Throughout history, humanity has sought security—first in submission to supernatural powers in preindustrial times, and later, in the pursuit of knowledge in modern times. Yet history, with all its suffering, has shown that both approaches are flawed. In this work, I argue that true security can only be ensured through the development of a healthy and creative intelligence, understood as an active agent of human life. Thus, intelligence, rather than knowledge, is fundamental. Intelligence is interactive; it develops through human interactions (...) with one another and with nature. Instead of viewing intelligence as an individual attribute—particularly one reserved for elites—I emphasize its collective nature: everyone contributes to its development, for better or worse. As an agent of creative freedom, intelligence cannot be strictly defined—just like freedom itself. However, I characterize it through five constitutive creative powers (CCP) and three dimensions, all closely interdependent. Because of their strong interconnection, I refer to these five creative powers as “the creative hand,” with each power represented by a different finger: • The index finger symbolizes curiosity or the driving energy of intelligence. • The middle finger represents communication through structured signs. • The ring finger embodies subsidiary symbiosis, or the ability to coexist. • The pinkie finger stands for the spirit of inquiry and research. • The thumb represents freedom—the most distinct and powerful creative force of intelligence. Additionally, depending on which of these powers is prioritized, intelligence unfolds in three dimensions: 1) The functional dimension (the how), which has become dominant in modern times. 2) The axiological dimension (the what), concerned with meaning and values. 3) The liberating dimension, which embodies intelligence as an agent of freedom. The purpose of this article is not merely to expand the reader’s knowledge of human intelligence. Since intelligence is an active agent, what truly matters is correcting its current dysfunctions—inequalities, wars, ecological crises, and other social ills. Addressing these issues requires a sustained and attentive observation of how the creative hand and the three dimensions of intelligence actually function, free from preconceived judgments. My hope is that this mature intelligence—through both observation and action—will lead to a socially healthy intelligence. Ultimately, the exercise of the creative hand and the three dimensions of intelligence in harmonic interdependence is the foundation of human wisdom. (shrink)

Duncan Reid’s book is a timely piece on the developing field of Australian Indigenous theology. The key is listening to uncover what is unspoken, inasmuch as it is a path to uncovering implicit meaning. Reid derives this meaning theologically. It can help “save Australia”. The approach noted by Reid is helpful in looking beyond analytic approaches to thought. This requires balance: as a reduction to identity politics, but as an ontological belonging, an opening into new knowledge, such as with fire (...) management practice. Reid considers the possible correlation with Eastern Christianity and its reverence for the sense of place, which lends itself to John Chryssavgis’s approach to the desert, metanoia, and a fundamental anthropology. The result is an expansion of insight that contributes to ontological and anthropological discourse. (shrink)

The universe created humanity. Humans possess perception and feeling. They have subjective consciousness and have created language, words, numerical information tools, coordinate systems, and science. Humanity exists, feeling both the utmost happiness and the deepest suffering in the universe. As humanity becomes increasingly formidable, its existence form, through material philosophy thought, emerges as a primary threat to its survival. Only by living and existing can humanity study and understand what matter, existence, and humanity truly are. This paper discusses the origin (...) of humanity. This discussion requires philosophical reflection on the origin of the universe, inspiring humanity’s understanding of itself, the universe, matter, and existence. The discussion is based on “The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon 黄帝内经.” In this way, we can further enlighten and think about solving the theoretical contradiction between quantum mechanics and relativity theory with the philosophical principle of the cosmic origin. (shrink)

This paper examines the concept of a "good death" through various philosophical lenses. It deconstructs traditional ethical frameworks, including deontological, utilitarian, and virtue ethics approaches, revealing their limitations in addressing the deeply personal nature of death. The essay argues for a perspective that views death as a final act of self-affirmation and meaning making. It explores historical conceptions of honorable death and challenges conventional morality. The paper concludes that a "good death" transcends universal principles or utilitarian calculations, instead resonating with (...) personal meaning and purpose. It asserts that such a death reflects the culmination of an authentically lived life, affirming individual sovereignty and leaving a lasting legacy. (shrink)

