In this paper, we try to show that the existing Spanish secular model should be defined in terms of collaboration. Religious freedom is interpreted by Spanish judges in a Catholic framework, as an implementation of the Second Vatican Council's Declarations and Constitutions. In this sense, the Catholic Church has managed to impose its authority through privileged agreements with the Spanish State. _Keywords:_ religious freedom, secularism, Spain, religious law.

This paper deals with a genealogy of anti-Semitism in German-speaking Europe. The starting point consists in a conceptual history of “secularisation”, from its juridical origin to its transformation into a philosophical-historical category. In this way, I bring to light the relevance of Hegel’s concept of mundanisation (Verweltlichung) in order to comprehend the specificity of the relation between Germanness and Judaism. Finally, I present some reflections on the myth of a German-Jewish symbiosis (assimilation), the emergence of sionism and the possibility of (...) a Jewish dissimilation. _Keywords:_ Jewish Question, Germany, Emancipation, Secularisation, Mundanisation, Antisemitism, Antijudaism. (shrink)

The Catholic Church provided moral and ideological support to the Franco regime from the outset. One of the elements with which the ecclesial institution counted to achieve this were the processes of beatification and canonization of the “martyrs of the Crusade”. The development of these processes accounts for the development of the ecclesial institution itself during the 20th century in Spain: from the vindication of the “martyrs of the crusade”, in the first postwar period, to the claim of their “martyrs (...) of faith” already in democracy, the Church has adapted its account of the Civil War to the conditions of each historical moment. _Keywords:_ martyrs of the crusade, martyrs of faith, processes of beatification, Spanish transition, historical memory. (shrink)

Political theology is a complex philosophical concept that should not be exclusively identified with the modern, absolutist version proposed by Schmitt in 1922. Kantorowicz proved that we can find political theology in the Middle Ages, since the divided nature of the King is the result of the process of secularization of theological concepts such as corpus mysticum. Schmitt’s final indecision (on the one hand, the historical concept of secularization; on the other hand, the image of the structural analogy between theological (...) and political discourses) turns out to be decisive to grasp postmodern versions of political theology. In the second part of this paper it will be studied how three contemporary authors (Agamben, Laclau, Badiou) come to terms with one of the two schmittian alternatives when they analyse political concepts such as sovereignty, government, antagonism, hegemony or event. _Keywords:_ Political Theology, Secularization, Corpus Mysticum, Sovereignty, Economical Theology, Government, Hegemony, Event. (shrink)

Contemporary debates on religion and secularization rest partially on the polysemy of these terms. This paper provides a short history of both and make the following claims: 1. Religion and secularization are modern concepts; 2. Secularization is a complex, diverse, plural, non teleological process; 3. Religion is a highly problematic concept, arosen in a very specific stage (XV-XIX centuries in Europe), so it is difficult to apply to other cultures and periods of time. For that reason, “religion” should be understood (...) as an analytical tool for studying social life. _Keywords:_ religion, secularization, modernity, secularity, history of religions, world religions. (shrink)

This article proposes the conception of secularization as a process of Aufhebung, logically expressible through the Hegelian dialectics. From a critical standpoint, it can lead to questioning secularization as an abstract negation of religion or as a mere mechanical separation of spheres (both in the objective respect of institutions and in the subjective one of behavior). From a pro-positive point of view, this perspective also allows us to recover elements of the religious background of politics and philosophy that are beneficial (...) to achieve a Europe united in diversity and open to otherness. Regardless of how secularization is understood, one of the main achievements of our continent’s history cannot and should not be used as a tool of exclusion and identity-based closure. _Keywords:_ Hegel, dialectics, Europe, migration, radicalism, identity, alterity. (shrink)

The question is whether a secular Europa can survive in front of the most relevant events of recent years such as jihadism, the growth of the extreme right-wing and new issues surrounding the return of religion. _Keywords:_ jihadism, religion, secularism, European model, republicanism, multiculturalism.

