Business Ethics

Edited by Joakim Sandberg (University of Gothenburg)
About this topic
Summary Business ethics is the application of ethical theories and concepts to activity within and between commercial enterprises, and between commercial enterprises and their broader environment. It is a wide range of activity, and no brief list can be made of the issues it raises. The safety of working practices; the fairness of recruitment; the transparency of financial accounting; the promptness of payments to suppliers; the degree of permissible aggression between competitors: all come within the range of the subject. So do relations between businesses and consumers, local communities, national governments, and ecosystems. Many, but not all, of these issues can be understood to bear on distinct, recognized groups with their own stakes in a business: employees, shareholders, consumers, and so on. A central question concerns how businesses ought to weigh the interests of different stakeholders against each other; particularly what moral import to give to profit-making (presumably in the interest of shareholders in large corporations).
Key works Much of business ethics starts from Milton Friedman's provocative article "The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits" (reprinted in Snoeyenbos et al 1992, Jennings 2002, ...). Some well-cited expressions of alternative views are Freeman 1994...
Introductions Some introductions by Snoeyenbos et al 1992, Shaw 2002.
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  1. I pravo i obi︠a︡zannostʹ.V. A. Beli︠a︡kov & M. E. Skri︠a︡bin (eds.) - 1983 - Leningrad: Lenizdat.
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  2. Innovator or Troublemaker? The Co-evolution of Ethical Controversies, Legitimation and Institutionalisation of the Ridesharing Firms in China.Xiao-Xiao Liu, Feng Xiong & Xingqiang Du - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-15.
    The ethical controversies of firms in the sharing economy (SE) have recently drawn attention and caused debates. Ridesharing firms violate laws in many countries, but how they become legitimised remains underexplored. We apply the co-evolutionary perspective to examine how ethical controversies, legitimation and institutionalisation co-evolve in the ridesharing segment in the dynamic and changing institutional environment of China. We conducted a case study on Didi using firm-institution dual-level analysis based on stakeholder salience theory (SST) and the Orders of Worth framework. (...)
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  3. The Level of Islamic Religiosity of the Local Community and Corporate Environmental Responsibility Disclosure: Evidence from Iran.Mehdi Khodakarami, Hassan Yazdifar, Alireza Faraji Khaledi, Saeed Bagheri Kheirabadi & Amin Sarlak - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-30.
    The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the Islamic religiosity of the local community and the level of corporate environmental responsibility disclosure (CERD) in Iran, an example of an Islamic country. This paper also examines the moderating role of firm size, family ownership, and state ownership. This study is conducted using a sample of 952 observations across firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The results indicate that CERD increases with an increase in the level of (...)
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  4. MNEs’ Ambidexterity Strategies and Moral Conflicts: The Case of Google in China.Shuxin Zhong, Xiaoyang Zhao & Juan Song - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-16.
    Multinational enterprises (MNEs) must often address moral conflicts given their responsibilities to meet conflicting demands from diverse stakeholders in transnational operations. Thus, this study constructs a comprehensive theoretical framework to understand the co-evolution between MNEs’ ambidexterity strategies and moral conflicts by incorporating studies on institutional theory and strategic management. Through a longitudinal case study, we find that the balance of three dimensions of ambidexterity strategies influences the content and intensity of MNEs’ moral conflicts by shaping the dual structure of stakeholders (...)
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  5. Amoral Management and the Normalisation of Deviance: The Case of Stafford Hospital.Tom Entwistle & Heike Doering - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-16.
    Inquiries into organisational scandals repeatedly attribute wrongdoing to the normalisation of deviance. From this perspective, the cause of harm lies not in the actions of any individual but rather in the institutionalised practices of organisations or sectors. Although an important corrective to dramatic tales of bad apples, the normalisation thesis underplays the role of management in the emergence of deviance. Drawing on literatures exploring ideas of amoral (Carroll in Bus Horiz 30(2):7–15, 1987 ) or ethically neutral leadership (Treviño et al. (...)
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  6. Moral Agency Development as a Community-Supported Process: An Analysis of Hospitals’ Middle Management Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis.Gry Espedal, Marta Struminska-Kutra, Danielle Wagenheim & Kari Jakobsen Husa - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-15.
    This paper investigates the process of moral agency development as a community-supported process. Based on a multimethod qualitative inquiry, including diaries, focus groups, and documentary analysis, we analyze the experiences of middle managers in two Norwegian hospitals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that moral agency is developed through a community-embedded value inquiry, emerging in three partially overlapping steps. The first step is marked by moral reflex, an intuitive, value-driven, pre-reflective response to a crisis situation. In (...)