The Western model of modernization has become the new dogmatism, and we should oppose it from the actual situation of China to go our own way in the practice of the Chinese path to modernization. The dogmatism is also called bookism. It means that theory is divorced from practice. Oppose Bookism is a book that criticizes dogmatism by Marxist method, which was written by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse Tung, 1893-1976). This article explores the position of this book in Mao Zedong (...) Thought from the perspective of the sinicization of Marxist philosophy. As far as I’m concerned, influenced by the academic tradition of Neo-Confucianism in Hunan, he emphasizes the dialectical unity between theory and praxis. Through his investigation of the social situation in China, he realizes that correct understanding comes from actual investigation. Therefore, this work, Oppose Bookism, discusses the relationship between theory and practice from the perspective of combining the universal principles of Marxism with the Chinese revolution and traditional Chinese culture, and summarizes the revolutionary experience. Later, On Practice and On Contradiction have elaborated in depth the relationship between theory and practice. Therefore, practically speaking, it marks the beginning of China’s own revolutionary path, and theoretically speaking, it is the beginning of the sinicization of Marxist philosophy. This provides methodological guidance for the Chinese path to modernization in the new era. (shrink)

Ever since Aristotle proposed the definition of truth, people have not stopped discerning the concept of truth. Different from the traditional correspondence theory of truth, the modern understanding of the concept of truth emphasizes the role of justification. In the context of pragmatism, Bernstein agrees with the role of justification in understanding truth and appreciates Rorty’s cautionary usage of truth to advance the work of understanding truth, but at the same time, proposes that the concept of truth contains the dimension (...) of normative power, and it is this dimension that allows truth to avoid both metaphysical accusations and relativist reproaches while retaining the positive meaning of justification. From the correspondence theory of truth to the regulative ideal, to the cautionary usage, and finally, to the normative power, people continue to deepen their understanding of the concept of truth by means of criticism of criticism. (shrink)

The Probabilistic Spacetime Theory (PST) was first referenced in 2020 and published in complete form in 2021. The theory exists to facilitate developments in modern cosmology through specific predictive and explanatory assertions, both to drive and interpret research discoveries. This article describes an extensive appraisal of the theory’s demonstrated predictive accuracy and explanatory efficacy during its 3.5-year lifetime. The theory was found to have forecasted multiple astrophysical and cosmological findings such as black hole expansion without mass, gravity without mass, an (...) excess degree of muon precession beyond the Standard Model prediction, and the self-interaction of so-called “dark matter”. Research outcomes concerning the Hubble tension were also predicted and explicated. Additionally, the PST was found to offer explanations concerning many baffling observations, including the existence of primordial supermassive black holes, the ubiquitous existence of magnetism, and unexpected heat in intergalactic hydrogen clouds. Enigmatic high-profile theoretical issues were also addressed by the PST, including the black hole information paradox, black holes without a singularity, and the final parsec problem. Overall, the theory seems to have demonstrated substantial predictive and explanatory utility during its short lifetime. To facilitate further testing of the PST, predictions of current studies’ outcomes are offered. (shrink)

Surfaces have been much studied, but no consensus has been reached about the actual physical nature of the surface of a three-dimensional, mind-independent physical object. I analyze, from a common sense or “folk” perspective, the surface of a physically-extended simple in a space containing no other objects. From this, I propose the novel idea that a surface is not a part of an object or its outside but instead is made of two components: 1) the object as a unit whole, (...) or a unity, which acts as a barrier to 2) the outside space next to the object. I further propose that if there is no pre-existing outside space, the process of grouping zero or more things together into a new unit whole and physical object creates one with the grouping/unit-wholeness acting as a barrier to that newly created outside. A second test case containing 3 components and an observer is used to defend the hypothesis that a new outside space is created by the grouping process. When combined with a previously published example of an extended simple containing nothing inside, the two-part surface hypothesis suggests a process by which this simple can undergo self-replication leading to a Big Bang-like expansion of space. This offers a possible solution to an important question in philosophy: How do you start with one or a few fundamental existent entities and end up with the many contingent entities we see in the universe around us? (shrink)

This paper starts by reviewing how little we understand, rationally, about oxygen and about the way we breathe generally, and how we moved from using gills to lungs. The central flaw in 2) scientific reasoning is that overinsistence on tangible “solutions” has led to neglect of the vital distinguishing feature of homo sapiens—the mind. Once 3) rational reasoning is brought centre stage, some of its intrinsic defects are reviewed. Using these points, 4) irrational reasoning is then considered, especially in relation (...) to other contrary, or apparently uncooperative characteristics. 5) Breuer’s breakthrough is presented as shining a brilliant light on where irrationality itself comes from—and stresses the inability of the sufferer to recall the horrendous event which induced it in the first place. Further, it points to rehabilitating the medical word “cure”. More controversially, 6) irrational psychiatry points out that the leading psychiatric textbook attempts, quite explicitly, to distance itself from the very existence of mind itself, with predictable dire sequelae. In conclusion, the role deceit and lies play in 7) irrational planning is briefly reviewed. (shrink)

