Vaccination policy is an ethically challenging domain of public policy. It is a matter of collective importance that reaches into the most private sphere of citizens and unavoidably conflicts with individual-based ethics. Policy makers need to walk a tight rope in order to complement utilitarian public health values with individual autonomy rights, protection of privacy, non-discrimination and protection of the worst-off. Whether vaccination is voluntary or compulsory, universal or targeted, every option faces complex ethical hurdles because of the interdependence of (...) humans in infectious disease matters. In this article, we explore the following three policy questions. (i) Ethically, which policy measures should be addressed when vaccination coverage is insufficient in a population? Information campaigns, legal compulsion, or the use of financial incentives can all be effective, but also controversial policy options. (ii) Is it ethical to target vaccination programs at certain risk-groups? If such measures are necessary, we argue that policymakers will often have to decide which is more important to uphold: non-discrimination or the protection of privacy. And (iii), what is the ethical significance of adverse herd immunity effects? Some vaccination programs will improve average population health, but will at the same time increase the risk of severe morbidity and mortality for individuals in the worst-off groups of society. (shrink)

This collection of philosophical studies is dedicated to Prof. Buytendijk on the occasion of his retiring from the chair of philosophy at the University of Utrecht. The importance of the publication far surpasses the mere fact of honouring an outstanding scholar. For Buytendijk has indeed been one of the most active pioneers in the working out of a new approach to problems in the field of psychology and has been, together with other collaborators, instrumental in elaborating a new ’style’ as (...) it were in psychology. The sub-title of the present work speaks about ’psychologie humaine’. This adjective does not so much qualify the object of these contributions as their general spirit. As a reaction against the experimental psychology widely practised and taught at the beginning of the century, a psychology whose method was modelled very closely on that of the physical sciences, a new conception of psychology was developed. The central idea was this: nothing of real interest can be said and no real contribution to progress in the field of psychology can be made, as long as the primary and proper purpose and function of psychology as a science is forgotten, namely the understanding of man. Buytendijk was one of the first to stress how very important it is for psychology not to overlook this absolutely basic idea. One of the central notions, therefore, in his work is the notion of “encounter”. This notion emphasizes the fact that the psychologist has not only to measure and to describe a certain object, but must also of necessity endeavour to meet or ’encounter’ man himself, that is, a subject that acts in a purposeful way. And precisely in this Buytendijk’s work can be seen to belong to the so-called ’phenomenological’ school. (shrink)

This is the collection of essays presented to Bochenski on his 60th birthday, and it contains, as a mirror of Bochenski's own work, a broad spectrum of studies ranging from formal logic and history of logic, to the philosophy of logic and language, and to the methodology of explanation in Greek philosophy. Of the seventeen articles, these are some of the more important to the reviewer: "Betrachtungen zum Sequenzen Kalkül" by Paul Bernays, which is an extensive study of Gentzen-type formulations (...) of logic; "Remarks on Formal Deduction," H. B. Curry, a further discussion of sequenzen-logics; "Marginalia on Gentzen's Sequenzen Kalkül" by Hughes Leblanc; "Method and Logic in Presocratic Explanation," Jerry Stannard; "On the Logic of Preference and Choice," H. S. Houthakker, a suggestive presentation of decision and utility theory in logical form; "Leibniz's Law in Belief Contexts," Chisholm; "On Ontology and the Province of Logic," R. M. Martin; and "N. A. Vasilev and the Development of Many-valued Logics," G. L. Kline, an important addition to the history of logic. Other contributors are: Storrs McCall, Albert Menne, E. W. Beth, Benson Mates, Ivo Thomas, J. F. Staal, F. R. Barbò, A.-T. Tymieniecka, and N. M. Luyten. There is a bibliography of Bochenski's writings through 1962.—P. J. M. (shrink)

What happens when someone acts? A familiar answer goes like this. There is something that the agent wants, and there is an action that he believes conducive to its attainment. His desire for the end, and his belief in the action as a means, justify taking the action, and they jointly cause an intention to take it, which in turn causes the corresponding movements of the agent's body. I think that the standard story is flawed in several respects. The flaw (...) that will concern me in this paper is that the story fails to include an agent-or, more precisely, fails to cast the agent in his proper role. (shrink)

Providing an original and systematic treatment of foundational issues in philosophy of religion, J. L. Schellenberg's new book addresses the structure of..

