Ned Block’s Chinese Nation Argument is offered as a counterexample to Turing-machine functionalism. According to that argument, one billion Chinese could be organized to instantiate Turing-machine descriptions of mental states. Since we wouldn’t want to impute qualia to such an organized population, functionalism cannot account for the qualitative character of mental states like pain. Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland have challenged that argument by trying to show that an adequate representation of the complexity of mind requires at least 10 30,000,000 (...) homunculi. As such a large collection of Chinese is beyond comprehension, the intuitive force of Block’s example would be undercut. I argue that Churchland and Church land erroneously assume that every possible input-state combination in the human Turing-machine table must be assigned a homunculus. I attempt to restore the intuitive force of Block’s thought experiment by pointing to a way to simulate the human mind that does not require any such staggering number of homunculi. (shrink)

Ned Block’s Chinese Nation Argument is offered as a counterexample to Turing-machine functionalism. According to that argument, one billion Chinese could be organized to instantiate Turing-machine descriptions of mental states. Since we wouldn’t want to impute qualia to such an organized population, functionalism cannot account for the qualitative character of mental states like pain. Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland have challenged that argument by trying to show that an adequate representation of the complexity of mind requires at least 10 30,000,000 (...) homunculi. As such a large collection of Chinese is beyond comprehension, the intuitive force of Block’s example would be undercut. I argue that Churchland and Church land erroneously assume that every possible input-state combination in the human Turing-machine table must be assigned a homunculus. I attempt to restore the intuitive force of Block’s thought experiment by pointing to a way to simulate the human mind that does not require any such staggering number of homunculi. (shrink)

Ned Block’s Chinese Nation Argument is offered as a counterexample to Turing-machine functionalism. According to that argument, one billion Chinese could be organized to instantiate Turing-machine descriptions of mental states. Since we wouldn’t want to impute qualia to such an organized population, functionalism cannot account for the qualitative character of mental states like pain. Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland have challenged that argument by trying to show that an adequate representation of the complexity of mind requires at least 10 30,000,000 (...) homunculi. As such a large collection of Chinese is beyond comprehension, the intuitive force of Block’s example would be undercut. I argue that Churchland and Church land erroneously assume that every possible input-state combination in the human Turing-machine table must be assigned a homunculus. I attempt to restore the intuitive force of Block’s thought experiment by pointing to a way to simulate the human mind that does not require any such staggering number of homunculi. (shrink)

Hempel's famous Raven Paradox derives from Nicod's criteria for confirmation and the Equivalence Condition, the unintuitive conclusion that things like white roses, green T-shirts and ice cubes confirm the raven hypothesis ‘All ravens are black.’ By a small rearrangement of the Equivalence Condition, I show that we can also derive the conclusion, which sounds even more intuitively intolerable, that observation of black ravens fails to confirm the raven hypothesis. We are left with the contradictory result that black ravens both confirm (...) and do not confirm the raven hypothesis. (shrink)

Jerry Fodor’s causal theory of content is a well-known naturalistic attempt purporting to show that Brentano was wrong in supposing that physical states cannot possess meaning and reference. Fodor’s theory contains two crucial elements: one is a notion of “asymmetric dependence between nomic relations,” and the other is an assumption about the nature of the “causally operative properties” involved in the causation of mental tokens. Having dealt elsewhere with the problems Fodor’s notion of asymmetric dependence poses, we show in this (...) paper a difficulty with the other element of his theory concerning what kinds of properties are the causally operative ones in the tokenings of a semantic symbol in the brain of a perceiver. After presenting this difficulty, we examine three possible responses a Fodorian might make to our criticism. (shrink)

