Este artigo tem por objetivo expor algumas ideias para elaborar uma perspectiva teórica sobre a negaçáo que permita comparar as abordagens dos filósofos, lógicos e linguistas sobre esse tema. Na introduçáo sáo apresentadas algumas das questões discutidas sobre a negaçáo. Na primeira parte é feita a distinçáo entre frase, enunciado e proposiçáo. Essa análise nos permitirá por um lado diferenciar entidades linguísticas (frases, enunciados) de entidades lógicas (proposições), e pelo outro separar três planos na abordagem das questões sobre a negaçáo: (...) o plano do código linguístico, o do uso do código linguístico ou plano da enunciaçáo, e o plano da lógica. Na segunda parte distinguimos entre os conceitos de oposiçáo, de negaçáo e de expressáo intrínsecamente negativa. Na terceira parte abordamos a teoria fregeana da negaçáo a partir das distinções feitas anteriormente. Na quarta parte discutimos as concepções de Platáo e de Aristóteles sobre a negaçáo. Na quinta parte distinguimos entre a negaçáo de um enunciado, a negaçáo de uma componente de enunciado, a negaçáo proposicional e a negaçáo predicativa. Na sexta parte discutimos a questáo de se haveria um ato ilocucionário de negar oposto ao ato de afirmar. Na última parte apresentamos nossas conclusões. (shrink)

O objetivo do presente artigo é discutir algumas das características da Filosofia da Matemática de Lakatos. Na primeira parte do artigo, o pensamento de Lakatos sobre a Matemática é situado dentro do quadro geral da Filosofia da Matemática do século XX. Na segunda parte, é discutida a interpretação oferecida por Lakatos do método de análise e síntese na Geometria e na Filosofia Moderna. Essa interpretação é comparada com outras interpretações desse mesmo método. Na terceira parte deste artigo, são analisados o (...) método de provas e refutações de Lakatos e suas aplicações à reconstrução racional da história da Matemática.The goal of the present paper is to discuss some of the aspects of Lakato's philosophy of Mathematics. The first part of this article is devoted to describe the main caracteristics of Lakato.s Epistemology of Mathematics. In the second part the lakatosian interpretation of the old method of analysis and synteses of greek Geometry is discussed .In the third part the method of proof and refutations is analysed and evaluated as a possible rational reconstruction of the History of Mathematics. (shrink)

Resenha do livro de Tindale, C. Rhetorical argumentation. Principles of Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, 2004.

The aim of this paper is to analyse and to discuss the philosophical reflexions on Geometry due to Blaise Pascal, Antoine Arnauld and Pierre Nicole. All of them were linked to the Jansenism, religious movement whose centre was at the Port Royal abbey. Our theses is that their philosophical thoughts on Geometry as well as their criticism of Euclid’s Elements were rooted not only in the works of the geometers and Element’s translators and commentators of the sixteenth century but also (...) on their particular conceptions about human knowledge and soul. Our text is divided into five parts. In the first part we examine the place of Geometry in the culture of the seventeenth century. After that, in the second part, we discuss the standard criticism directed against Euclid’s Elements. In the third part we analyse three works of Pascal: The spirit of geometry, The art of persuasion and some fragments that have survived of a text entitled Introduction of Geometry. In the fourth part we discuss the critical remarks of the Logic of Port Royal on the geometrical works, especially on the Elements. The fifth part of our work is devoted to Arnauld’s reconstruction of plane elementary Geometry in his New Elements of Geometry. The conclusions are set forth in the sixth part. (shrink)

The organ donation and transplantation (ODT) system heavily relies on the willingness of individuals to donate their organs. While it is widely believed that public trust plays a crucial role in shaping donation rates, the empirical support for this assumption remains limited. In order to bridge this knowledge gap, this article takes a foundational approach by elucidating the concept of trust within the context of ODT. By examining the stakeholders involved, identifying influential factors, and mapping the intricate trust relationships among (...) trustors, trustees, and objects of trust, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of trust dynamics in ODT. We employ maps and graphs to illustrate the functioning of these trust relationships, enabling a visual representation of the complex interactions within the ODT system. Through this conceptual groundwork, we pave the way for future empirical research to investigate the link between trust and organ donation rates, informed by a clarified understanding of trust in ODT. This study can also provide valuable insights to inform interventions and policies aimed at enhancing organ donation rates. (shrink)

