
    From an ethical point of view, there is an important distinction between two types of prenatal screening. The first of these targets maternal or foetal conditions (e.g., infectious diseases, blood group sensitization) where early detection allows for interventions that improve the chances of a healthy pregnancy outcome. The second screens for foetal conditions such as Down syndrome, where a timely diagnosis in most cases only allows for a choice between preparation for a child with special needs or termination of the (...)
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  19.  45
    Moral enhancement and cheapened achievement: Psychedelics, virtual reality and AI.Emma C. Gordon, Katherine Cheung, Brian D. Earp & Julian Savulescu - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):276-287.
    A prominent critique of cognitive or athletic enhancement claims that certain performance‐improving drugs or technologies may ‘cheapen’ resulting achievements. Considerably less attention has been paid to the impact of enhancement on the value of moral achievements. Would the use of moral enhancement (bio)technologies, rather than (solely) ‘traditional’ means of moral development like schooling and socialization, cheapen the ‘achievement’ of morally improving oneself? We argue that, to the extent that the ‘cheapened achievement’ objection succeeds in the domains of cognitive or athletic (...)
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  20.  22
    The ability to value: An additional criterion for decision‐making capacity.Lauren Harcarik, Scott Y. H. Kim & Joseph Millum - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):288-295.
    In the United States, the dominant model of decision‐making capacity (DMC) is the “four abilities model,” which judges DMC according to four criteria: understanding, appreciation, reasoning, and communicating a choice. Some critics argue that this model is “too cognitive” because it ignores the role of emotions and values in decision‐making. But so far there is no consensus about how to incorporate such factors into a model of DMC while still ensuring that patients with unusual or socially disapproved values still have (...)
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  21.  5
    Arguments against a “general and permanent” ban on pediatric intersex surgery: A response to Clune‐Taylor.Suzаnа Ignjаtоvić - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):296-301.
    The paper offers a critical response to the proposed “dis/analogy” between the restriction of Jehovah's Witness parental right to refuse life‐saving blood transfusions for their minor children and a “general” and “permanent” ban on “unnecessary” pediatric intersex surgery. The main argument of the analogy is “securing the patient's future autonomy.” Feinberg's theory of rights is used to demonstrate that the proposed analogy is untenable. A new category of developmental rights‐in‐trust is introduced to address specific needs of gender development in DSD (...)
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  22. Ethical considerations for non‐procreative uterus transplantation.Ji-Young Lee - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):267-275.
    The growing demand for uterus transplantation (UTx) invites continued philosophical evaluation of the function of UTx (and what constitutes its ‘success’), as well as the recipient eligibility for UTx. Currently, UTx caters to partnered, cisgender women of childbearing age looking to get pregnant and give birth to a biogenetically related child. The medical justification for this—the treatment of uterine infertility—explains the primacy of this practice. However, this dominant conceptualization of UTx does not necessarily capture the diverse needs for which both (...)
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  23.  6
    Ethical considerations for biobanks serving underrepresented populations.Yoon Seo Lee, Nelson Luis Badia Garrido, George Lord, Zane Allan Maggio & Bohdan B. Khomtchouk - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):240-249.
    Biobanks are essential biological database resources for the scientific community, enabling research on the molecular, cellular, and genetic basis of human disease. They are crucial for computational, data‐driven biomedical research, which advances precision medicine and the development of targeted therapies. However, biobanks often lack racial and ethnic diversity, with many data sets predominantly comprising individuals of white, primarily northern European, ancestry. Establishing or enhancing biobanks for the inclusion of historically underrepresented populations requires meticulous ethical and social planning beyond logistical, legal, (...)
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  24.  6
    Is germline genome‐editing person‐affecting or identity‐affecting, and does it matter?Andrew McGee & Sinead Prince - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):250-258.
    Writers have debated whether germline genome‐editing is person‐affecting or identity‐affecting. The difference is thought to be ethically relevant to whether we should choose genome‐editing or choose preimplantation genetic diagnosis and embryo selection, when seeking to prevent or produce bad conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis, or deafness) in the individuals who will grow from the embryo edited or selected. We consider the very recent views of three prominent bioethicists and philosophers who have grappled with this issue. We claim that both sides are (...)
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  25.  9
    Sex and the planet: What opt‐in reproduction could do for the globe By Battin, Margaret Pabst, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 2024. pp. 264. $35.00 (Paperback). ISBN 9780262547987. [REVIEW]Travis Rebello - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):302-303.
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  26.  6
    Ethical considerations for non‐procreative uterus transplantation.J. Y. Lee - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (3):267-275.
    The growing demand for uterus transplantation (UTx) invites continued philosophical evaluation of the function of UTx (and what constitutes its ‘success’), as well as the recipient eligibility for UTx. Currently, UTx caters to partnered, cisgender women of childbearing age looking to get pregnant and give birth to a biogenetically related child. The medical justification for this—the treatment of uterine infertility—explains the primacy of this practice. However, this dominant conceptualization of UTx does not necessarily capture the diverse needs for which both (...)