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. It is a leading cause of cervical cancer in women but the virus is increasingly being linked to several other cancers in men and women alike. Since the introduction of safe and effective but also expensive vaccines, many developed countries have implemented selective vaccination programs for girls. Some however argue that these programs should be expanded to include boys, since (1) HPV constitutes non-negligible health risks for boys as (...) well and (2) protected boys will indirectly also protect girls. In this paper we approach this discussion from an ethical perspective. First, on which moral grounds can one justify not reimbursing vaccination for the male sex? We develop an ethical framework to evaluate selective vaccination programs and conclude that, in the case of HPV, efficiency needs to be balanced against non-stigmatization, non-discrimination and justice. Second, if vaccination programs were to be expanded to boys as well, do the latter then also have a moral duty to become immunized? Two arguments in favor of such a moral duty are well known in vaccination ethics: the duty not to harm others and to contribute to the public good of public health. However, we argue that these are not particularly convincing in the context of HPV. In contrast, we believe a third, more powerful but also more controversial argument is possible. In our view, the sexual mode of transmission of HPV constitutes an additional reason to believe that boys in fact may have a moral obligation to accept vaccination. (shrink)

Abstract I argue that meaning in life is importantly influenced by bioloical ties. More specifically, I maintain that knowing one's relatives and especially one's parents provides a kind of self-knowledge that is of irreplaceable value in the life-task of identity formation. These claims lead me to the conclusion that it is immoral to create children with the intention that they be alienated from their bioloical relatives?for example, by donor conception.

Volume 20, Issue 9, September 2020, Page 58-60.

Volume 20, Issue 3, March 2020, Page 79-81.

Retributive theories of punishment argue that punishing a criminal for a crime she committed is sufficient reason for a justified and morally permissible punishment. But what about when the state gets lucky in its decision to punish? I argue that retributive theories of punishment are subject to “Gettier” style cases from epistemology. Such cases demonstrate that the state needs more than to just get lucky, and as these retributive theories of punishment stand, there is no anti-luck condition. I’ll argue that (...) Gettier-style cases demonstrate an impermissible instance of punishment, even though they meet the conditions of retributive theories of punishment. Retributive theories are, therefore, too weak. The safety condition from epistemology provides the anti-luck condition needed for permissible punishment. I argue that two forms of retributivism, rights-forfeiture and what I call standard retributivism, are both subject to Gettier-style cases. Unlike the literature on standards of proof, this paper argues that safety is a condition on punishment itself, i.e., in all nearby possible worlds, the accuser must correctly accuse the convicted for the crime they actually committed. (shrink)

J.L. Schellenberg offers a path to a new kind of religious outlook. Reflection on our early stage in the evolutionary process leads to skepticism about religion, but also offers a new answer to the problem of faith and reason, and the possibility of a new, evolutionary form of religion.

Supervaluationism is often described as the most popular semantic treatment of indeterminacy. There’s little consensus, however, about how to fill out the bare-bones idea to include a characterization of logical consequence. The paper explores one methodology for choosing between the logics: pick a logic thatnorms beliefas classical consequence is standardly thought to do. The main focus of the paper considers a variant of standard supervaluational, on which we can characterizedegrees of determinacy. It applies the methodology above to focus ondegree logic. (...) This is developed first in a basic, single-premise case; and then extended to the multipremise case, and to allowdegreesof consequence. The metatheoretic properties of degree logic are set out. On the positive side, the logic is supraclassical—all classical valid sequents are degree logic valid. Strikingly, metarules such as cut and conjunction introduction fail. (shrink)

Hailed by the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society as "undoubtedly a major addition to the literature of mathematical logic," this volume examines the essential topics and theorems of mathematical reasoning. No background in logic is assumed, and the examples are chosen from a variety of mathematical fields. Starting with an introduction to symbolic logic, the first eight chapters develop logic through the restricted predicate calculus. Topics include the statement calculus, the use of names, an axiomatic treatment of the statement (...) calculus, descriptions, and equality. Succeeding chapters explore abstract set theory—with examinations of class membership as well as relations and functions—cardinal and ordinal arithmetic, and the axiom of choice. An invaluable reference book for all mathematicians, this text is suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students. Numerous exercises make it particularly appropriate for classroom use. (shrink)

Ultimism and the aims of human immaturity -- Faith without details, or how to practice skeptical religion -- Simple faith and the complexities of tradition -- The structure of faith justification -- How skeptical faith is true to reason -- Anselm's idea -- Leibniz's ambition -- Paley's wonder -- Pascal's wager -- Kant's postulate -- James's will -- Faith is positively justified : the many modes of religious vision.