A partir de uma sugestão de Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari – a de que todos os filósofos ocidentais terminaram construindo, no interregno do seu pensamento, personagens conceituais, uma espécie de assinatura do filósofo – este livro objetiva identificar esse traço a partir da obra de Michel Foucault. A tese em questão é que este autor não se enquadra em uma imagem única, como a do Juiz em Kant, ou a do sedutor em Kierkegaard, mas em uma imagem híbrida e (...) triádica, fazendo coro com muitos filósofos chamados de transversais e que se instalaram no horizonte de filosofias chamadas de pós-estruturalistas, como Deleuze. (shrink)

El título reproduce las famosas frases de Friedrich Nietzsche y Michel Foucault, quienes de manera alegórica postulaban el agotamiento de dos conceptos centrales que tuvieron larga y fructífera vida en la historia de la humanidad. Para Nietzsche la muerte de Dios es la pérdida de la capacidad ordenadora del mundo, sustentada en una verdad concebida como metafísica y en una moral judeo-cristiana, cuyas raíces las busca el filósofo en la Grecia de Sócrates y Platón.Según Foucault, con la “muerte de Dios” (...) devendría también la muerte de su asesino, el hombre como sujeto de verdad, pues en el siguiente siglo de postmodernidad no aparecerá el esperado Superhombre de Nietzsche, sino la cada vez más devaluada figura del hombre como categoría ontológica, cediendo su lugar central a la primacía del lenguaje. Así, el hombre sale de la posición central en tanto objeto de conocimiento, del saber racional, un desplazamiento del hombre a su sola condición de sujeto pensante y productor de discursos, ya no como privilegiado objeto de dicho pensamiento.Foucault reconoce que es Nietzsche quien inaugura ese cambio de eje. Foucault con su formulación sobre el discurso, el saber y el poder, nos lleva finalmente al punto focal de su investigación, la constitución del sujeto dentro de una sociedad disciplinaria. Nietzsche y Foucault nutren y forman las dos caras de la misma moneda que nos encadena a la economía de la vida. Los sujetos, en ejercicio de nuestra libertad, podemos –como sujetos constituidos- adscribirnos totalmente al orden normativo y la seguridad que nos brinda el ámbito social de pertenencia o podemos –como sujetos constituyentes- utilizar nuestro juicio y ejercer una reflexión crítica de esa sociedad a la que pertenecemos. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer algunas históricas que puedan ofrecer datos sobre la situación de los conventos de la provincia de Sevilla a finales del Antiguo Régimen. Para ello contamos con varios legajos conservados en el Archivo del Arzobispado de Sevilla y también la Crónica de dicha orden religiosa, del Padre Lucas de Montoya (Madrid 1619). Con todo ese material estamos en condiciones de aportar datos sobre tres momentos (1619, 1775 y 1821) que nos permitirán tener (...) una idea bastante aproximada sobre la evolución de esta orden religiosa en nuestra archidiócesis durante ese periodo. (shrink)

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un documento escrito por un monje minimalista en 1818, lo que nos proporciona con nuevos datos sobre la situación de la Mínima monasterios pertenecientes a la provincia de Sevilla al final del Antiguo Régimen. Esto nos permitirá acercarnos a la situación de los Mínimos en nuestra archidiócesis durante ese periodo. Ese documento es hoy parte de los fondos documentales conservados en el Archivo General de la Arzobispado de Sevilla.

Reseña del libro Tiempo de Revueltas. Cuatro: nota roja y sentido trágico [La firma de José Revueltas].

The present work, elaborated from a theoretical, bibliographical and documentary character, has for objective to develop some theoretical boardings regarding the concept of tolerance of a philosophical point of view, during a historical context that if initiates in the thought of John Locke, in the Modern Age, the scope of the religious wars, when such concept acquires a more rigorous and critical character, going until the contemporaneidade, period where the tolerance starts to acquire a paper of prominence for the understanding (...) of the systems politicians and the societies marked for one raised degree of complexity and pluralism. Authors as Stuart Mill, Bobbio, Adorno and Habermas, among others, present significant contributions from its reflections and questionings for the studies of this thematic one as well as for the confrontation of the patologias that afflict the contemporaneidade. More recently, the fact of the tolerance to have if transformed into consensus and normative landmark, through the elaboration and approval of the World-wide Declaration of the Principles of the Tolerance, in the year of 1995, for the ONU, reflects the importance and the central paper that the tolerance exerts today in the search of the peace and the construction of a world more just and human being. (shrink)

