In this paper, I analyse EE I 6, where Aristotle presented a famous methodological digression. Many interpreters have taken this chapter as advocating a dialectical procedure of enquiry. My claim is that Aristotle does not keep a dialectical attitude towards endoxa or phainomena in this chapter. In order to accomplish my goal, I shall show that EE I 6 does not provide enough evidence for the dialectical construal of it, and that this construal, in turn, hangs on some assumptions brought (...) out from other Aristotelian works (EN and Top.), which do not provide good evidence as well. By the analysis of these assumptions, I intend to show that Aristotle is not carrying out any sort of dialectic, especially dialectic conceived as conceptual analysis seeking the salvage of phainomena or endoxa. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is an attempt to delimitate what the dialectical syllogism looks like in Aristotle’s Topics. Aristotle never gave an example of a dialectical syllogism, but we have some clues spread over books I and VIII of the Topics which make it possible to understand at least what within a dialectical debate is a dialectical syllogism. The interpretation advanced here distinguishes the logical order of the dialectical argumentation from the order of the debate. This distinction enables us (...) to have a better understand of what is and how the dialectical syllogism is identified in the debate. In addition, we can solve some interpretative difficulties other interpretations could not solve, and have a more solid grasp of how endoxa are used in a dialectical debate. (shrink)

En este texto abordamos la problemática de las fuentes existentes y sus metodologías de análisis para el estudio de las grandes revueltas de esclavos de la República romana. Nuestro objetivo consiste en dilucidar cuáles son los diferentes tipos de fuentes que disponemos y sus estados de conservación; señalar las dificultades y posibilidades heurísticas que presentan; y analizarlas desde un punto de vista historiográfico. Si bien la mayoría de ellas, y las literarias en su totalidad, provienen de la élite ciudadana, y, (...) en consecuencia, expresan el punto de vista de los vencedores, hostil a la revuelta servil, e implican parcialidad, distorsión y ocultamiento en el registro histórico, argumentamos que no conviene exagerar su sesgo como un factor limitante del conocimiento de los hechos. Pues, por una parte, resulta posible extraer de las fuentes narrativas información valiosa sobre los esclavos rebeldes; por otra, también se conservan algunas fuentes materiales elaboradas por estos últimos. Todo lo cual nos permite al menos vislumbrar la visión de los vencidos. (shrink)

This article focuses on scientific integrity and the identification of predisposing factors to scientific misconduct in Brazil. Brazilian scientific production has increased in the last ten years, but the quality of the articles has decreased. Pressure on researchers and students for increasing scientific production may contribute to scientific misconduct. Cases of misconduct in science have been recently denounced in the country. Brazil has important institutions for controlling ethical and safety aspects of human research, but there is a lack of specific (...) offices to investigate suspected cases of misconduct and policies to deal with scientific dishonesty. (shrink)

Este trabajo aborda la comprensión que A. Ardao desarrolla sobre el espacio y su primacía con respecto al tiempo. En otros términos, el tiempo como subsidiario del espacio, así como la razón en cuanto subsidiaria de la inteligencia. Esta misma inversión categorial fundamenta la ocupación que nuestro autor asigna al ejercicio del filosofar latinoamericano como una tarea afincada en una geografía concreta, delimitada por parámetros culturales y protagonizada por un sujeto que no es una sustancia racional, sino un ente biofísico (...) en quien se clausura la historia como geo-historia y se da paso al desarrollo de una astro-historia a partir de la conquista del espacio exterior. (shrink)

This book is dedicated to clarify ambiguous concepts from the world of creativity and innovation. One of the initial triggers for the development of the book was the perceived ambiguity of the binomials Design vs. Design Thinking and Innovation vs. Invention. Frequently, designers and innovation consultants are questioned by their clients about the relationships between these kind of concepts. Has the second emerged through the first, or vice-verse? Is one part of the other? Where are the similarities and which are (...) the differences? This conceptual incomprehension makes itself noticeable between many ambiguous concepts in the world of innovation and creativity. What is the difference between Radical and Disruptive Innovation? Or is Social Innovation the same as Social Intervention? And regarding Creativity, are Creativity and Creative Thinking the same? In this book the reader will find answers to these kinds of questions and doubts. 28 authors from 10 different countries and cultural backgrounds are questioning current definitions and perceptions, by comparing different sources and ideas, or simply by giving their personal opinions. Some of the authors have an academic background, others a practical one, being either entrepreneurs, working with innovation in companies, or being innovation/design consultants. (shrink)