Despite the pervasive use of idealizations and approximations in science, the issue of their role has been neglected or misunderstood by philosophers. Idealizations enter into a scientific analysis or explanation in at least two ways. First, they may be embodied in the very statement or formulation of laws and theories; I call such laws idealizational laws. Second, they may be conjoined to a theory as extraneous assumptions, mainly to make it easier to work with the theory. I first examine the (...) problems of testing pertaining to idealizational laws. I argue that the major theories of confirmation face difficulties in accounting for the confirmation and disconfirmation of such laws. Underlying their difficulties is the fact that those laws are about nonexistent objects. The analysis I propose of the testing of idealizational laws is based on the fact that idealized objects comprising the domains of such laws can be approximated by real objects. ;I next investigate the problems of testing in relation to theories and hypotheses which are fed idealizational assumptions and approximations from outside. In the course of my discussion of the issues surrounding the use of idealizations and approximations in science, I critically examine the views of Milton Friedman, Clark Glymour and Ronald Laymon. In the final chapter I propose an analysis of confirmation which is within the Bayesian tradition. My analysis, if correct, is an improvement over the standard Bayesian framework in two respects. First, it is a more realistic representation of the testing process in actual science. Secondly, it is capable of solving "the problem of old evidence," which has recently troubled traditional Bayesianism. Both of these advantages my analysis achieves by taking as the evidence not the observation itself, but the error or discrepancy between the observation and what was predicted by the theory in conjunction with the idealizations and approximations. ;In the Appendix I argue against a prevalent view among physicists and philosophers of science concerning the interpretation of the domain of Newton's second law, viz. the view that the domain of this law, when properly stated, consists of point-masses. (shrink)

Gorbachev's ascent to power in the Soviet Union in 1985 and the events that followed appear to have led to a dramatic decline in philosophers' interest in Marxist philosophy. The magnitudes of philosophical literature on Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Hegel recorded in annual volumes ofThe Philosopher's Index have all been shrinking in recent years. In the 1992 volume, the share of the publications on Marx within all philosophical publications has dropped to almost one-third of what it was on average in (...) the 1981–1985 volumes, on Engels and Lenin to about one-fifth, and on Hegel to about two-thirds. (shrink)

A famous puzzle called “Grandmother Paradox” is used to argue against the feasibility of traveling backward in time because of the logical and nomological problems such travel involves, and not only because we don’t have the technology to make it reality. The same kind of problems would be encountered in leaping forward in time and then returning to the time of departure. We argue that a similar family of problems also arise in our having foreknowledge of the future without making (...) any time travel. We point to the mysterious consequences of having access to a being, say a machine or a psychic, that can have infallible knowledge of the future and conveys this foreknowledge to human beings truthfully, without any lies or distortions. The cause of these mysterious consequences is the fact that such machines or psychics will raise logical and nomological complications reminiscent of the ones we encounter in time travel scenarios, and that is a strong reason why infallible foretellers cannot exist. We conclude that we can have foreknowledge of the future, in principle, only within certain narrow limits, if at all. (shrink)

According to Fodor, robustness of meaning is an essential aspect of intentionality, and his causal theory of content can account for it. Robustness of meaning refers to the fact that tokenings of a symbol are occasionally caused by instantiations of properties which are not expressed by the symbol. This, according to Fodor, is the source of the phenomenon of misrepresentation. We claim that Fodor’s treatment of content and misrepresentation is infected with a couple of flaws. After criticizing Fodor’s theory of (...) content, we propose a new theory of content which explains how misrepresentation is possible as a result of meaning-forming causation, and extend it to account for the property of robustness of meaning. (shrink)

Our aim in this essay is to take a look at cartoons under philosophical light. What are some of the similarities between philosophy and the art of cartooning? In what ways can cartoons be helpful to philosophy? What are some of the problems cartoons pose for philosophy? Perhaps the most basic philosophical question concerning cartoons is, “What is a cartoon?”. We argue that it is not easy to pin down necessary and sufficient conditions for something being a cartoon. We defend (...) the view that cartoons form a class whose members are interconnected with the Wittgensteinian “family resemblance” relations. We then look into the problems involved in finding a connectionist parallel-processing correlate of the Wittgensteinian notion in the context of cartoons. (shrink)

Many wonder at the abundance of disputes, opposing views and schools in philosophy. This abundance is surprising in view of the fact that philosophers are known for their striving and high regard for rationality. (There are, of course, philosophers who attempt to oppose, mostly by rational argumentation, the view that philosophy should be a rational discipline.) Why are all these admirably smart and rational people in so much disagreement with each other? Suvar Köseraif argues that the explanation of this phenomenon (...) may lie in the fact that when two perfectly rational agents A 1 and A 2 disagree about matters of truth, there seems no way they can settle their dispute in purely rational ways. For suppose A1 believes in the truth of claim Q on the basis of premises P and a valid argument P.'.Q, and A 2 believes that ~Q on the basis of premises R and a valid argument R.'. ~Q. Then it would seem on logical, hence rational, grounds that A 1 must reject A2's reasons R, since P.'. ~R is also valid. Thus the reasons P, which led Ai to rationally accept Q, also constitute rational reasons for A 1 to reject R, and consequently reject the argument A2 adduces for ~Q. Symmetrically, A 2 cannot but reject the reasoning A1 adduces for Q. So the dispute between A1 and A 2 concerning the truth of Q cannot be resolved—unless either side compromises its rationality and yields to such nonrational methods as threats, brainwashing, offers of money, etc. If all this is right, we have (rational) reason to be pessimistic about the value of rationality not only in philosophy, but in any sphere of thought, including science. I attempt to offer a rational counterargument against Köseraif's. (shrink)