La filosofía de la tecnología es una rama reciente de la filosofía en general. Puede aportar herramientas para problemas derivados de aplicaciones tecnológicas recientes, como la telemedicina. Un problema señalado reiteradamente por la bioética lo constituye la privacidad en general, y las modificaciones que pueden introducirse por el cada vez mayor uso de las tecnologías. Comentando propuestas desde la Asociación Médica Mundial y datos contemporáneo derivados de la pandemia de COVID-19, puede reconocerse que la privacidad es una exigencia ética que (...) requiere regularse a través de su implementación política para su adecuada protección legal. (shrink)

El artículo plantea condiciones clínico-epidemiológicas peculiares cuando la humanidad se enfrente a una zoonosis emergente. El ejemplo que groseramente ha golpeado a la humanidad es la pandemia de Covid-19, enfermedad causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Si bien la historia de la humanidad da cuenta de múltiples pandemias ocasionadas por varios agentes infectocontagiosos, es cierto que en el primer momento de afrontar una problemática global de esta naturaleza lo que prima es la incertidumbre. Ante ella, existe la obligación moral de proveer (...) los mejores servicios de salud que sea posible; a la par, debe realizarse una investigación para encontrar medidas farmacéuticas específicas que contengan y mitiguen el daño poblacional (medicamentos específicos y/o vacunas). Mientras tanto, sabiendo que en el caso de la actual pandemia de Covid-19 la principal y más eficiente vía de transmisión es la propagación por gotas de saliva, el distanciamiento físico es crucial. Una consulta médica involucra hablar en el interrogatorio y una proximidad física durante la exploración. Existen datos que indican que la telemedicina tiene un alto grado de recomendación para la protección de la salud, tanto de profesionales como de pacientes. Se recuerda que una declaración de la Asociación Médica Mundial ha tratado el tema de la telemedicina; con su exposición, se indican alcances, limitaciones y proyecciones en el futuro. (shrink)

En este artículo se estudia el papel jugado por diferentes órdenes religiosas con vistas a la instalación de alguna de sus comunidades en el antiguo cenobio agustino de Nuestra Señora de Regla sito en la localidad gaditana de Chipiona en el marco del proceso de restauración de las órdenes religiosas vivido en España tras la supresión de las mismas, sobre todo con la llegada al trono español del rey Alfonso XII en 1875, proceso que se vio complicado por la instalación (...) en nuestro país de las comunidades religiosas expulsadas de Francia a partir de 1880. Se analiza especialmente el papel desempeñado por los franciscanos misioneros españoles y los monjes benedictinos franceses de las abadías de Solesmes y Ligugé. (shrink)

En este artículo se analizan las transformaciones producidas en el patrimonio artístico de la iglesia parroquial de la Purísima Concepción de Gilena entre los años 1874 y 1928 según los datos contenidos en varios inventarios de dicha iglesia realizados en ese tiempo.

Ampliación de un estudio anterior en la que se dan a conocer nuevas aportaciones acerca del devenir histórico de la iglesia parroquial de Gilena desde sus orígenes, en el siglo XVI, hasta el siglo XIX.

En este artículo se analiza un expediente conservado en el Archivo General del Arzobispado de Sevilla que trata acerca del intento de fundar una nueva congregación del Oratorio de San Felipe Neri en la ciudad de Écija el año 1749, fundación que finalmente no se llevó a cabo.

En el siguiente artículo se presenta una investigación filosófica acerca de la conformación ontológica delmundo virtual. Esta es un aporte teórico al debate contemporáneo de la filosofía de la computación sobrela caracterización ontológica de la computación digital y sus productos emergentes, ya que se propone unaaproximación a este campo de estudio desde la perspectiva filosófica de Nicolaï Hartmann. El objetivo principal del presente artículo es explicar la estratificación del mundo virtual a partir de la teoría ontológica de estratos y categorías (...) de Hartmann. Para cumplir con este objetivo se procedió a una revisión crítica del estado de la cuestión de la ontología filosófica de la virtualidad. Luego se procedió a presentar una propuesta de estratificación y categorización denominada ‘La fábrica del mundo virtual’ que es una ontología hermenéutica de la virtualidad digital basada en los postulados de Hartmann. Las principales conclusiones alcanzadas son: i) La emergencia de la realidad del mundo virtual se encuentra constituida de los mismos estratos que conforman la esfera del conocimiento del mundo real: material, orgánico, psíquico y social. ii) La realidad virtual es un producto de la computación que ocurre en la esfera del conocimiento en el que existe intervención de la esfera ideal y de la esfera del mundo real. (shrink)