A obra cultural, política e social de Leonardo Coimbra é a temática principal deste livro. De permeio é dada nota dos grandes traços e momentos da história da Primeira República Portuguesa, isso na justa dimensão em que tal ajuda à contextualização e melhor compreensão do objecto principal. O estudo desta extraordinária e multifacetada personalidade – filósofo, homem de ciência, escritor, orador exímio, pedagogo, político – e a análise da sua relação crítica com os poderes instituídos durante o período histórico em (...) apreço, dá-nos conta da enorme distância entre os projectos e intenções do movimento republicano e a obra social efectivamente conseguida pelo regime, ao mesmo tempo que se retratam as vicissitudes e os condicionamentos que a um tal resultado conduziram. Republicano de todas as horas, Leonardo nunca deixou de verberar no republicanismo aquilo que considerava serem erros de essência e de forma, desde os postulados positivistas até às lutas fratricidas em que, insensatamente, se empenharam os filhos da República. Mas também a sua palavra, celebrando momentos de heroicidade, de união, de glória, sobretudo um tributo ao povo republicano, ao povo humilde das grandes cidades, que tão abnegadamente amou a República e por ela se bateu. Uma chamada de atenção para um trajecto espiritual percorrido por esta figura de livre-pensador que, pouco a pouco, se foi aproximando de um cristianismo católico, acabando por se converter oficialmente a esta fé, uma semana antes da sua trágica morte. Fica-nos, por fim, o conhecimento da obra cultural de Leonardo e a perpetuação da mesma, primeiramente através de uma geração de discípulos que, de perto, privou com o Mestre e depois os discípulos dos discípulos, ou seja, uma segunda geração de seguidores, todos unidos pela figura e pelo legado cultural de Leonardo Coimbra, a quem alguém chamou, com felicidade, “Mestre dos Mestres”. (shrink)

Nesse artigo, eu procuro mostrar que a leitura tradicional que atribui um procedimento dialético à abordagem aristotélica da acrasia, em Ética Nicomaquéia VII 1-3 provoca um sério problema interpretativo ao tentar compatibilizar a posição socrática acerca da acrasia e os phanomena. Primeiramente, tento mostrar, baseando-me numa análise de Tópicos I 1-2, que o procedimento metodológico, em EN VII 1 1145b2-7, não se caracteriza como dialético. Em segundo lugar, proponho uma leitura em que Aristóteles, passo a passo refuta a tese socrática (...) que nega a existência da acrasia, uma vez que esse tese não é contada entre os phainomena que se quer preservar. (shrink)

This article examined the personal profiles of the Heads of Government of countries in South/North America and how they communicated with their audiences on institutional measures to contain COVID-19. Analyses were carried out on data collected from Twitter from November-2019 to November-2020. This study includes: i)quantitative analysis, measuring categories and emphases in the communication of tweets, retweets, likes, and comments on matters relevant to the pandemic; ii)qualitative analysis that allowed evaluating speeches to identify political interference and the effectiveness of communication (...) at critical moments of the pandemic. It was possible to infer that each president has his singularities and understanding about Social Media’s use as a more direct communication tool with his audience. It was also found that successful communication is not directly proportional to the volume of messages on Twitter, but to socio-political aspects and institutional leadership that can make a difference in Social Media in combating COVID-19. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 In 1802 Hegel publishes in Jena “On the Relationship of Skepticism to Philosophy”. This article has the objective of criticizing the skepticism of Gottlob Ernst Schulze. The accomplishment of that critic will demand from Hegel the review of some fundamental aspects of the ancient skepticism. It treats here of reconsidering Hegel’s interpretation of the ancient skepticism, starting from that critic to the modern skepticism of Schulze.