The problem of revolutionary subjects has always been a core problem within Marxist philosophy. In the classical Marxist philosophy, the revolutionary subject is naturally endowed with the working class, and the working class was identified as the bourgeois gravedigger. However, in the post-war capitalist society, the working class’s living conditions greatly improved, forcing many Marxists to rethink the revolutionary subject. Many studies on the subject of revolution have emerged. The aim of this research is to sort out these theories and (...) conduct a systematic study. (shrink)

This paper presents the two opposing viewpoints for studying organizational culture and clarifies the lack they contain through understanding the philosophies encompassing them. We have verified that this discussion between the two perspectives is a discussion between positivists and interpretivists. We believe that critical realism philosophy provides a way out of the controversy by presenting its ontology that is characterized by structure, difference, and change and by standing against the reduction of ontology to, or its dissolution in, epistemology. This ensures (...) both an in-depth study of the organizational culture and the develop sound contributions to theoretical development without overselling the notion of generalizability. In doing so, this article outlines Schein’s three levels of analysis for studying organizational culture and framing it using critical realism philosophy. (shrink)

The previous three articles have discussed scientific ontology, resolving the contradictions between quantum mechanics and relativity using the cosmic origin philosophical framework, and interpreting the principles of natural philosophy through physics. Aristotle established material philosophy and material science, relegating the philosophical concepts of cosmic ontology and the cosmic origin to metaphysics and theology. As a result, philosophy was divided into first philosophy and second philosophy as scientific considerations. When material science developed into the ontology of the universe, able to explain (...) the cosmic origin principle, a major issue arose: after 2500 years of development, humanity has only grasped the meaning of “matter.” Yet, what are “energy” and “information”? We still haven’t figured that out. Modern physics has brought both benefits and contradictions to humanity. To resolve these contradictions, we need to redefine the scientific consideration of “philosophy” and its philosophical concepts. This article continues to explore the contradictions between quantum mechanics and relativity using the principles of cosmic origin, reflecting on the basic concepts of philosophy and human thought. (shrink)

Space and time are linguistic, words, and numerical descriptions that humans use to represent the domains and processes of human and material existence. They form the fundamental questions of human philosophical thought. Some 2500 years ago, the philosophy of the cosmic origins contemplated space and the existence within it. Aristotle’s philosophy of matter pulled human philosophical inquiry down from the heavens to the earth, initiating the exploration of material philosophy and material science (Russell, 2017). This shift set aside the concept (...) of space and the existence within space, treating time as a concrete existence (Liu, 2025a). Leaving behind the trap of Aristotelian material philosophy. Humanity then marched forward, probing into material science and material philosophy, until the advent of modern science—quantum mechanics and relativity—reached the pinnacle of material science. The resulting “theoretical contradictions” in these modern theories forced a renewed consideration of space and time. Humans have defined the terms “space” and “time,” but without clarifying what space and time truly are, we cannot resolve these theoretical contradictions in modern physics. This will hinder scientific progress and affect our understanding of existence and survival. Building upon six articles published in the UK discussing cosmic origins (Liu, 2024a) and five articles published in the US on the “theoretical contradictions” of quantum mechanics and relativity, as well as the author’s previously published books and all related articles (please see all the references), this paper continues the inquiry into these fundamental philosophical issues that humanity has created, Resolving the “theoretical contradiction” between quantum mechanics and relativity. (shrink)

Quantum mechanics and relativity spurred the Third Industrial Revolution, presenting no contradictions in applied engineering but significant theoretical discord. The electronic computer, another major achievement of this era, transformed humanity through the rise of information networks, marking information science as another critical outcome of the revolution. Matter transforms into energy, energy into matter, and mechanics serve as profound conduits for information, even enabling the creation of robots. Modern physics now faces interpretative divides, having seemingly overlooked philosophy and information science’s foundational (...) roles. Human intellect, while reaching new heights through material philosophy, finds itself tangled in confusion. Has science achieved the apex of thought, or does it face an intellectual dead end? This question hints at a revolutionary awakening in human thought. This paper delves deeply into these questions by analyzing and reflecting on the “Scientific Cosmological Ontology,” “Modern Physical Philosophy Framework,” “The Physical Principles of Natural Philosophy,” and “Reflections on the Philosophy of Science.”. (shrink)