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  7. Moral Self-Signaling Benefits of Effortful Cause Marketing Campaigns.Argiro Kliamenakis & H. Onur Bodur - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-28.
    A popular form of cause marketing (CM) that has recently emerged is one requiring the consumer to perform a prescribed behavior—such as providing a product review or uploading a picture on social media alongside a hashtag—to trigger a donation from the firm to the charitable cause. While this approach may be engaging, its effectiveness in eliciting positive consumer responses toward the brand remains uncertain when compared to conventional forms of CM. The current research uses a moral self-signaling framework to examine (...)
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  8. Climate Change Social Norms and Corporate Cash Holdings.Lei Zhang, Kiridaran Kanagaretnam & Jing Gao - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-23.
    We study the relationship between climate change social norms (CCSN) and corporate cash holdings for U.S. firms. We find that county-level CCSN is significantly positively associated with cash holdings. Our main finding is robust to a battery of robustness tests. In a subsample analysis, we find that firms have relatively low cash holdings in low CCSN counties even when faced with high climate risk. For such firms, the lack of cash buffer could be harmful to a broader set of stakeholders (...)
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  9. Leading Without a Self: Implications of Buddhist Practices for Pseudo-spiritual Leadership.Louis W. Fry & Mai Chi Vu - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-17.
    This paper extends Being-centered and spiritual leadership theory using non-self from the Buddhist philosophy to further our understanding of how inner life functions as the source of spiritual leadership. While spiritual leadership theory has received widespread acceptance and considerable empirical support, its developmental process and potential for being used to pursue self-centered ends remain underdeveloped. Drawing on non-self from the Buddhist emptiness theory, we identify different egoistic forms of attachment at each level of being that can lead to forms of (...)
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  10. A Libertarian Defense of Title II of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.William Kline - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):75-87.
    Twice in the _Journal of Business Ethics_, Walter Block provides a libertarian argument that The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is unjust because it is a violation of a business’s property rights and therefore ought to be repealed. No libertarian reply to Block has ever been given, creating the mistaken impression that his argument is the true representation of libertarian theory with regards to civil rights. This paper focuses on Title II and argues that both Block, and this prevailing opinion (...)
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  11. The Dark Side of Leader Narcissism: The Relationship Between Leaders’ Narcissistic Rivalry and Abusive Supervision.Iris K. Gauglitz, Birgit Schyns, Theresa Fehn & Astrid Schütz - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):169-184.
    Narcissists often attain leadership positions, but at the same time do not care for others and often engage in unethical behaviors. We therefore explored the role of leader narcissism as an antecedent of abusive supervision, a form of unethical leadership. We based our study on the narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept (NARC) and proposed a direct positive effect of leaders’ narcissistic rivalry—the maladaptive narcissism dimension—on abusive supervision. In line with trait activation and threatened egotism theory, we also proposed a moderated (...)
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  12. Are All Directors Treated Equally? Evidence from Director Turnover Following Opportunistic Insider Selling.Sander De Groote, Liesbeth Bruynseels & Ann Gaeremynck - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):185-207.
    This study investigates the likelihood of director turnover following opportunistic insider selling. Given that opportunistic insider selling may be costly to a firm due to potential legal risk and firm legitimacy concerns, we hypothesize that directors engaging in this type of transactions have a higher likelihood of subsequently leaving the board. Using archival data of 11,409 directors in 2280 US firms from 2005 to 2014, univariate comparisons show that directors engaging in opportunistic insider selling are about 8% more likely to (...)
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  13. Cash and the Hidden Economy: Experimental Evidence on Fighting Tax Evasion in Small Business Transactions.Ho Fai Chan, Uwe Dulleck, Jonas Fooken, Naomi Moy & Benno Torgler - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):89-114.
    Increasing the tax compliance of self-employed business owners—particularly of trade-specific service providers such as those involved in construction and repair work—remains an ongoing challenge for tax authorities. From a compliance point of view, cash transactions are particularly problematic when services are paid for on the spot, as these exchanges are difficult to audit. We present experimental evidence testing ten different policy strategies rooted in the enforcement, service, and trust/social paradigms, in a setting that allows payment either via a transaction that (...)
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  14. CSR Structures: Evidence, Drivers, and Firm Value Implications.Kais Bouslah, Abdelmajid Hmaittane, Lawrence Kryzanowski & Bouchra M’Zali - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):115-145.
    This paper investigates the corporate social responsibility (CSR) structures of U.S. listed firms. We find evidence of a general tendency towards CSR specialization with almost three-quarters (73.91%) of these firms focusing on a single CSR dimension. The degree of specialization varies across industries and the single CSR dimension focused on also varies for industries with similar degrees of specialization. We find that firms with higher exposures to CSR concerns, international activities, larger size, and higher financial slack tend to diversify across (...)