Many wonder at the abundance of disputes, opposing views and schools in philosophy. This abundance is surprising in view of the fact that philosophers are known for their striving and high regard for rationality. (There are, of course, philosophers who attempt to oppose, mostly by rational argumentation, the view that philosophy should be a rational discipline.) Why are all these admirably smart and rational people in so much disagreement with each other? Suvar Köseraif argues that the explanation of this phenomenon (...) may lie in the fact that when two perfectly rational agents A 1 and A 2 disagree about matters of truth, there seems no way they can settle their dispute in purely rational ways. For suppose A1 believes in the truth of claim Q on the basis of premises P and a valid argument P.'.Q, and A 2 believes that ~Q on the basis of premises R and a valid argument R.'. ~Q. Then it would seem on logical, hence rational, grounds that A 1 must reject A2's reasons R, since P.'. ~R is also valid. Thus the reasons P, which led Ai to rationally accept Q, also constitute rational reasons for A 1 to reject R, and consequently reject the argument A2 adduces for ~Q. Symmetrically, A 2 cannot but reject the reasoning A1 adduces for Q. So the dispute between A1 and A 2 concerning the truth of Q cannot be resolved—unless either side compromises its rationality and yields to such nonrational methods as threats, brainwashing, offers of money, etc. If all this is right, we have (rational) reason to be pessimistic about the value of rationality not only in philosophy, but in any sphere of thought, including science. I attempt to offer a rational counterargument against Köseraif's. (shrink)

My focus in this paper is on how the basic Bayesian model can be amended to reflect the role of idealizations and approximations in the confirmation or disconfirmation of any hypothesis. I suggest the following as a plausible way of incorporating idealizations and approximations into the Bayesian condition for incremental confirmation: Theory T is confirmed by observation P relative to background knowledge B iff Pr&B) > PrandB), where I is the conjunction of idealizations and approximations used in deriving the prediction (...) PT from T, P. (shrink)

Recent advances in neuroimaging technologies have rendered multimodal analysis of operators’ cognitive processes in complex task settings and environments increasingly more practical. In this exploratory study, we utilized optical brain imaging and mobile eye tracking technologies to investigate the behavioral and neurophysiological differences among expert and novice operators while they operated a human-machine interface in normal and adverse conditions. In congruence with related work, we observed that experts tended to have lower prefrontal oxygenation and exhibit gaze patterns that are better (...) aligned with the optimal task sequence with shorter fixation durations as compared to novices. These trends reached statistical significance only in the adverse condition where the operators were prompted with an unexpected error message. Comparisons between hemodynamic and gaze measures before and after the error message indicated that experts’ neurophysiological response to the error involved a systematic increase in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity accompanied with an increase in fixation durations, which suggests a shift in their attentional state, possibly from routine process execution to problem detection and resolution. The novices’ response was not as strong as that of experts, including a slight increase only in the left dlPFC with a decreasing trend in fixation durations, which is indicative of visual search behavior for possible cues to make sense of the unanticipated situation. A linear discriminant analysis model capitalizing on the covariance structure among hemodynamic and eye movement measures could distinguish experts from novices with 91% accuracy. Despite the small sample size, the performance of the linear discriminant analysis combining eye fixation and dorsolateral oxygenation measures before and after an unexpected event suggests that multimodal approaches may be fruitful for distinguishing novice and expert performance in similar neuroergonomic applications in the field. (shrink)