Information is the reduction of uncertainty, and uncertainty is equivalent to entropy. Thus, information is negative entropy. Concepts from information theory can be used to analyse physiological and psychological processes and to probe the nature of abstract ideas such as consciousness and vitality. A previously published model of the Universe indicates that it consists of charge and entropy. Since entropy is energy, then charge and energy are enough to explain the whole of nature. The building blocks of molecules (neutrons, protons (...) and electrons) are formed of negative entropy. Complex high information systems (also negative entropy) lead to living organisms and eventually to complex multicellular organisms that are both vital and conscious. Most of the Universe is a void (maximum entropy) but there are tiny foci, such as the surface of the earth, which are information rich. Everything on the earth is composed of negative entropy—from the simplest physical structure to the most complex product of human thought. There is no fundamental difference between mind and matter. (shrink)

Electromagnetic energy is one of the most common types of energy mastered by mankind, which is widely used in all spheres of human existence. But to our great surprise, there is still no solid explanation of its physical nature, the nature of electric current, nor the physical nature of its generation, distribution, and use of electric current. A number of their key properties are also not known. There is no scientific interpretation of the physical nature of electromagnetic energy, and the (...) nature of electric current. Although these are related natural phenomena, they are different in nature. Therefore, today it is strictly necessary to provide scientific coverage of these gaps, which will offer ample opportunities for the correct interpretation of their nature, as well as the improvement of technologies for both the production of electricity and the use of magnetic energy in general. Based on the proposed theory of a single energy body, the topic of philosophical rethinking of the physical nature of matter, especially its components—matter and energy, is extremely relevant in this context. The Universe is unified and self-sufficient. All laws in there apply in the same way without any exception. Energy, being the mover and driver of all processes in nature, as well as the means of action of Newtonian force, dictates all laws of the Universe and governs all processes in nature. There is no single process anywhere that has taken place without the effective influence of energy. (shrink)

The paper presents an effort to connect two ideas that are underrated in Derek Parfit’s analysis of David Wiggins’ split-brain thought experiment. Firstly, it argues that the original person, whose brain is divided, survives as only one of the two human beings obtained by the division. For Parfit, it seems hopelessly hard to determine which one of the two is the initial person. The second idea is the unity of consciousness. For Parfit, the best-known approach to the idea is Cartesianism, (...) where the Cartesian Ego provides the unity in question. Therefore, he poses a dilemma between the Cartesian Ego concept and his view that consciousness is like a river and unity plays no role in survival. The paper explores the notion that, firstly, only one person could survive the split-brain experiment proposed by Wiggins; secondly, that the unity of consciousness plays a fundamental role in personal identity over time; and thirdly, that it does not engage with the Cartesian Ego concept, but instead, with the concept of the epiphenomenal self. (shrink)

Apart from the knowledge of specialists in the field of Islamic law, the perception of Islamic law, for the most part, is that of a law with no structure and, therefore, no logical consistency. This depiction is often theorized by using the term Kadijustiz. In this essay, I seek to undermine this view and propose that Islamic legal theorists developed a systematic process of employing formal logic in Islamic law. I argue that these arguments exist, were negotiated regarding the nuances (...) of their form and modes of applicability, and were utilized in concrete cases in books of Islamic legal theory. By formal logic, I am referring to inferential forms of reasoning. The paper is divided into two main parts: first, I describe the notion of Kadijustiz and offer objections to this view. Second, I explain the primary arguments that fall under the category of qiyas. These include, broadly, deduction, induction, and legal analogy. My hope is that this essay contributes to the appreciation of Islamic Law as a rigorous legal system and serves as a reference for some of the modes of thinking and processes of legal reasoning when engaging with Islamic law. (shrink)

The Measurement problem and Non-locality are classical problems in Quantum Mechanics and still unsolved in spite of the many proposed solutions. A new interpretation is proposed here, based on the idea that they are closely related problems. But it requires that we consider space and time not as objective mediums but as features of our representation of reality, as Kant explained more than two centuries ago.