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  15. Particularizing Nonhuman Nature in Stakeholder Theory: The Recognition Approach.Teea Kortetmäki, Anna Heikkinen & Ari Jokinen - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):17-31.
    Stakeholder theory has grown into one of the most frequent approaches to organizational sustainability. Stakeholder research has provided considerable insight on organization–nature relations, and advanced approaches that consider the intrinsic value of nonhuman nature. However, nonhuman nature is typically approached as an ambiguous, unified entity. Taking nonhumans adequately into account requires greater detail for both grounding the status of nonhumans and particularizing nonhuman entities as a set of potential organizational stakeholders with different characteristics, vulnerabilities, and needs. We utilize the philosophical (...)
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  16. Managerial Discretion, Market Failure and Democracy.Michael Bennett - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):33-47.
    Managers often have discretion in interpreting their ethical requirements, and they should seek democratic guidance in doing so. The undemocratic nature of managerial ethical discretion is shown to be a recurring problem in business ethics. Joseph Heath’s market failures approach (MFA) is introduced as a theory better positioned to deal with this problem than other views. However, due to epistemic uncertainty and conceptual indeterminacy, the MFA is shown to allow a much wider range of managerial discretion than initially appears. The (...)
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  17. Business and the Ethics of Recognition.Caleb Bernacchio - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):1-16.
    Recognition is a fundamental good that corporations ought to give to employees, a good that is essential to their well-being, and thus, recognition should be among the central notions in our understanding of organizations and in any theory of business ethics. Drawing upon the work of Philip Pettit and Robert Brandom as well as themes from instrumental stakeholder theory, I develop a complex notion of recognition involving both status recognition and capacity recognition and argue that this account meets three fundamental (...)
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  18. When Your Leader Just Does Not Make Any Sense: Conceptualizing Inconsistent Leadership.Jan Schilling, Birgit Schyns & Daniel May - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):209-221.
    Perceived consistency, and even more so inconsistency of behavior is an important factor in the evaluation of other people. This is especially true for leaders, whose behavior is typically closely monitored and interpreted by their followers. While perceived consistency is typically rewarded, behaving inconsistently as a leader can be ethically problematic, as it violates fundamental ethical principles. To theoretically capture how followers interpret and react to unexpected, ambiguous and/or confusing leader behavior, we introduce the concept of inconsistent leadership. We define (...)
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  19. Do CEOs with Sent-Down Movement Experience Foster Corporate Environmental Responsibility?Dayuan Li, Jialin Jiang, Lu Zhang, Chen Huang & Ding Wang - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):147-168.
    As environmental issues have become increasingly prominent around the world, corporate environmental responsibility has begun to attract more attention. As the decision-makers of firms, top executives play an important role in the environmentally ethical behavior of their corporations. Few studies, however, have explored the motivations behind corporations’ environmentally responsible behavior from the perspective of how CEOs’ early experiences shape their decisions. This paper explores the impact that CEOs who experienced the Send-down movement have on their companies’ environmentally responsible behavior and (...)
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  20. The ‘Court of Public Opinion:’ Public Perceptions of Business Involvement in Human Rights Violations.Matthew Amengual, Rita Mota & Alexander Rustler - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):49-74.
    Public pressure is essential for providing multinational enterprises (MNEs) with motivation to follow the standards of human rights conduct set in soft-law instruments, such as the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. But how does the public judge MNE involvement in human rights violations? We empirically answer this question drawing on an original survey of American adults. We asked respondents to judge over 12,000 randomly generated scenarios in which MNEs may be considered to have been involved in (...)
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  21. The Association of Female Leaders with Donations and Operating Margin in Nonprofit Organizations.Veena L. Brown & Erica E. Harris - 2023 - Journal of Business Ethics 185 (1):223-243.
    We examine the impact of employing a female, versus a male, leader on future (t + 1) donations and operating margin using a sample of 4387 unique nonprofit organizations (NPOs) between 2011 and 2014. Using two-stage and matched sample designs, we find that NPOs headed by female leaders report higher future operating margins but lower future donations. We interpret these findings to mean that female leaders are more focused on fiscal responsibility than fundraising. We also find that female leaders with (...)
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  22. Shang ye dao de.Shaozhe Wang - 1984 - Shijiazhuang Shi: Hebei sheng xin hua shu dian fa xing.
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  23. The Boundary Problem in Workplace Democracy: Who Constitutes the Corporate Demos?Philipp Stehr - 2023 - Political Theory 51 (3):507-529.