A contradição é um conceito central para que se compreenda o desenvolvimento dialético da filosofia de Hegel. Desde a Antiguidade é debatido pelos filósofos se a contradição seria ou não uma anomalia a ser combatida quando se pensa na possibilidade da constituição de um discurso acerca das coisas e qual o seu alcance. No que se refere a Hegel, a contradição não está presente apenas no domínio dos conceitos, mas também na natureza. O que pretendemos aqui é apreender o significado (...) dessa contradição na natureza e do conceito de movimento que dela deriva. Para tanto, primeiro acompanharemos certos aspectos dessa temática no debate de Hegel com alguns autores da Antiguidade e a seguir trataremos da exposição hegeliana do mesmo tema na Filosofia da Natureza da Enciclopédia a partir da dedução do conceito de tempo. The contradiction is a central concept in order to understand the dialectical development of Hegel's philosophy. Since ancient times is debated by philosophers if the contradiction would or wouldn’t be an anomaly to be fought when considering the possibility of setting up a speech about things and what its scope is. With regard to Hegel, the contradiction is not only present in the field of concepts, but also in the nature. What we intend here is to grasp the significance of this contradiction in the nature and the concept of movement derived from it. For this, first we will follow certain aspects of this theme in Hegel’s discussion with some authors of antiquity and then dealing with the hegelian exposition of the same theme in the Philosophy of Nature of the Encyclopaedia from the deduction of the concept of time. (shrink)

Tomando como marco de referencia la filosofía crítica kantiana, el artículo se plantea la cuestión del progreso moral de la humanidad. En primer lugar, examina las dificultades que en el contexto de tal filosofía presenta la pretensión de avanzar algo en lo moral. A continuación, aborda la posible contradicción existente entre la idea de progreso y la adscripción kantiana de lo moral al ámbito nouménico. Considera las diferentes alusiones que en la obra kantiana se encuentran en defensa de la tesis (...) que defiende el progreso moral del género humano, examinando los argumentos a favor y en contra de ellas. Finalmente, establece el estatus que debe tener en el contexto kantiano de reflexión la anticipación del posible progreso moral de la humanidad y la manera como éste habría de producirse. (shrink)

The purpose of this study is to examine how workgroup diversity can be managed through specific strategic human resource management systems. Our review shows that ‘affirmative action’ and traditional ‘diversity management’ approaches have failed to simultaneously achieve business and social justice outcomes of diversity. As previous literature has shown, the benefits of diversity cannot be achieved with isolated interventions. To the contrary, a complete organizational culture change is required, in order to promote appreciation of individual differences. The paper contributes to (...) this discussion by exploring the implications of this change for human resource management, and explaining how the systems of practices should be changed when they are directed to diverse groups. The model designed to test this notion includes: (1) demographic and human capital diversity as independent variables, (2) group performance (measured as innovation outcomes) as the dependent variable and, (3) the orientation of the strategic human resource management system as a potential moderator of this relationship. The main conclusion of the empirical analysis developed is that different patterns of human resource management practices can be used, depending on the type of diversity that the organization faces, and the specific effects that it wishes to manage. Concretely, three alternative management systems are identified in this paper, with different moderating effects. This result has interesting implications for human resource management professionals, explained in the last section. The limitations of this study are also discussed, as well as some issues that future research in this field should address. (shrink)

El presente trabajo intenta mostrar el modo en que Tomás de Aquino tematiza el vicio de la acedia como taedium operandi en la Summa Theologiae II-II, q. 35. Para ello, se procederá en la recuperación, y consecuente análisis, de los elementos tanto sistemáticos cuanto doctrinales sobre cuya base el Aquinate desarrolla esta temática.