_Abstract _ __This article shows how the impact of the contemplation of the ruins of Palmyra leads Volney to project the exhumation of the meaning of ruins in general. The ruins then become living beings full of teachings. These include, first, those relating to equality (and freedom and justice); and also, the divinity of its author, that is, man as the unique subject of history, the romantic exaltation of beauty and a weak philosophy of history that records the terrible power (...) of evil over time and that mitigates finally with an allusion to progress and its form of future manifestation: the liberal State, which will no longer cease with time. Our discussion explores the profound contradictions of his discourse: themoralization of his vision of the ruins, which significantly distorts its meaning; the excuse for a colonial policy, which derives from its protection; the ambiguous description as barbarians of those who destroy them, applicable equally to fanatics and enlightened; the naive moralistic vision of the role of evil in history or the contrast between the end of history, embodied in the universal State of Law for which France will act as a guide, and its incisive criticism of real Europe and France. _Keywords:_ Volney, ruins, rule of law, evil, human nature, natural law, France. (shrink)

_Abstract_ The paper is treating the theme of harmonical relationship between metaphisics and science in Kantian philosophy from the point of view of the philosophical hermeneutics of Gadamer. The philosophical work of Kant had such an influence on Gadamer that without exagerating we can talk about the Kantian turning point in Gadamerian hermeneutics. Grondin, a former student of Gadamer, is talking about Kantian turning point in the field of esthetics, but in reality Kantian turning point means much more than a (...) mere change in the reception of the concept of judgement. It is a discovery of harmonical relationship between the beauty and the moral, between the reason and the sensitivity, between the modern sciences and the metaphysical tradion in the Kantian philosophy, made by Gadamer. This is what we call the Kantian turning point in Gadamerian hermeneutics. _Keywords:_ harmony, ethics, metaphysics, hermeneutics. (shrink)

_Abstract_ Heidegger has been criticized for his supposed “forgetting of the body”. However, from an attentive reading it is possible to trace an understanding of the body that, although implicit, is practically omnipresent in his thought. It is, therefore, a corporeality that determines originally the being-in-the-world -the living body- and not a physical body, an intramundane entity conceived anthropologically. In this context, the present article aims to reconstruct the Heideggerian understanding of corporeality and demonstrate its importance within the framework of (...) existential analytic. _Keywords:_ body, world, feeling, organism, prosthesis, hunger. (shrink)

_Abstract_ In this paper we will study the way in which Scriptural revelation authority is sustained in the work of John Locke. First, we will show the recurrence and centrality of the Scriptural reference as a source of moral authority. Second, we will analyze the articulation proposed between revelation and reason. Finally, we will consider the coherence between the validity of rationalistic empiricism in the Lockean epistemology and the acceptation of a revelation’s undemonstrative proof in an empiric-rational way, supported on (...) the divine provenance validated by the existence of miracles. _Keywords:_ Locke, Reason, faith, Scriptures, Latitudinarianism, Skepticism. (shrink)

_Abstract_ The treatment of moral issues in Cervantes’s literature is particularly problematic. Taking into account that Persiles is one of the author’s works that has received most critical attention thereon, we propose an approach to the work’s moral vision and configuration based on the analysis of the narrator’s statements and the characters’ voices. By means of this method, we will study the articulation in the novel of the classical framework judgment-exemplum (generality-particularity) in order to reach conclusions with regards to morals (...) _Keywords:_ Persiles, Moral, Byzantine Romance, Judgment, Case (fact), Narrator. (shrink)

_Abstract_ An attainable way to understand why we must reasonably doubt about a definite aspect of Albert Einstein´s geometric theory of gravitation, when he denies the character of force for gravity, is throughout the history of Relativity Principle and Inertial Law, from its postulation by Galileo Galilei, its rectification by Newton for the infinite space without resistance to movement, its transformation in the Special Theory of Relativity to receive the Constancy Principle of the Speed of Light, and its final role (...) in the General Theory as a way to explain gravity by means of the sole curvature of space. _Keywords:_ gravedad, inercia, movimiento, teoría, Lógica de la Representación. (shrink)

_Abstract_ Enlightenment means the conjunction of reason and autonomy, but also an attitude of comitment in the defense of justice. Nowadays we are living in a time that can be described like a crisis of civilization and it is urgent to recover and adapt some of the anthropological, cognitive, ethical and political keys of the Enlightenment in order to palliate it. Specially, it is necessary to face to these kinds of problems: the preservation of the ecological life conditions and the (...) search of truth, what involve the climate change and the manipulation of emotions by capitalism and populism. _Keywords:_ enlightenment, crisis, reason, emotion, history. (shrink)