    This article brings to bear findings from the debate on the boundary problem in democratic theory on discussions of workplace democracy to argue that workplace democrats’ focus on workers is unjustified and that more constituencies will have to be included in any prospective scheme of workplace democracy. It thereby provides a valuable and underdiscussed perspective on workplace democracy that goes beyond the debate’s usual focus on the clarification and justification of workplace democrats’ core claim. It also goes beyond approaches like (...)
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  24. Too far apart! - an evaluation of the challenges impeding virtual teams’ success.Siphiwe Dhladhla, Clinton Aigbavboa, Lerato Aghimien & Douglas Aghimien - 2023 - International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics 1 (1):1.
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  25. Empirical research on business ethics of SMEs in the V4 countries.Katarina Zvaríková, Dagmar Bařinová, Jaroslav Belás & Ľubomir Palčák - 2023 - Ethics and Bioethics (in Central Europe) 13 (1-2):51-63.
    The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of select ethical issues in Visegrad Four (V4) countries (Czech republic, Slovakia, Poland, and Hungary) and quantify the differences in the attitudes of entrepreneurs in the field of business ethics in these countries. Empirical research was conducted in June 2022 in the V4 countries. Data collection was carried out by the renowned external company MNFORCE using "Computer Assisted Web Interviewing" (CAWI Research Method), according to the questionnaire created by the research (...)
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  26. Rongo keieiron.Keiichirō Niwayama - 1985 - Tōkyō: Miraisha.
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  27. Corporate social responsibility and debt maturity: the moderating role of CSR reporting quality.Sonia Boukattaya & Abdelwehed Omri - 2023 - International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics 1 (1):1.
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  28. Unternehmerethik--heute gefragt?Alfred Klose - 1988 - Linz: Veritas-Verlag.
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  29. Hukum karma dalam dunia bisnis: suatu analisa etika sosial.A. Ridwan Halim - 1988 - Jakarta: [S.N.].
    Social ethical analysis on karma related to business world, with reference to Indonesia.
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  30. The Making of an Authentic Leader’s Internalized Moral Perspective: The Role of Internalized Ethical Philosophies in the Development of Authentic Leaders’ Moral Identity.Seyyed Babak Alavi - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-16.
    This paper explores the impact of ethical philosophies on developing an authentic leader’s internalized moral perspective. It builds on prior research on moral identity, proposing that ethical philosophies such as deontology, rule utilitarianism, and virtue can be internalized over time to form an authentic leader’s internalized moral identity. The paper argues that while virtues and altruism are discussed in the authentic leadership literature, the relevance of other ethical philosophies to authentic leadership has been largely overlooked. These ethical philosophies embedded in (...)
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  31. Designing Donation Incentive Contracts for Online Gig Workers.Tommaso Reggiani & Rainer Michael Rilke - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-16.
    This study examines the effects of donation incentives on labor supply in an online labor market through a field experiment (_n_ = 944). We manipulate the donation purpose of the incentive to be either unifying or polarizing and the size of the donation relative to the workers’ wage. Our experimental design allows us to observe the decision to accept a job (extensive margin) and different dimensions of productivity (intensive margin). We predict and show that a unifying donation purpose attracts more (...)
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  32. Understanding Fraud in the Not-For-Profit Sector: A Stakeholder Perspective for Charities.Saffet A. Uygur & Christopher J. Napier - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-20.
    The theorisation of fraud has largely been developed in the for-profit sector, and the paper extends this to the not-for-profit sector. Motivated by social control theory, we adopt a qualitative approach to assess the views of key charity stakeholders (social control agents) of charities registered with the Charity Commission for England and Wales about fraud. We find that stakeholders, especially donors and beneficiaries, are often reluctant to label ‘fraud’ as a threat to the sector. This reflects ‘trusting indifference’, a value (...)
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  33. Workplace Ostracism and Helping Behavior: A Cross-Level Investigation.Wenyuan Huang & Chuqin Yuan - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-14.
    Prior research on workplace ostracism and helping behavior has yielded mixed results. This study integrates social learning theory and social role theory by constructing a multilevel model to examine the relationship between supervisor ostracism and helping behavior that focuses on the mediating role of coworker ostracism and the moderating role of subordinate gender. Using a two-wave, multisource approach, data were collected from 382 employees and 43 immediate team leaders in four business corporations in Guangxi Province, China. The results of path (...)
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  34. How do Corporate Social Responsibility and Innovation Co-evolve with Organizational Forms? Evidence from a Transitional Economy.Helen Wei Hu & Jiamin Zhang - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-15.