Recent advances in neuroimaging technologies have rendered multimodal analysis of operators’ cognitive processes in complex task settings and environments increasingly more practical. In this exploratory study, we utilized optical brain imaging and mobile eye tracking technologies to investigate the behavioral and neurophysiological differences among expert and novice operators while they operated a human-machine interface in normal and adverse conditions. In congruence with related work, we observed that experts tended to have lower prefrontal oxygenation and exhibit gaze patterns that are better (...) aligned with the optimal task sequence with shorter fixation durations as compared to novices. These trends reached statistical significance only in the adverse condition where the operators were prompted with an unexpected error message. Comparisons between hemodynamic and gaze measures before and after the error message indicated that experts’ neurophysiological response to the error involved a systematic increase in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity accompanied with an increase in fixation durations, which suggests a shift in their attentional state, possibly from routine process execution to problem detection and resolution. The novices’ response was not as strong as that of experts, including a slight increase only in the left dlPFC with a decreasing trend in fixation durations, which is indicative of visual search behavior for possible cues to make sense of the unanticipated situation. A linear discriminant analysis model capitalizing on the covariance structure among hemodynamic and eye movement measures could distinguish experts from novices with 91% accuracy. Despite the small sample size, the performance of the linear discriminant analysis combining eye fixation and dorsolateral oxygenation measures before and after an unexpected event suggests that multimodal approaches may be fruitful for distinguishing novice and expert performance in similar neuroergonomic applications in the field. (shrink)

According to Jay Lorsch, boards will be increasingly expected to exercise more leadership, even strategic leadership, in the running of a firm. In order to align directors to the best interest of the firm, directors are increasingly required to purchase the equity of the companies on whose board they serve, and in the majority of cases, the minimum shareholding is 1000 shares. The rationale for this is that the directors will take the perspective of real owners of the company, partly (...) based on a study by the National Association of Corporate Directors in 1995. Using behavioral economics, this paper makes some counterintuitive predictions about how involved boards are likely to react to an offer for a hostile takeover. By studying their reactions, the paper inductively analyzes the use of equity ownership as an incentive mechanism. (shrink)

Turuq al-taḥammul al-ʿilm is the methods of receiving a ḥadīth from the teacher in the science of ḥadīth. In general, scholars have pointed out eight different methods. While some of these methods are accepted as unanimously by everyone, some methods have led to polemics throughout the history. The methods did not appear out of nowhere, but appeared in a process. In this article, mukātaba (correspondence), one of the eight methods, will be examined and the events that laid the groundwork for (...) this method from the time of the Prophet will be discussed. Furthermore, the use of mukātaba in the ḥadīth transmission up to the third hijrī century will be mentioned. In addition, the origin and development of the term mukātaba will be researched. Finally, modes of transmission used while transmitting the aḥadīth obtained by this method in ḥadīth collections will be examined. As a result of the research, it has been seen that in the first centuries, kitāba/mukātaba was mentioned together with munāwala or ijāza, but later on, it began to be considered as a separate method. While it was mostly mentioned as kitāba until Ibn al-Salāh, it started to be called mukātaba later on. (shrink)

Usually, during any form of communication in an institutional classroom and beyond, the phenomenon of “silence” is regarded as a form of epistemological and ontological absence. To elaborate further, the act of remaining silent is usually equated with incapability and nothingness. The authenticity and relevance of building and sharing knowledge with one another are mostly judged on the basis of one’s capability to verbally express. But silence as a form of communication and knowledge dissemination has been an integral part of (...) several native indigenous communities across the planet. It was with the emergence of European colonization, that such silent systems of knowledge production were disbanded as mysterious and invalid. The exercise of disbanding the phenomenon of silence continues to take place through the colonial/modern vocal-centric pedagogical practices in the contemporary era. With respect to these arguments, this essay attempts to explore the possible ways through which silence, along with vocal pedagogical practices, can be performed in an intersectional manner as a habitual pedagogical practice in educational institutions today. To justify the possibilities contextually, the author shares pedagogical instances mostly from India. This essay is the third part of the three-part pedagogy series. The other two essays are “Pedagogy of the Stupid” and “Pedagogy of Common Sense.”. (shrink)

This article discusses the effects of the 24 year-old rule in Denmark utilising Foucault’s understanding of the ‘subject’ within a governmentality framework. The 24 year-old rule is a good example of how a gendered knowledge about immigration becomes a reality that steers biopolitics, enables practices of normalisation and subjectifies immigrants in various ways. The article foregrounds the subjectivity of immigrant women through a narrative analysis of the constitution of the subject within discourses and in an asymmetrical relationship to power in (...) governance. This analysis reveals the complexity of empirical interactions between the ideational structure of legislative measures and personal meanings expressed by immigrant subjectivities. While I illustrate certain modes of subjectification in relation to the 24 year-old rule, I emphasise the ways subjects employ certain identity strategies by resisting, reworking or contributing to the practices of normalisation. (shrink)

