The main aim of this paper is to propose an appropriate logical system that is suitable to describe the notion of IS-A link as well as is-a link. The most important point to be realized is that those relations are not set thoretical ones. They connect two `general names' to construct a proposition, so that what is needed for proper descriptions of the relations in question is a theory of general names. It will be shown that is-a is a logical (...) unit of axiomatically determined behaviour. The axiom concerning is-a relation was established by S. Lesniewski who named his theory of general names ontology. Today `ontology' has also become a common term for AI researchers. I intend to make it clear that there is a close connection between `ontology' used by Lesniewski and by AI researchers, even though they developed quite independently. I wish to stress that ontology created by Lesniewski is a system of syllogistic equipped with singular propositions and the theory of quantification. To make this point clear, I proposed a fragment of syllogism that I called MO(minimal ontology). This paper includes comments and examples articulating the logical power of ontology. (shrink)

In [Waragai & Shidori, 2007], a system of paraconsistent logic called PCL1, which takes a similar approach to that of da Costa, is proposed. The present paper gives further results on this system and its related systems. Those results include the concrete condition to enrich the system PCL1 with the classical negation, a comparison of the concrete notion of “behaving classically” given by da Costa and by Waragai and Shidori, and a characterisation of the notion of “behaving classically” (...) given by Waragai and Shidori. (shrink)

The present note offers a proof that systems developed by Majkić are actually extensions of intuitionistic logic, and therefore not paraconsistent.

In [1] Béziau developed the paraconsistent logic Z, which is definitionally equivalent to the modal logic S5, and gave an axiomatization of the logic Z: the system HZ. In the present paper, we prove that some axioms of HZ are not independent and then propose another axiomatization of Z. We also discuss a new perspective on the relation between S5 and classical propositional logic with the help of the new axiomatization of Z. Then we conclude the paper by making a (...) remark on the paraconsistency of HZ. (shrink)

エンジニアの「知」は21世紀を拓けるか。モノを「つくる」とは、どういうことか。技術者の心に由来する「知」のありように迫る。技術における「知」の現代性を確認する。.

This study employs fMRI to examine the neural substrates of response to cognitive training in healthy old adults. Twenty Japanese healthy elders participated in a 4-week program and practiced a verbal articulation task on a daily basis. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that in comparison to age- and education-matched controls, elders who received the cognitive training demonstrated increased connectivity in the frontotemporal regions related with language and memory functions and showed significant correlations between the behavioral change in a linguistic task and (...) connectivity in regions for goal-oriented persistence and lexical processing. The increased hippocampal connectivity was consistent with previous research showing efficacious memory improvement and change in hippocampal functioning. Moreover, the increased intra-network connectivity following cognitive training suggested an improved neural differentiation, in contrast to the inter-network activation pattern typical in the aging brain. This research not only validates the relationship of functional change in the frontal and temporal lobes to age-associated cognitive decline but also shows promise in turning neural change toward the right direction by cognitive training. (shrink)