    How do corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and innovation investment co-evolve with organizational forms to affect firm market value? To address this question, we draw on the co-evolutionary perspective and theorize that the contingency effect of CSR reporting is more pronounced for firms with high uncertainty and low legitimacy by comparing start-up firms vs. established firms and privately owned enterprises (POEs) versus state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Moreover, taking a dynamic approach, we propose that the effects of CSR and innovation investment on (...)
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  35. How Political Ties and Green Innovation Co-evolve in China: Alignment with Institutional Development and Environmental Pollution.Wei Jiang, Kui Wang & Kevin Zheng Zhou - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-22.
    Building on the co-evolutionary perspective, this study investigates the reciprocal and co-evolving relationship between political ties and green innovation in the presence of institutional and environmental changes. Using panel data for Chinese listed private firms for a sample period that runs from 2013 through 2016, our findings indicate that political ties have an overall positive impact on green innovation. Moreover, political ties and green innovation mutually reinforce each other in less developed regions or heavily polluted areas; however, green innovation discourages (...)
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  36. Talking Ethics Early in Health Data Public Private Partnerships.Constantin Landers, Kelly E. Ormond, Alessandro Blasimme, Caroline Brall & Effy Vayena - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-11.
    Data access and data sharing are vital to advance medicine. A growing number of public private partnerships are set up to facilitate data access and sharing, as private and public actors possess highly complementary health data sets and treatment development resources. However, the priorities and incentives of public and private organizations are frequently in conflict. This has complicated partnerships and sparked public concerns around ethical issues such as trust, justice or privacy—in turn raising an important problem in business and data (...)
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  37. The Moral Foundations of Vaccine Passports.Trisha Harjani, Hongwei He & Melody Manchi Chao - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-29.
    The debate around vaccine passports has been polarising and controversial. Although the measure allows businesses to resume in-person operations and enables transitioning out of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, some have expressed concerns about liberty violations and discrimination. Understanding the splintered viewpoints can aid businesses in communicating such measures to employees and consumers. We conceptualise the business implementation of vaccine passports as a moral decision rooted in individual values that influence reasoning and emotional reaction. We surveyed support for vaccine (...)
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  38. Signaling Effects of CSR Performance on Cross-border Alliance Formation.Ding Wang, Jiang Wei, Niels Noorderhaven & Yang Liu - forthcoming - Journal of Business Ethics:1-20.
    This study examines the effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of Chinese firms on the formation of cross-border alliances with partners in developed countries. We use signaling theory and the co-evolutionary perspective as bases in proposing that the signaling effects of CSR performance on cross-border alliance formation are subject to the influences of subnational, national, and cross-national institutions. By using a longitudinal data set, we find that the signaling effects of CSR performance on cross-border alliance formation emerged only after (...)
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  39. Ethik im Management: Antworten auf Fragen der Zeit.Peter Zürn - 1989 - Frankfurt am Main: Frankfurter Zeitung, "Blick durch die Wirtschaft".
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  40. Keizai rinrigaku no susume: "kanjō" kara "kanjō" e.Yasuo Takeuchi - 1989 - Tōkyō: Chūō Kōronsha.
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  41. Keiei no rinri to sekinin.Kaoru Takada - 1989 - Tōkyō: Chikura Shobō.
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  42. Upravlencheskai︠a︡ ėtika.V. M. Shepelʹ - 1989 - Moskva: "Ėkonomika".
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  43. Zaken zijn zaken: undercover in ondernemend Nederland.Henk Ruigrok - 1989 - Amsterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar. Edited by Pieter Storms.
    Verslag van de ervaringen van een tweetal journalisten die vanuit een pseudo-consultant bureau met diverse personen zaken deden.
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  44. Professionalʹnai︠a︡ ėtika i kulʹtura bytovogo obsluzhivanii︠a︡.V. G. Fedt︠s︡ov - 1989 - Moskva: Legprombytizdat.
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  45. Sararīman shin miyazukae gorinsho.Akira Esaka - 1989 - Tōkyō: Tokuma Shoten.
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  46. Shang lü sheng ya bu shi meng.Yushu Chen - 1989 - Beijing: jing xiao Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo.
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  47. Business & ethiek: spelregels voor het ethisch ondernemen.Johan Verstraeten - 1990 - Tielt: Lannoo. Edited by Jozef M. L. van Gerwen.
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  48. Nihonjin no shokugyō rinri.Akiko Shimada - 1990 - Tōkyō: Yūhikaku.
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  49. Etika bisnis dari sudut Islam. Masagung - 1990 - Jakarta: Yayasan Masagung.
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  50. Shinise no kakun: kigyō, shōten eizoku no hiketsu.Masao Adachi - 1990 - Tōkyō: Shinkōsha.
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