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Summary Chinese philosophy is built on the metaphysical assumption that qi (traditionally translated as “material force” or “vital energy”) pervades the Universe and all things are composed of qi. This ontology leads to a conception of the world as an organic whole, in which everything is interconnected – from nature to the human world, from inorganic objects to sensible things. Chinese philosophers had a purely this-worldly concern; their goal was to improve on the world given. Originated in the primitive form of nature worship, ancient Chinese developed a sense of admiration and affection towards the natural world around them. This religious spirit prompted a philosophical pursuit of the order of the universe and the ontological foundation for all existence. Ancient Chinese thinkers had an intense desire to find the best way to make the right political decisions, to alleviate social problems, and to properly conduct themselves. Sociopolitical philosophy and ethics are thus the two core areas in Chinese philosophy. At the same time, since social structure, political polity and human conduct should all cohere with the cosmic order, Chinese philosophy is fundamentally rooted in its cosmology. This cosmology is manifested mostly in the philosophy of the Yijing. Chinese cosmology is built on the belief that there is a cosmic order or cosmic pattern, which serves not only as the source for all existence, but also as the governing rule for all cosmic developments. This pattern was commonly referred to as ‘Dao’ by ancient philosophers. The pursuit ofDao would become an ultimate goal shared by all Chinese philosophers. Under the holistic cosmic picture, the cosmic order also governs human affairs. Consequently, Dao takes on a normative connotation: it signifies the right way for human affairs and the normative principle for human conduct. In this sense, Daostands for the highest moral precept for human beings. There are three main branches in Chinese philosophy – Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism. Each school has its distinct answer to the quest of ultimate reality and the roles humans should play in this world. To educate others what constitutes virtue and to inspire others to act in accordance with Dao, was thus the self-assigned mission for most Chinese philosophers.
Key works The first systematic introduction to Chinese philosophy is the two-volume set Fung Yu-lan 1997, first published in the 1930s. This book is arguably the most influential introduction to the history of Chinese philosophy, even though some of Fung’s analyses are often contested by contemporary Chinese scholars. The two-volume set has been translated into English by Derk Bodde (Feng & Bodde 1983). A condensed and more accessible version of Fung’s History is also translated by Derk Bodde (Feng 1948). Among Chinese scholars, Lao 2005’s thee-volume (in four books) set is widely respected and frequently consulted. A more recent and analytic introduction to Chinese philosophy is Liu 2006. This book does not cover the history of Chinese philosophy beyond Chinese Buddhism, however. Mou 2009 has a more comprehensive coverage of all eras in the history of Chinese philosophy, but at the cost of sacrificing philosophical details. For readers who cannot read primary Chinese texts, Chan 1963 is a good source of representative selections of Chinese philosophical works.
Introductions

Chan 1963 provides a comprehensive coverage and fairly representative selections of all major philosophers or philosophical schools in Chinese history. The editor provides succinct introductions for each selection. It is a must-have sourcebook for scholars who can read only English, even though the old-fashioned Wade-Giles spelling of Chinese names in this book could create confusion for beginners.  

Feng & Bodde 1983 provides a comprehensive coverage of various schools in the history of Chinese philosophy. At times, the introduction is packed with quotes, with little analysis. It is nonetheless an authoritative introduction to this date.

Feng 1948 is not just an abridgment of Feng & Bodde 1983. Fung wrote this short history with the aim to give a complete picture of Chinese philosophical history in a nutshell. This book is far more accessible and interesting than Feng & Bodde 1983. Originally published in New York: Macmillan, 1948.

Lao Ssu-Kwang勞思光, Xinbian Zhongguo Zhexue Shi新編中國哲學史. 3 volumes. Guangxi, China: Guanxi shifandaxue chubanshe, 2005.

There is no English translation of this three-volume set. This is a revised version of Lao’s famed History of Chinese Philosophy (Zhongguo zhexue shi 中國哲學史), originally published in Hong Kong: Youlian chubanshe, 1968. Lao’s History provides detailed logical analysis of the philosophical problems and theories of all the schools covered in this book. It is widely referred to by Chinese scholars.

Liu 2006 provides an up-to-date introduction to Chinese philosophy in the analytic style. In its analysis of primary texts, it also reflects topics and discourses on Chinese philosophy in contemporary scholarship in English. The scope of this book covers classical philosophical schools and four major schools in Chinese Buddhism.