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  27.  11
    Ethical xenotransplant research on human brain‐dead decedents.Christopher Bobier - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (2):178-186.
    Can it be ethical to conduct xenotransplant research on a human brain‐dead decedent (HB‐DD) whose organs could otherwise be given to persons in need? The ethical consensus is that it is better to save existing persons via organ donation than to devote a HB‐DD to research that will not directly benefit anyone. I argue otherwise. Given how rapidly xenotransplant research is progressing, and its clinical promise in the next couple of years or decades, I argue that it can be ethical (...)
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  28.  26
    Palliative care‐based arguments against assisted dying.Ben Colburn - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (2):187-194.
    Opponents of legalised assisted dying often assert that palliative care is worse in countries where assisted dying has been legalised, and imply that legalised assisted dying makes palliative care worse. This study considers five versions of this claim: that it is difficulty to access expert palliative care in countries where assisted dying has been legalised, that those countries rank low in their quality of end‐of‐life care; that legalising assisted dying doesn't expand patient choice in respect of palliative care; that growth (...)
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  29.  13
    Passive euthanasia?Miguel H. Kottow - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (2):223-223.
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  30.  8
    Social media or scholarly submission? Appropriate responses and academic attention.Elizabeth Lanphier - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (2):224-225.
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  31.  13
    Accuracy is inaccurate: Why a focus on diagnostic accuracy for medical chatbot AIs will not lead to improved health outcomes.Stephen R. Milford - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (2):163-169.
    Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has become a global phenomenon, sparking widespread public interest in chatbot artificial intelligences (AIs) generally. While not approved for medical use, it is capable of passing all three United States medical licensing exams and offers diagnostic accuracy comparable to a human doctor. It seems inevitable that it, and tools like it, are and will be used by the general public to provide medical diagnostic information or treatment plans. Before we are taken in by (...)
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  32.  13
    ‘Bioethics: What? and why?’ : Revisited.Udo Schuklenk - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (2):161-162.
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  33.  24
    Biomedical moral enhancement for psychopaths.Junsik Yoon - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (2):170-177.
    This study examines the ethical permissibility of biomedical moral enhancement (BME) for psychopaths, considering both coercive and voluntary approaches. To do so, I will first briefly explain what psychopaths are and some normative implications of these facts. I will then ethically examine three scenarios of BME for psychopaths: (1) coercive BME for non‐criminal psychopaths, (2) coercive BME for psychopathic offenders, and (3) voluntary BME for psychopathic offenders. I will argue that coercive BME for non‐criminal psychopaths is ethically problematic due to (...)
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  34.  23
    Ethical challenges in accessing and providing healthcare for Syrian refugees in Türkiye.Maide Barış, Gürkan Sert & Orhan Önder - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):49-57.
    Türkiye hosts approximately 3.6 million Syrian refugees, which accounts for roughly 4.5% of Türkiye's population. This places undeniable pressure on public institutions, particularly on healthcare services. The objective of this study is to document the healthcare structure for Syrian refugees and various challenges faced by Syrians when seeking healthcare and to highlight the ethical concerns emerging from those challenges. To achieve this, we conducted a comprehensive review of several qualitative studies and reports conducted by various organizations and institutions, specifically focusing (...)
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  35.  8
    Athletic enhancement and human nature.Shlomit Wygoda Cohen - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):108-116.
    There is a well‐established asymmetry in our judgments of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) in sports and in other competitive activities. When an athlete is found using such drugs, it is a scandal that prompts public outrage, fan disappointment, and even loss of title. It seems that we judge enhanced results cannot be genuinely attributed to athletes. There is no similar reaction to use of PEDs in art, science, music, literature, business, and other human endeavors. The question I tackle in this (...)
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  36.  11
    Children's right to play in times of war.Aleksandra Glos - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):26-40.
    This paper discusses children's right to play and its bioethical importance for children affected by war. Against the background of the current military conflicts, it analyses physical, psychological, and institutional factors that limit children's right to play in a situation involving armed conflict. Considering that the lack of institutional support of play for children affected by war constitutes a failure to fulfil our societal and political obligation under Article 31 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, (...)
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  37.  10
    The emergence and use of expanded carrier screening in gamete donation: A new form of repro‐genetic selection.Nicky Hudson, Cathy Herbrand & Lorraine Culley - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):137-144.
    With the continued expansion and commercialisation of fertility treatments, the selection and matching of donors have become more sophisticated and technologised. As part of this landscape, new form of genetic screening: ‘expanded carrier screening’ (ECS) is being offered as a technique to avoid the risk of donors passing on genetic conditions to future offspring. Allowing donors to be tested for hundreds of genetic conditions simultaneously, ECS marks a considerable departure from traditional ‘family history’ models of screening, which rely on an (...)