On dokuzuncu yüzyıldaki Osmanlı Devleti’nin sosyal ve ekonomik tarihini daha iyi anlamamızı sağlayan önemli kaynaklardan birisi de temettuat defterleridir. Bu defterler, kişilerin mal varlığını, gelir ve vergi miktarlarının sayısını ayrıntılı olarak gösteren sayım kayıtlarıdır. Bu çalışmada günümüzde Kütahya’nın Gediz ilçesine bağlı köylerinden biri olan Ağsaklar/Aksaklar köyünün 1845 yılındaki tarımsal arazi kullanımı ve verimliliği ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, Ağsaklar köyüne ait Hicri 29 Zi’l-hicce 1261 (Miladî 29 Aralık 1845) tarihli 07922 numaralı temettuat defteri esas alınarak yapılmıştır. Defterdeki tüm veriler öncelikle transkribe edilmiştir (...) ve akabinde veriler daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için tablolaştırılmıştır. Defterdeki kayıtların tablolaştırılarak değerlendirilmesine yönelik olan bu çalışma, giriş bölümü de dahil olmak üzere dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde temettuat defterleri, bunların kullanımı ve önemi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Ayrıca bu bölümde Ağsaklar köyünün temettuat defterinden bahseden bir yüksek lisans tezindeki yanlışlar da tespit edilerek düzeltilmiştir. Birinci bölümde köyün coğrafyası, demografik yapısı ve günümüzdeki durumundan bahsedilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, 1845 yılındaki Ağsaklar köyünün zirai üretimi ve hayvancılığı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise söz konusu yıldaki Ağsaklar köyünün vergi ve gelir durumu ele alınmıştır. Bunun haricinde Ağsaklar köyünde yaşayan nüfusun meslek grupları, tarımsal faaliyetleri ve gelirleri incelenerek buradaki nüfusun ekonomik farklılıkları vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. (shrink)

Today, which is described as the information age, it is expected from schools where knowledge is produced, education-training activities are carried out, and education is realized, to raise a self-confident student profile in accordance with the requirements of this age. The learning climate is important in this regard. Learning climate, which is one of the new components used instead of organizational climate and school climate in the climate literature, includes all kinds of factors related to learning ability; human factors are (...) dealt with in many dimensions, especially the virtual/real spaces where learning takes place, and measurements are made with the tools developed to measure the learning climate. The data obtained is a source for improvement studies. In our study, the school learning climate was discussed in terms of school engagement, learning environment, and communication dimensions. As a type of self-efficacy, one of the basic concepts of Social Cognitive Theory, academic self-efficacy, which expresses the students' self-confidence in subjects that require academic study, can be explained as the individual's ability to use effective cognitive strategies in order to learn, effectively manage their learning environment and learning times, and effectively organize their own performance. Academic self-efficacy is considered by researchers in different dimensions, measurements are made with different scales. In our study, academic self-efficacy was handled in cognitive, social and technical dimensions. The main factors that make people strong in the flow of life are self-confidence, critical perspective, success in social relations; basic skills such as interest in any sporting, artistic or cultural field are possible with the students' gain from the school climate. In this case, we can say that having a good wind at school, creating a livable and lovable atmosphere, and sitting on an original and critical ground is only possible with a positive and sustainable school climate. The school climate, which positively nurtures academic self-efficacy, will bring the success of the human elements affected by the climate. A positive school climate and strong academic self-efficacy will become the greatest means of academic success. Measuring the learning climate, interpersonal relationships, role models, expectations, etc. in schools. It can help to understand the quality of life as well as the success and satisfaction of students. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the learning climate perceptions of students of higher religion and their academic self-efficacy and academic achievement. In this framework, four basic research questions have been tried to be answered: (i) What is the level of the learning climate and academic self-efficacy perceptions of higher religious education students? (ii) Is there a significant relationship between higher religious education students' learning climate and academic self-efficacy? (iii) Are the age, learning climate and academic self-efficacy beliefs of higher religious education students significant predictors of their academic achievement? (iv) What are the views of higher religious education students regarding their negative perceptions of the learning climate? The triangulation strategy was used in the study, which was patterned with mixed method and convergent parallel research design. In the quantitative section of this study, Academic Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Owen and Froman and adapted into Turkish by Ekici and the School Climate Scale for University Students, developed by Terzi was applied to 1147 students from six faculties, who study in high religious education in public universities within Turkey. In the qualitative part, interview forms were filled in by 18 students from the same faculties. Test of normality was applied to the quantitative data set obtained after the research conducted in May 2019. Independent Samples t-Test, Mann Whitney U Test, Levene test, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Scheffe Test, Kruskal Wallis H Test, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, Polyserial Correlation and Path Analysis were used to analyze the data. Qualitative data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. According to the results of the research, the perception of the learning climate and also of academic self-efficacy in general was negative for of the students of higher religious education. The correlation between general average of School Climate Scale and Academic Self-Efficacy Perception Scale is at medium level. According to the results of the research, the findings were discussed in the light of the literature, and after the comments, various solution suggestions were presented that are thought to provide a positive learning climate in higher religious education, strengthen the academic self-efficacy of higher religious education students and increase their academic success. (shrink)