_Abstract_ TV series are a useful and new tool when addressing philosophical issues and bringing ethical discipline closer to all kind of people, regardless of their academic background. In the American serie Hannibal, we find a trace of Friedrich Nietzsche’s ethical thoughts, as well as a manifestation in the main character of his essential principles. Hannibal reaches Nietzsche’s happiness proposal, and for all that, he could be introduced as the incarnation of the Nietzschean superman. _Keywords:_ Nietzsche, Hannibal, ethics, TV series, (...) happiness. (shrink)

_Abstract_ Constructivism is a philosophical current that manifests itself greatly within the realm of contemporary epistemology. Its bases come from the idea that knowledge is not only actively constructed by the observer but also provides a lens through which reality can be interpreted as a result of experiences. This paper traces a brief interdisciplinary curve that outlines some of the most important philosophical approaches that contributed to the consolidation of this school of thought for more than twenty-five centuries. _Keywords_: Constructivism, (...) Cybernetics, Epistemology, History of Philosophy, Perception, Reality. (shrink)

_Abstract_ The mental models theory claims that human thought is mainly semantic and consists of analyses of the possibilities that the sentences refer to. The theory has a great empirical support. However, it can be thought that, if it actually shows how the human mind works, it should be possible to find ancient texts authored by philosophers or logicians whose arguments reveal identifications and comparison of semantic possibilities. In this paper, I try to argue that, indeed, texts of that kind (...) are to be found in the ancient sources. In particular, I comment on a fragment written by Aulus Gellius in which an analysis of possibilities is clear. _Keywords:_ ancient philosophy, mental models, possibilities, reasoning, semantics. (shrink)

_Abstract_ The goal of this article is try to explain the progressive deficiencies, both theoretically and, above all, at the practical level, of the methodology of the principialist approach for the ethical analysis of the problems that arise daily in medical practice. The question is: are the ethical conflicts currently the result of poor management and poor institutional perspective? Are they inevitable in medical practice? Or are both?. _Keywords:_ principialist approach, ethical conflict, hermeneutic, bioethical analysis.

_Abstract_ Globalization extends both to the realities it includes and to those it excludes, in the latter case producing them as absences. More specifically, inside globalization there are simultaneous movements of globalization and localization that invite us to speak about glocalization, in which matrix we are not firstly producers, but consumers. The purchase becomes the backbone of society, the quintessential way of apprehending the world. __ _Keywords:_ lobalization, glocalization, compsuntion, purchase, capitalism.

_Abstract_ This article analyses two figures of the Spanish Golden Age Literature, Don Juan and Don Quixote, which involve a series of questions or problems typical of philosophy. They don´t expose a theoretical problem rather they represent it, they stage it; they are characters closed in themselves, in their madness, in their dream or solitude. This brief paper attempts to establish the relationship and the differences between Don Juan and the Quixote, as well as to expose the question of the (...) self, and the theme of melancholy represented in these characters. _Keywords:_ Melancholy, baroque, Spanish Literature, Don Juan, Don Quixote. (shrink)

_Abstract_ This paper is a critical synthesis, which makes a balance of main thought contributions that have favored the configuration of the American identity and its periodic reformulation. The thought systems are articulated, according to their transition from political theologians (such as puritans, charismatics and transcendentalists, with contributions like biblical pactism, free will, pietistic charity, manifest destiny, etc.), crossing to pragmatic philosophers (as the framers, democratizers and reconstructors, with resources like free-thinking -free-masonry & whigs-, federalism, pragmatism, etc.), until the socio-cultural (...) academics (specially, from Cultural Studies, with concepts of consensus, i.e. frontiers, exceptionalism and melting pot; as well as proposals of differential issues –as result of the brain drain: Frankfurt School, Normale-Annales, Birmingham, etc.-, with notions of class, status and social conflict, ethnic cultural metameres, gender constructs, etc.). The study moves until the current crisis, without generally accepted solutions and under the trans-Western risk. _Keywords:_ Philosophical History, identity, crisis, United States of America (USA), trans-Western risk. (shrink)

_Abstract_ In this work we study the treatment of F. Brentano over the agent intellect in three of his works. We conclude that, for him, it is an immaterial and non-cognitive ‘power’ of the human soul, an ‘active force’ not pre-existent to it, but subsisting with it post-mortem; Its role is abstractive, not activation of the possible intellect, reason or intelligence. _Keywords:_ F. Brentano, agent intellect, psychology, non-cognitive immaterial power of the human soul.