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  38.  18
    Loneliness as lack of solidarity: The case of Palestinians standing alone.Zohar Lederman, Tamara Kayali Browne, Liyana Kayali, Shumel Lederman & Zvika Orr - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):76-89.
    This paper explores the notion of loneliness as lack of solidarity in relations to Palestinians living in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Israel, and the diaspora. Loneliness as lack of solidarity is defined as lacking someone to identify with and/or lacking someone who is willing to assist while carrying a burden. We describe the mechanism of lack of identification using the concept of epistemic injustice. The paper suggests that art may serve as a way to mitigate this kind of loneliness, and (...)
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  39.  17
    The responsibility of bioethicists: The case study of Yemen.Zohar Lederman & Shmuel Lederman - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):67-75.
    In this article, we describe in detail the health and general living conditions resulting from the ongoing armed conflict in Yemen, including the historical and geopolitical underpinnings. In addition to mere reporting, we use Yemen as a case study to examine the responsibility of bioethicists in general. We find it unacceptable that bioethics neglects the largest humanitarian crisis taking place in the world at the moment as well as the largest Cholera outbreak in history. We argue that bioethicists should do (...)
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  40.  3
    Bioethics challenges in times of war.Julian W. März, Daniel Messelken & Nikola Biller-Andorno - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):3-4.
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  41.  8
    Double‐donor surrogacy and/or private planned adoption: A conceptual defense for aging societies.Niñoval F. Pacaol, Ehra Mae C. Meniano, Peve Ivanz P. Vero, Shimeah Rhiz A. Monge, Brad Colin S. Cagnan, Richard N. Buro, Ziegfred U. Tamayo, Elieakim G. Baguilod, James Daniel B. Corregidor & Annika Sofia N. Vasquez - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):153-154.
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  42.  21
    Generative AI in healthcare: A call for a Māori perspective.Marta Seretny, Kerry Hiini & George Laking - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):155-157.
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  43.  22
    To never exist is always best. A critique of the metaphysics of pronatalism in contemporary bioethics.Konrad Szocik - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):145-150.
    The subject of this paper is a critique of the pronatalist metaphysics that underlies bioethics and shapes the thinking and discourse on reproductive rights. The point of reference is the philosophy of antinatalism presented by Marcus T. L. Teo. Seemingly arguing in favor of antinatalism, Teo mixes antinatalist concepts with pronatalist intuitions. The consequence of combining the impossible is the restoration of negative eugenics on the one hand, and a series of contradictions on the other. The article shows that philosophical (...)
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  44.  27
    ‘Displaced in the name of Religion’: Girl child abuse and community healthcare workers' response to women crying for help in IDP camps in North Central, Nigeria.Favour Chukwuemeka Uroko & Mary Jerome Obiorah - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):41-48.
    This study examines girl child abuse in an internally displaced people's camp in north‐central Nigeria and the response of community health workers. The conflict in Benue State is caused by religious differences between the natives (Tiv people) and the invading Fulani herdsmen. During these conflicts, women and girls were displaced, and they were kept in internally displaced persons (IDPs) located in different parts of the state. Literature has been extensively written on internal displacement in Nigeria, but none has been able (...)
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  45.  12
    Advancing ethics support in military organizations by designing and evaluating a value‐based reflection tool.Eva van Baarle & Steven van Baarle - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):5-17.
    Military employees face all sorts of moral dilemmas in their work. The way they resolve these dilemmas—how they decide to act based on their moral deliberations—can have a substantial impact both on society and on their personal lives. Hence, it makes sense to support military employees in dealing with these dilemmas. Military organizations already support their personnel by adopting compliance‐based approaches that focus, for instance, on enforcing moral rules. At the same time, however, they struggle to develop value‐based approaches that (...)
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  46.  20
    Bioethical challenges in postwar development aid: The Rwandan case study.Łukasz Wiktor, Maria Damps, Grace Kansayisa, Szymon Pietrzak & Bartłomiej Osadnik - 2025 - Bioethics 39 (1):90-97.
    This article considers aspects of a development aid that provides medical support to strengthen pediatric orthopedics in Rwanda. We present part of the Afriquia foundation work, a nonprofit foundation from Poland involved in supporting the medical sector in Rwanda as a sign of global solidarity and the human right to health. The main foundation's activity is the treatment of orthopedic problems among Rwandan citizens. We present a case study of two children under the care of the Afiquia foundation. 11‐year‐old Seraphine (...)
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  47.  5
    Moral enhancement and behavioral trait variance.Brandon Long - 2025 - Bioethics:1-10.
    Proponents of moral enhancement often link certain traits to virtuous behavior but typically focus on average trait scores, neglecting individual behavioral trait variance. Behavioral trait variance refers to the range of behaviors a person exhibits within a trait, which may partly arise from genetic factors independent of mean scores. Using Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach and virtue ethics, I argue that increasing behavioral trait variance could promote moral flourishing. For example, a consistently disagreeable teacher might excel in specific contexts, like a (...)
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