Para que se compreenda a crítica de Hegel a Kant em _Crença e saber_, artigo publicado pelo filósofo no _Jornal Crítico de Filosofia_, editado em conjunto com Schelling, retomaremos inicialmente no escrito sobre a _Diferença_ o primeiro esboço da exposição hegeliana daquilo que pare ele constitui a tarefa filosófica, de modo que ela dê conta das cisões originadas pela cultura filosófica moderna. O ponto de vista filosófico de Hegel no artigo está apoiado nesse texto. A seguir, reconstituiremos o contexto da (...) criação do _Jornal Crítico_, as diretrizes a serem atendidas pela crítica filosófica e expostas no artigo introdutório do _Jornal_, para só então abordar os traços gerais da crítica às filosofias da reflexão e, por fim, a crítica de Hegel a Kant. Com respeito a esta, procura o filósofo tanto apontar aquilo que há de limitado no projeto filosófico crítico, quanto aquilo que pode ser considerado um prenúncio da autêntica especulação filosófica. (shrink)

Cualquier acción, necesidad de obtención de datos, estrategia u objetivo relacionados con los que los ciudadanos opinan, desean y demandan, debe comenzar por el conocimiento y análisis de la realidad social en la que todo eso se pretenda llevara a cabo. Para ello no basta un conocimiento meramente aproximativo, por ensayo y error, a golpes de intuición, experiencias subjetivas, observación vulgar, o simple suma de opiniones. Bien lo saben los responsables de marketing de las empresas, para quienes los estudios de (...) mercado constituyen una herramienta imprescindible. (shrink)

El presente trabajo intenta mostrar de qué manera Plotino refuta la noción aristotélica del tiempo como «número» o «medida del movimiento», cuáles son las aporías que plantea, cómo las compulsa con sus propios argumentos y qué soluciones propone con respecto a esa misma confrontación. Todo esto será encauzado a partir de un estudio descriptivo y analítico, acompañado de una lectura a la vez hermenéutica y crítica de los textos seleccionados para esta ocasión.

Este trabajo se propone examinar algunas características de la máscara del coquus en el corpus plautino. En primer término, se estudia el modo en que este personaje, a partir de las referencias al castigo físico y a la pasividad sexual, es construido como un cuerpo subordinado al servicio de otros. Luego, se consideran sus apariciones como ladrón y como proveedor de placeres corporales. Proponemos que la forma en que los cocineros son representados en la palliata de Plauto pone en evidencia (...) el vínculo que la axiología republicana establece entre actores sociales subalternos, corporalidad y amenaza a los mores maiorum. This paper examines some characteristics of the coquus mask in the plautine corpus. First, we study how this character, from references to physical punishment and sexual passivity, is built as a subordinate body to the service of others. Then, we consider his appearances as a thief and a provider of bodily pleasures. We propose that the way cooks are represented in Plautus' palliata shows us the link established by Republican axiology between subaltern social actors, body and threat to mores maiorum. (shrink)

This article analises the philosophical principles of the interpretation made by Hans-Georg Gadamer about the phenomenon called “historic-comprehension”. In order to this objective,it is proposed a critical dialogue between the gadamerian hermeneutic and Hegel´s philosophy. First, the author ..

Desde el punto de vista no solo historiográfico sino también _topológico_, atendiendo a la hermenéutica textual que se desprende de las _Enéadas_, este trabajo pretende mostrar que el pensamiento de Plotino representa la primera respuesta racionalmente satisfactoria a la irrupción histórica sin precedentes del principio de la _diferencia absoluta_, establecido ya en el _Evangelio según San Juan_. La trascendencia del Uno-Bien evidencia otro ámbito histórico y filosófico que no pertenece ya al modo griego de comprender la naturaleza metafísica de la (...) verdad. En Plotino, la verdad cobra la forma de una _operatio_, pues ella infunde en el alma un amor que la mueve hacia la unión infinita. Esta noción de la verdad se aproxima más a las contribuciones posteriores a Plotino y constituye, por ende, un punto de partida solvente para la reflexión teológica ulterior sobre la trascendencia divina y la dependencia causal del ente en el orden del ser. Para el logro de los fines propuestos, se utiliza un registro descriptivo y analítico, junto con una lectura crítica tanto de las fuentes como de la bibliografía especializada. (shrink)