Al tratar de compren-der adecuadamente el fenómeno de la persecución y del martirio en la Iglesia en América Latina, particular-mente en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, es necesario remitirse a las per-secuciones sufridas por los cristianos en los primeros siglos. Pero también hay que tomar en cuenta algunos ele-mentos característicos propios de la experiencia martirial en nuestros días. En este artículo se intenta poner en evidencia la relación de causa-lidad entre el profetismo, especial-mente la denuncia profética de las injusticias (...) sociales, y la persecución y el martirio de los cristianos en Amé-rica Latina. Para lograr este objetivo, se parte del texto de Ap 11,1-13, un pasaje en el que el rol profético de la Iglesia y de sus mártires es presenta-do sobre el trasfondo del ministerio profético en Israel. (shrink)

La explicación urbana, definida bajo conceptos psicoanalíticos trascendidos mediante el uso de tópicas complejas en la generación de los problemas urbanos, desarrolla la comprensión de las paradojas de la anti-ciudad en la ciudad, la identidad y la no-identidad, y la marginación y la inclusión. La ciudad es entendida desde el rapport del ámbito urbano, al descubrir su tópica urbana y subordinar su configuración esencial al urbanismo, en relación con la conciencia colectiva, para explicar y comprender los fenómenos que coadyuvan a (...) entender la identidad, la marginación y la violencia como fenómenos urbanos. (shrink)

La explicación urbana, definida bajo conceptos psicoanalíticos trascendidos mediante el uso de tópicas complejas en la generación de los problemas urbanos, desarrolla la comprensión de las paradojas de la anti-ciudad en la ciudad, la identidad y la no-identidad, y la marginación y la inclusión. La ciudad es entendida desde el rapport del ámbito urbano, al descubrir su tópica urbana y subordinar su configuración esencial al urbanismo, en relación con la conciencia colectiva, para explicar y comprender los fenómenos que coadyuvan a (...) entender la identidad, la marginación y la violencia como fenómenos urbanos. Urban reason, defined under psychoanalytic concepts transcended through the use of complex topologies in the generation of urban problems, develops our understanding of the paradoxes of the anti-city within the city, identity and non-identity, and marginalization and inclusion. The city is understood from the rapport of the urban environment, as its urban topology is discovered and its essential configuration subordinated to urbanism, in relation to collective consciousness. This understanding leads to an explanation and comprehension of the phenomena that help to understand identity, marginalization, and violence as urban phenomena. (shrink)

The Uniform Determination of Death Act (UDDA) provides that “an individual who has sustained either (1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or (2) irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem, is dead.” We show that the UDDA contains two conflicting interpretations of the phrase “cessation of functions.” By one interpretation, what matters for the determination of death is the cessation of spontaneous functions only, regardless of their generation by artificial means. By the (...) other, what matters is the cessation of both spontaneous and artificially supported functions. Because each UDDA criterion uses a different interpretation, the law is conceptually inconsistent. A single consistent interpretation would lead to the conclusion that conscious individuals whose respiratory and circulatory functions are artificially supported are actually dead, or that individuals whose brain is entirely and irreversibly destroyed may be alive. We explore solutions to mitigate the inconsistency. (shrink)

Requiring family authorization for apnea testing subtracts health professionals control over death determination, a procedure that has traditionally been considered a matter of clinical expertise alone. In this commentary, we first provide evidence showing that health professionals’ (HPs) disposition to act on death determination without family’s prior consent could be much lower than that referred to by Berkowitz and Garrett (2020). We hypothesize that HPs may have reservations about their own expertise as regards death, and may thus hesitate to impose (...) their views on patients’ families. We then address the theoretical question of clinical expertise in death determination by distinguishing judgments about facts (e.g., the presence or absence of spontaneous breathing) from interpretations given of these facts (i.e., their meaning for the vital status of an individual). We argue that, while clinicians may claim some expert authority on the former, they hold no particular authority on the latter. (shrink)