Acceptance or rejection of the existence of Allah is a phenomenon that completely affects a person's view of life. Societies want their faith to be maintained by the next generation in order to maintain their peace and order. It is difficult for a parent who believes in Allah to communicate and have a healthy dialogue with his children who have become atheists. At this point, the deviations of belief in the existence of god, such as atheism and deism, which have (...) recently increased, worry the members of a religious society. In the study, prepared using the documentation method and aimed at considering the approach of educators to these problems in a theoretical framework by identifying the problems of belief in the existence of Allah that have become a current issue in today's Turkey, it was tried to take a picture of the current situation by scanning the studies in the literature and propose solutions to the identified questions and problems. Although there are many reasons for the recent belief problems, the role of family, educators and learning environments is more prominent among them. This study aims to draw attention to the aspects of the problem arising from the family, educational environments and the methods and styles of the educators. It has been tried to develop suggestions for the solution of these problems by making determinations for each problem area. (shrink)

Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, 20. Yüzyılın en önemli Türk şair ve düşünürlerinden biridir. İslami hareketin sembollerinden biri olmasına rağmen, popülaritesi sadece dindar kesimlerle sınırlı kalmamıştır. Ülke genelinde büyük bir üne kavuşmuş, farklı kültürel çevrelerden, değişik fikir akımlarına mensup hayranlara sahip olmuştur. Bu durum şairin ifadelerinin akıcılığı, edebi yeteneğinin gücü ve Türkçeyi hem şiir hem nesirde ustalıkla kullanmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Onun velûd bir yazar niteliğiyle çok sayıda ürün vermiş olması yazdıklarının edebi değerini düşürmemiştir. Ayrıca gençliğinden beri farklı gazete ve dergilerde makaleler yazmıştır. Otuz (...) yılı aşkın bir süre "Büyük Doğu" mecmuasını yayımlamıştır. Aynı isimle bir yayınevi kurmuş ve yaklaşık yüz kitap neşretmiştir. Şair olarak divanlar yayımlamasının yanı sıra hikayeler, romanlar, piyesler telif etmiş, fikri, ahlaki ve siyasi yazılar yazmıştır. Otuz yaşına kadar “bohem” diye tavsif ettiği bir hayat sürmüş, ruhi boşluktan kurtulamamıştır. Sonrasında bir vesileyle tanıştığı döneminin tanınan medrese alimi ve mutasavvıf Abdülhakim Arvasi’den etkilenmiştir. Böylece köklü bir fikri dönüşüm yaşamış, İslami dünya görüşünü benimsemiştir. Bu merhaleden sonra çok çeşitliliğe sahip edebi ürünlerinin tümünde inanç ve fikirlerini cesaretle savunmayı gaye edinmiştir. Muhalif bir kimlikle döneminin devlet ricaline alenen tenkitler yönetmekten çekinmemiştir. Bu uğurda ortaya koyduğu mücadele sebebiyle resmi kovuşturmalara maruz kalmış, defalarca hapis yatmıştır. Edebi faaliyetlerini, fikir kavgası niteliğinde icra etmiş, vefatına kadar da bu çizgisini sürdürmüştür. Tüm bu özellikleri birçok çevrede saygın bir mevkiye sahip olmasını sağlamıştır. Türk edebiyatındaki bu etkili konumuna rağmen Necip Fazıl, hala Arap okuyucusu tarafından nispeten bilinmemektedir. Arap araştırmacıların şaire dair teşekküre şayan değerli araştırmalar ve makaleler telif etmiş olmalarına rağmen eserleri henüz hak ettiği seviyede Arap okuyucusuna tanıtılabilmiş değildir. Burada Türkçeden Arapçaya tercüme faaliyetlerinin çok güçlü olmamasının etkisi akla gelebilir. Ancak başka Türk edebiyatçıların kitaplarının Arapçaya tercüme edildiği dikkate alındığında Necip Fazıl’ın eserleri özelinde bir eksiklikten bahsetmek yanlış olmaz. Her halükârda edebi eserleri Arapçaya çevirenler için yazarın ürünleri zengin bir servet mahiyetindedir. Biz de bu bağlamda Necip Fazıl’ın “Çile” adlı kitabından bazı şiirleri Arapça tahlil ederek manzum halde bu dile çevirdik. Manzumelerde klasik Arap şiiri kaidelerini dikkate aldık. Aynı şiirleri nesir olarak da çevirdik ve anlaşılmalarını kolaylaştırmak için kısa açıklamalar ekledik. Orijinal olduğunu düşündüğümüz bu çalışmamızla, Türk edebiyatı metinlerini Arapçaya çevirerek alana katkıda bulunanlar arasında yer almayı umuyoruz. (shrink)