Estas reflexiones son una síntesis de la investigación que personalmente ha llevado a cabo, ayudado por especialistas y estudiosos del tema, patrocinada por la Fundación santa María y publicada en uno de sus cuadernos con el título: "La potencialidad educativa de la música". En este trabajo se recogen datos y opiniones de unos 2000 alumnos, varias decenas de profesores y especialistas, así como de intérpretes musicales, compositores, directores de coros y miembros de agrupaciones corales. La investigación, de gran amplitud y (...) estructurada a partir de técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas, fue presentada en el congreso que reunió el pasado mayo en Madrid a 700 profesores de Música de centros educativos españoles, titulado: "Música en el aula, todo un arte". (shrink)

Podemos afirmar de modo fundamental que a crítica de Jacobi à filosofia deriva de seu afastamento do sensível em direção à constituição de verdades cada vez mais abstratas e passíveis de demonstração. Com isso a filosofia apenas conseguiu gerar disputas a respeito do que ela seja, sem conseguir demonstrar qual posição filosófica deu conta da tarefa e que terminam por levar à perda de confiança no empreendimento, ou em outras palavras, levar ao ceticismo. Trata-se aqui de, sem desconsiderar a influência (...) da filosofia do senso comum de Thomas Reid, além em certa medida também da influência de Hume, como Jacobi procura sair desse impasse a partir do modo como compreende a noção de crença. (shrink)

La mentoría como programa de formación en el inicio de la vida profesional del docente principiante se presenta como una oportunidad para la mejora de la calidad de las instituciones educativas y de sus agentes. Al mismo tiempo, revierte sobre la comunidad y el territorio donde se ubica. En contextos reconocidos como vulnerables se necesitan agentes educativos vocacionales y con un alto nivel de resiliencia, y con una meta clara: formar a personas plenas que contribuyan con su sentir, ser y (...) hacer al desarrollo de la comunidad en la que habitan. (shrink)

In Brazil, induced abortion in adolescents has been frequent in less-advantaged socioeconomic classes, and the vulnerability of these adolescents has not been addressed. Given this context, the present study sought to investigate the relationship between the practice of abortion and vulnerability in adolescents. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 201 adolescents who completed a structured questionnaire that allowed the analysis of variables with respect to intent to abort. The profile of the pregnant adolescents in the sample studied was the (...) following: average age, 16.1 years; stable partner; mulatas; did not use condoms during sexual relations; precocious with respect to their first sexual relations; and did not plan the pregnancy. According to the classification of the World Health Organization, 81.59% of the subjects‘ abortions were known to be induced. Twenty-one were vulnerable to induced abortion; of these, 13 reported forced sexual intercourse, of whom 8 reported that they had suffered associated violence. These results indicate that sexual violence and unwanted pregnancy subject adolescents to a context of greater vulnerability to induced abortion. Thus, it is suggested that this relationship should be considered from the perspective of bioethics and human rights, but always respecting the cultural values of the society in which the adolescents live, as well as their human dignity. (shrink)

SARS and monkeypox have given the public health community a unique opportunity to examine the use of quarantine measures. Until recently, the word “quarantine”was not used in polite conversation, and evoked unsavory images. The recent SARS epidemic illustrated the important role of quarantine and isolation as a public health response to communicable disease.As public health officials in Toronto began to take control of the SARS epidemic, a second wave of the disease emerged. In the first SARS epidemic, approximately 8,200 individuals (...) were isolated. There were approximately 82 probable cases, 66 suspect cases, and 24 deaths. On May 22, 2003, SARS II emerged. In total, approximately 13,000 people were quarantined. SARS II saw the onset of difficult questions being asked about the control and spread of SARS.The province of Ontario establishes the public health policies and legislative framework for the entire province. (shrink)

SARS and monkeypox have given the public health community a unique opportunity to examine the use of quarantine measures. Until recently, the word “quarantine”was not used in polite conversation, and evoked unsavory images. The recent SARS epidemic illustrated the important role of quarantine and isolation as a public health response to communicable disease.As public health officials in Toronto began to take control of the SARS epidemic, a second wave of the disease emerged. In the first SARS epidemic, approximately 8,200 individuals (...) were isolated. There were approximately 82 probable cases, 66 suspect cases, and 24 deaths. On May 22, 2003, SARS II emerged. In total, approximately 13,000 people were quarantined. SARS II saw the onset of difficult questions being asked about the control and spread of SARS.The province of Ontario establishes the public health policies and legislative framework for the entire province. (shrink)

The free-energy principle (FEP) builds on an assumption that sensor–motor loops exhibit Markov blankets in stationary state. We argue that there is rarely reason to assume a system's internal and external states are conditionally independent given the sensorimotor states, and often reason to assume otherwise. However, under mild assumptions internal and external states are conditionally independent given the sensorimotor history.