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  1. The Moral and Religious Thought of Yi Hwang (Toegye): A Study of Korean Neo-Confucian Ethics and Spirituality by Edward Y.J. Ching (review).Maria Hasfeldt Long - 2023 - Philosophy East and West 73 (2):1-3.
    In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Moral and Religious Thought of Yi Hwang (Toegye): A Study of Korean Neo-Confucian Ethics and Spirituality by Edward Y.J. ChingMaria Hasfeldt Long (bio)The Moral and Religious Thought of Yi Hwang (Toegye): A Study of Korean Neo-Confucian Ethics and Spirituality. By Edward Y.J. Ching. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. Pp. vii + 204. Hardcover $99.00, isbn 978-3-030-77923-8.In recent years, the study of Korean Neo-Confucianism as an international field has (...)
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  2. Ŏjŏng Chusŏ paeksŏn.Xi Zhu - 1978 - Edited by Xi Zhu.
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  3. Chou Yüan-kung hsüan chi.Dunyi Zhou - 1978 - Edited by Jiuyuan Lu.
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  4. Zhang Zai ji.Zai Zhang - 1978 - Beijing: Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing.
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  5. Mengzi yan jiu.Xuebo Zhang - 1978 - Taibei: Han wen shu dian.
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  6. Sung Chou Lien-hsi hsien sheng Tun-i nien pʻu.Boxing Zhang - 1978 - Edited by Dunyi Zhou.
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  7. Yü-ling-tzu chu.Tʻung-Yang Yin - 1978 - Edited by Shih-lin Yao & Ching-hsi Wang.
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  8. Tsʻao mu tzu.Tzu-chʻi Yeh - 1978 - Edited by Jo-Shui Chan & Chih Li.
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  9. Mozi xiao qu pian ji zheng ji qi bian xue.Zhenli Yao - 1978
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  10. Kʻung-tzu chia yü chiao cheng.Wei-Chung Yang - 1978 - [s.n.,:
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  11. Zhu Xi lun li xue.Huijie Yang - 1978
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  12. Shushi no shizengaku.Keiji Yamasa - 1978
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  13. Junshi: gendaigoyaku. Xunzi - 1978 - Tokyo: Shunjūsha.
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  14. Liang Han ru xue yan jiu.Changpu Xia - 1978 - Taibei: Guo li Taiwan da xue wen xue yuan.
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  15. Chung hsi liang pai wei che hsüeh chia.Kʻun-ju Wu - 1978 - Edited by Li- Chien-chʻiu & [From Old Catalog].
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  16. Kʻung hsüeh chüeh wei.Su Wang - 1978
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  17. Hu Wu-feng ti hsin hsüeh.Kʻai-fu Wang - 1978
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  18. Xunzi xiu shen yan jiu.Ju-Sung Wang - 1978
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  19. Jen pen ssu hsiang ti nei han chi chʻi chia chih.Sung-po Tu - 1978
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  20. Chung-kuo ssu hsiang shih.Joken Kato (ed.) - 1978
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  21. Kuei-ku tzu.Hongjing Tao - 1978 - Edited by Guiguzi.
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  22. Hsüan hsüeh, wen hua, Fo chiao.Yung-tʻung Tʻang - 1978 - Edited by Yung-tʻung Tʻang.
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  23. Kyōsha e no ningengaku.Ryūzō Okamoto - 1978
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  24. Mozi jiao zhu.Di Mo - 1978
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  25. Chung-kuo che hsüeh ssu hsiang shih.Guang Luo - 1978
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  26. I-chʻuan i chuan ti chʻu shih che hsüeh.I. -Sheng Lin - 1978
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  27. Meng-tzu ti ku shih.Han-Shih Lin - 1978
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  28. Meng-tzu tʻan wei.Han-Shih Lin - 1978
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  29. Guiguzi bing fa.Gengdong Lin - 1978 - Tainan Shi: Xi bei chu ban she.
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  30. Tseng ting Lun yü wai pʻien.Tzu-fan Liang - 1978 - Edited by Confucius.
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  31. Dong Zhongshu yu Xi Han xue shu.Weixiong Li - 1978 - Taibei: Wen shi zhe chu ban she.
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  32. Zhu Xi yu Duomasi xing hang si xiang de bi jiao.Jianqiu Li - 1978
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  33. San chia liu tzu ssu lun.Le-chʻün Kung - 1978
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  34. Han Feizi tong xia wen zi kao zheng.Weibo Huang - 1978 - [Jiayi shi]: Xing guo chu ban she.
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  35. Zhongguo zhe xue shi yin wen zhu.Wei Guo - 1978
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  36. Chūgoku kodai no gakujutsu to seiji.Jiegang Gu - 1978
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  37. Chʻin Han ti fang shih yü ju sheng.Jiegang Gu - 1978
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  38. Gui bian jia.Long Gongsun - 1978 - Edited by I.-Chih[From Old Catalog] Sun.
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  39. Kao Ming Kʻung hsüeh lun tsʻung.Ming Gao - 1978
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  40. Da yi zhe xue lun.Huaimin Gao - 1978 - Taibei: Cheng wen chu ban she.
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  41. Chung-kuo che hsüeh shih pen i.Po-ssu Chʻu - 1978
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  42. Huang-ti ssu ching kʻao pien.Hsiao-hai Chu - 1978 - [s.n.,:
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  43. Zhongguo zhe xue shi xin yi.Bosi Chu - 1978
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  44. Chung kung pʻo huai wo kuo hsüeh shu ssu hsiang ti yen chiu.Lo Chou - 1978
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  45. Shao Yung I hsüeh chih yen chiu.Lin-Ching Chou - 1978
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  46. Ho-nan Chʻeng shih i shu.Yi Cheng - 1978 - Edited by Xi Zhu.
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  47. Guiguzi zong heng xue shu dui shi jie zhi ying xiang.Yinglue Chen - 1978 - Taibei: Guigu xian shi ji nian tang.
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  48. Kuei-ku tzu chʻi men ta fa.Ying-lüeh Chʻen - 1978
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  49. Meng-tzu shih shih kʻao cheng.Chʻen Pao-chʻüan - 1978
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  50. Lun chʻeng se fen liang shuo chʻan shih chih liu pien.Jo-Shui Chʻen - 1978
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