Aristoteles, zamanı harekette açığa çıkan öncelik ile sonralıktan ve ânın birimler hâlinde düşünülmesinden dolayı sayı olarak betimlemiştir. Bu bağlamda Peripatetik doğa felsefesinde zaman, hareketin sayılması çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Halbuki bu sistemde zaman sürekli, sayı süreksiz niceliktir. Dolayısıyla tanım cümlesindeki sayı kavramı; zamanın sayı olmasının nasıl anlaşılacağı, sayının bir sayanı gerektirmesi ve çokluklarla ilişkili olması gibi hususlarda süreksizlik sorununu meydana getirmiştir. Nitekim Aristoteles, sürekli olması dolayısıyla zamanı, sayılan anlamında sayı kabul eder. Helenistik şârihler de zamanın sayı formunda betimlenmesinde, nicelikler arasında süreklilik ve (...) süreksizlik geçişkenliğini çözmeye çalışmıştır. Bu makalenin ana iddiası, İbn Sînâ’nın zaman anlayışının, Aristotelesçi zaman kavrayışının yeniden yapılandırılmış versiyonu olduğudur. İbn Sînâ zamanı, nicelikler arasındaki sürekli– süreksiz ilişkisine karşı, öncelikle hem büyüklük hem de ölçü olarak tartışılabilen miktar kavramıyla kurar. İbn Sînâ’ya göre miktar sürekli olduğundan, zaman bizzat süreklidir; sayı ise arazî biçimde zamana eklenir. Ayrıca, miktar olması bakımından zaman, sayan nefsi zorunlu kılmaz. Bu makale, İbn Sînâ’nın zaman kavramında gerçekleştirdiği yeniden yapılandırmasını; sayı, miktar, süreklilik ve göksel küreler üzerinden incelemektedir. (shrink)

Religious songs have an important place in Turkish Classical Music in terms of maqam, usul, form, composers, and songwriters. The main purpose of this study is to examine the religious songs in Segâh Maqam in the TRT Turkish Classical Music Repertoire in terms of form, usul, composers, and songwriters. The data of the research were obtained through literature and document review. In this context, the musical notes of religious songs in Segâh Maqam were analyzed through content analysis. As a result (...) of the reviews of TRT Turkish Classical Music Repertoire, a total of 107 religious songs in Segâh Maqam has been identified. In the form analyses of the identified religious songs, it was found that İlâhi, Durak, and Teşvih forms were used frequently; in the usul analyses, it was found that Sofyan, Düyek, Devr-i Hindî, Durak Evferi, Yürük Semaî and Nim Sofyan usuls are used frequently; in the composer analyses, it was found that Bekir Sıtkı Sezgin, Güldeniz Ekmen, Amir Ateş,, Hüseyin Sâdettin Arel, Erdinç Çelikkol Zeki Altun, Faruk Şahin, Halil İbrâhim Taşkent, Hüseyin Sebilci, Mehmet Tulûî, Sadettin Kaynak, Süleyman Erguner, and Ümit Gürelman have more religious songs compared to other identified composers; in the songwriter analyses, it was found that Yûnûs Emre, Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Eşrefoğlu Rûmî, Hamdi Özer, İbrâhim Hakkı, Sezâî, and Yûnûs have more songs compared to other identified songwriters. (shrink)