The containment measures imposed during the first COVID-19 outbreak required economic, social, and behavioral changes to minimize the spread of the coronavirus. Some studies have focused on how personality predicts distinct patterns of adherence to protective measures with psychopathic and antisocial traits predicting reduced engagement in such measures. In this study we extended previous findings by analyzing how boldness, meanness, and disinhibition psychopathic traits relate with both risk perceptions and protective behaviors during the first COVID-19 outbreak. A sample of 194 (...) individuals engaged in the survey, were assessed for psychopathic traits with the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure, and completed a COVID-19 survey targeting risk perceptions and frequency of protective behaviors. Overall results show that boldness predicts reduced estimate of COVID-19 spread, reduced perceived risk of becoming infected, reduced state anxiety toward COVID-19, and reduced frequency of protective behaviors. Exploratory mediation models suggest that risk perceptions are not significant mediators of the association between psychopathic traits and reduced engagement in protective behaviors. Our results unveil that psychopathic traits affect risk perceptions and the propensity to engage in protective measures, emphasizing the need to accommodate these personality features in the public health strategy to control the COVID-19 spread. (shrink)

This paper aims to review the meaning and scope of the Heideggerian notion of _serenity_. In accordance with this purpose, the research is articulated according to four thematic units that allow reconstructing and synoptically exposing the most significant aspects that Heidegger elucidates throughout his conference, given in 1955 with the title of _Gelassenheit_. These points read as follows: (1) the meaning and semantic scope of the word _serenity_; (2) the condition of autochthony and the threatening nature of calculating thought; (3) (...) technique, violence and alienation; (4) the Heideggerian sense of serenity according to the meaning of _equanimity_. For the interpretation of the documents, the methodology commonly used in studies concerning the history of philosophy is adopted, which consists of a hermeneutical and critical reading of the texts selected for analysis, together with the unavoidable support favored by the specialized bibliography. (shrink)

This paper aims to review the meaning and scope of the Heideggerian notion of _serenity_. In accordance with this purpose, the research is articulated according to four thematic units that allow reconstructing and synoptically exposing the most significant aspects that Heidegger elucidates throughout his conference, given in 1955 with the title of _Gelassenheit_. These points read as follows: (1) the meaning and semantic scope of the word _serenity_; (2) the condition of autochthony and the threatening nature of calculating thought; (3) (...) technique, violence and alienation; (4) the Heideggerian sense of serenity according to the meaning of _equanimity_. For the interpretation of the documents, the methodology commonly used in studies concerning the history of philosophy is adopted, which consists of a hermeneutical and critical reading of the texts selected for analysis, together with the unavoidable support favored by the specialized bibliography. (shrink)

Both the physiological and the pathological morphogenetic processes that we can meet in embryogenesis, neogenesis and degenerative dysgenesis present common features: they are ruled by three different kinds of mechanisms, one related to cell migration, the second to cell differentiation and the third to cell proliferation. We deal here with an application to the cambial growth which essentially involves the third type of mechanism.Woody plants produce secondary tissue (secondary xylem and phloem) from a meristematic tissue called vascular cambium, responsible for (...) the radial growth of a tree. This paper focuses on the formation of secondary xylem, considered in two dimensions in a cross-section framework. A new discrete modelling approach is used, based on the cellular scale, in order to attain a more accurate understanding of how the elementary microscopic behaviour of each cell takes part in the macroscopic morphogenesis. The mathematical model essentially uses an occurrence method simulating the main features of radial growth with simple geometric rules, such as Thom's division rule (Thom,1972)to account for the cell proliferation. The study applies to concrete instances in which the changes made in the geometrical cellular patterns of the vascular cambium clearly affect the shape of the tree, as in Pinus radiata (D. Don.). (shrink)