It's an achievement of the last couple of decades that people who work in linguistic semantics and people who work in the philosophy of language have arrived at a friendly, de facto agreement as to their respective job descriptions. The terms of this agreement are that the semanticists do the work and the philosophers do the worrying. The semanticists try to construct actual theories of meaning (or truth theories, or model theories, or whatever) for one or another kind of expression (...) in one or another natural language; for example, they try to figure out how the temperature could be rising compatibly with the substitutivity of identicals. The philosophers, by contrast, keep an eye on the large, foundational issues, such as: what's the relation between sense and denotation; what's the relation between thought and language; whether translation is determinate; and whether life is like a fountain. Every now and then the philosophers and the semanticists are supposed to get together and compare notes on their respective progress. Or lack thereof. (shrink)

This paper offers an alternate explanation of cases from the doxastic wronging literature. These cases violate what I call the degree of inquiry right—a novel account of zetetic obligations to inquire when interests are at stake. The degree of inquiry right is a moral right against other epistemic agents to inquire to a certain threshold when a belief undermines one’s interests. Thus, the agents are sometimes obligated to leave inquiry open. I argue that we have relevant interests in reputation, relationships, (...) and the well-being of our social groups. These interests generate obligations against others to “do their homework” before closing inquiry. This alternate account makes better sense of puzzles that accounts of doxastic wronging fall prey to. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to elaborate on the phenomenological approach to expertise as proposed by Dreyfus and Dreyfus and to give an account of the extent to which their approach may contribute to a better understanding of how athletes may use their cognitive capacities during high-level skill execution. Dreyfus and Dreyfus's non-representational view of experience-based expertise implies that, given enough relevant experience, the skill learner, when expert, will respond intuitively to immediate situations with no recourse to deliberate actions (...) or mental representations. The paper will subsequently outline some implications and consequences of such an approach and will also examine to what extent Dreyfus and Dreyfus's skill model is capable to resist different attacks that have been made against their view, and in particular regarding the practical application of their approach to the skill domain of competitive sport. (shrink)

Prologue: Toward a new Enlightenment -- From bounded to relational being -- Bounded being -- In the beginning is the relationship -- The relational self -- The body as relationship : emotion, pleasure and pain -- Relational being in everyday life -- Multi-being and the adventure of everyday life -- Bonds, barricades, and beyond -- Relational being in practice -- Knowledge as co-creation -- Education in a relational key -- Therapy as relational recovery -- Organizing : the precarious balance -- (...) From the moral to the sacred -- Beyond moral pluralism -- All our relations, approaching the sacred -- Epilogue: The coming of relational consciousness. (shrink)