Alireza Bagheri supports a policy on organ procurement where individuals could choose their own definition of death between two or more socially accepted alternatives. First, we claim that such a policy, without any criterion to distinguish accepted from acceptable definitions, easily leads to the slippery slope that Bagheri tries to avoid. Second, we suggest that a public discussion about the circumstances under which the dead donor rule could be violated is more productive of social trust than constantly moving the line (...) between life and death. (shrink)

The present paper analyses the topic of scientific discovery and the problem of the existence of a logical framework involved in such endeavour. We inquire how several non-monotonic logic frameworks and other formalisms can account for such a task. In the same vein, we analyse some key aspects of the historical and theoretical debate surrounding scientific discovery, in particular, the context of discovery and context of justification context distinction. We present an argument concerning the weakening of the discovery/justification context dichotomy (...) based on the descriptive accent contained in the non-monotonic logic perspective together with its epistemological concerns. (shrink)

Goal: To assess public knowledge and attitudes towards the family’s role in deceased organ donation in Europe. -/- Methods: A systematic search was conducted in CINHAL, MEDLINE, PAIS Index, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science on December 15th, 2017. Eligibility criteria were socio-empirical studies conducted in Europe from 2008 to 2017 addressing either knowledge or attitudes by the public towards the consent system, including the involvement of the family in the decision-making process, for post-mortem organ retrieval. Screening and data collection (...) were performed by two or more independent reviewers for each record. -/- Results: Of the 1482 results, 467 studies were assessed in full-text form, and 33 were included in this synthesis. When the deceased has not expressed any preference, a majority of the public support the family's role as a surrogate decision-maker. When the deceased expressly consented, the respondents' answers depend on whether they see themselves as potential donors or as a deceased's next-of-kin. Answers also depend on the relationship between the deceased and the decision-maker(s) within the family, and on their ethnic or cultural background. -/- Conclusions: Public views on the authority of the family in organ donation decision-making require further research. A common conceptual framework and validated well-designed questionnaires are needed for future studies. The findings should be considered in the development of Government policy and guidance regarding the role of families in deceased organ donation. (shrink)

[ENGLISH] This article discusses the potential of synthetic biology to address fundamental questions in the philosophy of biology regarding the nature of life and biological functions. Synthetic biology aims to reduce living organisms to their simplest forms by identifying the minimal components of a cell and also to create novel life forms through genetic reprogramming, biobrick assembly, or novel proteins. However, the technical success of these endeavors does not guarantee their conceptual success in defining life. There is a lack of (...) consensus among researchers on how to define and classify the entities produced in the lab, whether they should be considered living or categorized differently. The criteria for minimal cells and minimal life are subject to arbitrary choices and varying interpretations. The concept of function, crucial to synthetic biology, is also difficult to define. The article highlights the need to consider the minimal set of functions that characterize life before determining the smallest genomes that code for those functions. The arbitrary nature of defining both life and function complicates the understanding and classification of these entities. The article suggests that the traditional dichotomy between the living and the non-living may no longer be valid and that the concept of life itself may not require precise scientific definition. As synthetic biology advances, the article emphasizes the importance of redefining or constructing new categories to encompass the expanding possibilities and creations in the field. The ability to create new life forms raises questions about recognition, identification, and ethical implications, requiring a conceptual and philosophical engagement beyond the technical achievements of synthetic biology. -/- [FRENCH] L'article aborde le potentiel de la biologie synthétique pour répondre à des questions fondamentales de la philosophie de la biologie concernant la nature de la vie et des fonctions biologiques. La biologie synthétique vise à réduire les organismes vivants à leurs formes les plus simples en identifiant les composants minimaux d'une cellule et à créer de nouvelles formes de vie grâce à la reprogrammation génétique, à l'assemblage de biobriques ou à des protéines nouvelles. Cependant, le succès technique de ces approches ne garantit pas leur réussite conceptuelle dans la définition de la vie. Il n'y a pas de consensus parmi les chercheurs sur la façon de définir et de classer les entités produites en laboratoire, qu'elles doivent être considérées comme vivantes ou catégorisées différemment. Les critères des cellules minimales et de la vie minimale sont soumis à des choix arbitraires et à des interprétations variables. La notion de fonction, essentielle en biologie synthétique, est également difficile à définir. L'article met en évidence la nécessité de prendre en compte l'ensemble minimal de fonctions qui caractérisent la vie avant de déterminer les plus petits génomes qui codent ces fonctions. La nature arbitraire de la définition de la vie et de la fonction complique la compréhension et la classification de ces entités. L'article suggère que la dichotomie traditionnelle entre le vivant et le non-vivant pourrait ne plus être valable et que le concept même de vie ne nécessite pas une définition scientifique précise. À mesure que la biologie synthétique progresse, l'article souligne l'importance de redéfinir ou de construire de nouvelles catégories pour englober les possibilités et créations croissantes dans le domaine. La capacité à créer de nouvelles formes de vie soulève des questions de reconnaissance, d'identification et d'implications éthiques, nécessitant une réflexion conceptuelle et philosophique au-delà des avancées techniques de la biologie synthétique. (shrink)