This study investigates common points between Milton’s and Machiavelli’s attempts to understand interpret the limits absolute power whether it belongs to God or the Prince. Milton characterizes satan as an epic hero with virtù, which is a characteristic lauded by Machiavelli as well. Despite this, when satan is in action, he loses these positive traits and turns to a Prince-like character who can justify the employment of vicious means to reach his aim. In the light of Machiavelli’s and Milton’s republican (...) views, I can say that both satan and the prince are ironic characters which imply a criticism of monarchical power.Bu yazıda John Milton ve Niccholo Machiavelli’nin, hükümdarın—ister tanrı ister prens olsun—mutlak gücünün sınırlarını anlama ve yorumlama çabalarındaki ortak yönleri araştırıyorum. Milton, “Paradise Lost” adlı şiirinde tanrıya karşı çıkan şeytanı Machiavelli’nin politik görüşlerinde de olumlu yankısını bulan cesaret ve özgür irade sahibi epik bir kahraman olarak betimler. Buna karşın bu kahraman eyleme geçtiğinde ise amaca ulaşmak için her yolu mübah sayan Machiavelli’nin prens’ine dönüşür. Hem Machiavelli’nin hem de Milton’un cumhuriyetçi görüşleri ışığında yarattıkları prens ve şeytan kişiliklerinin ironik olduğunu ve monarşik güce karşı örtük eleştiri ögeleri taşıdığı söylenebilir. (shrink)

Günümüzde eğitim, rotasını kimi zaman çeşitli türden izm’lerin, ideolojilerin, kültürel veya ahlaki normların, kimi zaman ise ulusal ya da bireysel çıkarların belirlediği, “her şey gider” anlayışından hareket eden, içi tıklım tıklım yolcularla dolu bir trene benzemektedir. Ancak dur durak bilmeksizin yol alan, hangi istasyonda duracağı da belli olmayan bu tren, yolcularına, kendilerini, diğer insanları, dünyayı ve hayatı, insan olmanın değerinin bilgisine açılan bir pencereden değil, rotasını belirleyenin istediği ve seçtiği pencereden göstermekte, onları her geçen gün insanın olmanın ne demek olduğundan (...) hızla uzaklaştırmaktadır. Başka bir deyişle, yolcularının çoğunluğunu, kendisi dışında geride kalanı umursamayan, insanın değerini hiçe sayan, sınır tanımazlığı, yararcılığı baş değer yapan, basmakalıp düşüncelere saplanıp kalmış, insanlaşamamış bireyler olarak uğurlayan ve geride nakarat olarak sadece koca bir “boşuna” çınlatan bu tren, insanlığı hızla sıradanlığın, sorumsuzluğun, başıboşluğun ve anlamsızlığın yamacından aşağıya, dekadansa doğru sürüklemektedir. Nitekim dünya genelinde artan şiddet, terör olayları, açlık, yoksulluk, çevre kirliliği, salgın bulaşıcı hastalıklar gibi yaşamı yaşanmaya değer olmaktan çıkaran, gözlerimizin hemen her gün şahitlik ettiği insanlık dışı manzaralar, günümüz eğitim anlayışına ve bu anlayışın yetiştirdiği insan tipine yönelik böyle bir tespitin en açık kanıtıdır. Bu nedenle, aslında çoktan ıskartaya çıkmış olan bu kara treni zaman kaybetmeden durdurmamız ve “insan nedir?” sorusuyla bağlantılı olarak eğitimin neliğini ve amacını yeniden düşünmemiz gerekmektedir. Bu noktada, eğitimi, insan onuruna yakışır bir yaşamı inşâ edebilmenin olanağının koşullarından biri olarak gören ve eğitime ilişkin felsefi bilginin realiteye bakarak nasıl ve ne şekilde ortaya konulabileceğini gösteren Kuçuradi’nin, ontolojik temelli felsefi antropolojiye dayanan insan, değer ve eğitim görüşüne kulak vermek bizler için yol gösterici olacaktır. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, eğitimin kişilere öncelikle “insan kimliği bilinci” kazandırması gerektiğini düşünen Kuçuradi’nin insan ve değer görüşünü, buradan hareketle dile getirdiği eğitimin neliğine ilişkin düşüncelerini irdelemeyi konu edinmekte, eğitimin her şeyden önce olanaklar varlığı olan insan için bir insanlaşma sorunu olduğuna dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktadır. (shrink)