La phénoménologie contemporaine a développé une anthropologie dans laquelle la dimension corporelle de l'homme reprend une signification trop oubliée par le rationalisme. Ce renouveau nous invite à une confrontation avec la pensée anthropologique du thomisme. Malgré certaines ressemblances frappantes entre l'„esprit incarné” de la phénoménologie et l'„âme forme du corps” thomiste, de profondes divergences semblent exclure tout rapprochement des deux conceptions. Alors que la première se cantonne dans le phénoménal, la deuxième s'installe de plein pied dans une perspective ontologique. Ce (...) qui d'ailleurs, se double d'une autre divergence fondamentale : alors que l'esprit incarné de la phénoménologie est essentiellement un esprit au monde, celui du thomisme est caractérisé par une transcendance par rapport au monde tout aussi essentielle. On voit à quel point la signification du corps dans la synthèse anthropologique est remise en question dans une philosophie thomiste qui cultive le dialogue avec la pensée contemporaine. On s'attache d'abord à montrer qu'une phénoménologie bien comprise, en tant que fidélité inconditionnelle à notre expérience la plus authentique, n'est pas du fait même rébarbative aux perspectives ontologiques. Au contraire, notre expérience, même la plus primitive et fondamentale, est une rencontre avec la réalité, et possède dès l'origine une densité ontologique. Si la réalité nous apparaît toujours comme un monde plein de significations pour nous, ceci ne peut jamais vouloir dire que ces significations sont créées de toutes pièces, et que la réalité se réduirait à un être pour nous. Bien au contraire, nous ne pouvons vivre dans un monde ayant des significations pour nous, que pour autant que ces significations sont portées par une réalité consistante en elle-même. L'être-au-monde n'abolit en rien l'être du monde. Ainsi une anthropologie phénoménologique n'est nullement condamnée d'avance à être a-ontologique, et une confrontation entre les vues anthropologiques de la phénoménologie et du thomisme n'est pas ipso facto vouée à l'échec. De même, l'accent mis par la phénoménologie sur l'être-au-monde, ne doit pas nous empêcher de voir que cet être-au-monde n'est, en fin de compte, possible qu'à un esprit qui est auprès de soi. (Le Bei-der-Welt-Sein est conditionné par le Bei-Sich-Sein). L'esprit incarné, en d'autres mots, ne contredit pas nécessairement l'esprit tout court. Ces préliminaires étant acquis, on se tourne vers le problème auquel cet article veut s'attacher spécialement : quel est le sens de la corporéité dans un être qui est caractérisée par la spiritualité ? L'opposition entre le corps et l'esprit n'est certes pas un pur mythe. D'autre part l'esprit humain, en tant que tel, semble essentiellement lié à sa dimension corporelle. Il y a là une ambiguité dans la condition humaine qui demande à être éclaircie. Mais ambiguité n'est pas absurdité, pourvu qu'on ne la prenne pas pour une explication dernière. Elle doit donc elle-même être expliquée. Mais comment expliquer qu'un esprit, qui est essentiellement transcendance par rapport à la matière, soit tout aussi essentiellement uni à un corps matériel ? Cette question n'est insoluble qu'apparemment. Un examen plus serré nous montre que transcendance ne signifie nullement exclusion. Tout en étant transcendant au corps, l'esprit peut assumer le corporel comme complément et enrichissement de son être spirituel. Ceci n'est pensable que pour autant que l'esprit n'est pas une simple résultante du conditionnement corporel, mais, au contraire, possède une autonomie de principe, qui n'est que le fondement ontologique de la transcendance manifestée dans ses activités. S. Thomas a exprimé ce statut unique de l'être humain dans des formules lapidaires, telles que : Anima est quae habet esse - suum esse communicat materiae. On s'attache à montrer le bien-fondé de ces formules dans notre expérience humaine concrète. L'esprit en s'incarnant assume tout ce qui est impliqué par le conditionnement corporel - à la fois enrichissement et handicap - sans pour cela perdre sa transcendance. Le corps, tout en étant vraiment le corps de cet esprit, du fait même de sa corporéité, est inséré dans les séries d'influences corporelles, impliquant ainsi aliénation. Paradoxalement, par ce qui lui est propre - le corps - l'esprit subit - ou plutôt assume - la loi de l'aliénation, inscrite dans chaque être matériel. Toutefois, ces servitudes corporelles ne sauraient abolir la transcendance et l'autonomie de l'esprit, ces dernières n'étant pas tant une simple donnée, qui est une tâche à accomplir. Or c'est précisément à travers le donné corporel que l'esprit, dans ses actes autodéterminatifs, c'est-à-dire libres affirme sa transcendance. Même les implications les plus négatives de la corporéité - la maladie et la mort - l'esprit peut les assumer en leur donnant aussi valeur de transcendance, c'est-à-dire valeur positive. Mais surtout, à travers le corps, l'esprit humain a la possibilité d'insérer toute la réalité matérielle dans sa tâche d'auto-affirmation, et ainsi de s'enrichir de toutes les valeurs matérielles en les humanisant. Cette vue optimiste soulignant la signification positive du corps pour l'esprit n'est-elle pas cruellement contredite par le fait brutal de la mort ? L'article s'attache à montrer que tel n'est pas le cas. En effet, si nous prenons au sérieux ce qui a été dit, sur la transcendance de l'esprit, il est impensable que l'esprit périrait dans le processus essentiellement biologique de la mort. Mais n'est-il pas également impensable que l'esprit séparé de son corps ait une signification quelconque ? Ce serait indubitablement le cas si l'esprit épuisait toute sa signification dans l'accomplissement de ses tâches corporelles. Or, il a été montré que, même dans ses activités corporelles, l'esprit n'est jamais englouti par le matériel, mais dépasse et transcende ce dernier. L'être au monde ne lui est possible qu'en tant qu'il est auprès de soi-même. Donc - absolument parlant - la mondanité n'est pas condition de l'autopossession et de l'autoaffirmation de l'esprit. Cela a donc un sens d'affirmer cette autopossession en dehors de toute mondanité. C'est exactement ce que dit la doctrine - philosophique - de l'immortalité de l'âme humaine. Il va sans dire que les perspectives ouvertes - dans un contexte religieux - par le christianisme, confirment et complètent ces affirmations philosophiques. Mais déjà au niveau de la réflexion philosophique, l'affirmation d'une auto-possession indestructible de l'esprit non seulement a un sens, mais elle s'impose comme impliquée dans l'être-esprit comme tel. Ainsi la mort, tout en restant la très réelle diminution d'être, que nous ressentons et abhorrons, est en même temps, et sans qu'il y ait contradiction, révélation de la plusvalue, de la transcendance définitive de l'esprit. (shrink)