Finality, design and purpose have started to be excluded from the language of the natural sciences since the XVIIth century. Darwin succeeded in excluding them from his theory of evolution appealing to a blind and mechanical natural selection. Today, the most usual definitions for the concept of biological function take for granted that functions: 1) are not dependent on a goal; 2) are not dependent on observers, but only on nature; 3) are explicable in causal terms, either with reference to (...) the causal history of the organ (etiological definition), or with reference to its present structure and causal capabilities (dispositional definition). However, we shall see that such presuppositions cannot take into account the normative character of the concept of biological function. We show that a generalization of the concept of scientific objectivity lets us affirm that functions: 1’) are dependent on a goal; 2’) are dependent on both observers and nature; 3’) cannot be reduced to causality, nor break the laws of physics; and yet, 4) are truly objective. (shrink)

Laura Specker Sullivan (2022) makes a fairly compelling case for the value of the perspectives of Buddhist practitioners in neuroethics. In this study, Tibetan Buddhist monks have been asked, among other things, whether consciousness, in brain-injured patients in a minimally conscious state, entails a duty to preserve life. In our view, some of the participants’ responses could be used to inform the bioethical debate on death determination.

In the 1970s and 1980s, a multitude of cognitive rehabilitation programs proliferated to facilitate recovery after brain injury. However only a few programs provided a framework for ameliorating disturbances in the cognitive, psychological, and interpersonal spheres of the brain-injured patient. Greatly influenced by Leonard Diller and Yehuda Ben-Yishay’s ideas and methods, George P. Prigatano began, in early 1980, a holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation program at the Presbyterian Hospital in Oklahoma City (Oklahoma). The objective of this paper is to summarize the contributions (...) of George P. Prigatano to neuropsychological rehabilitation and clinical neuropsychology during his 50th year of practice. The main body of the paper is structured in three sections. The first section briefly explains the history of neuropsychological rehabilitation in the twentieth century and the emergence of holistic neuropsychological rehabilitation programs in the 1970s. The second section describes the contributions of George P. Prigatano to neuropsychological rehabilitation and clinical neuropsychology (written by AGM). In the third section, the second author (GPP) prepared an autobiographical statement, which attempts to summarize some of the personal and professional experiences which influenced his work. George P. Prigatano’s contributions to neuropsychological rehabilitation and clinical neuropsychology are essential to understanding the therapeutic approaches currently used in the treatment of brain-injured patients. (shrink)

This article examines the conditions of internet access and uses by children and young people from socially disadvantaged environments in Portugal. Adapting the EU Kids Online questionnaire, a sample of 279 participants in an intervention program on digital inclusion was interviewed in order to analyze their online experiences, bearing in mind the EU Kids Online results and the wider debate on digital inclusion. This issue was examined at two levels: access, and practices and uses. Although economic deprivation, parents’ low educational (...) attainment and children’s age and gender seem to matter in terms of access, reported uses were analogous to the average Portuguese and EU Kids Online data. However, with these children apparently being more oriented towards entertainment and having less informational skills, it is questionable if policies that merely assure access are entirely sufficient. Nevertheless, one cannot say straightforwardly that ‘social exclusion’ equates ‘digital exclusion’. (shrink)

Most technology is used properly for their intended purpose, but certain technological breakthroughs have a dual-use nature, pose risks or lead to unintended consequences when applied in some areas...