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Summary Ellipsis is the phenomenon of something (anything linguistic) being elided (left out, but implicated and understood).  Although at bottom it is a syntactic phenomenon, in its commonest forms it falls under the heading of conventional implicature, giving it a substantial semantic component.  For example, "John and Mary went to the beach."  It is usually understood, though not strictly speaking part of the sentence meaning, that they went to the beach together.  If they did so, the word "together" has been elided.  Here the ellipsis is principally semantic, because there are other coherent ways to understand the sentence.  Very often what is elided is obvious from the parallel structure common in linguistic discourse.  For example, "John and Mary went to the beach.  So did Paul and Jane."  In this case, "so" functions semantically (though, of course, not syntactically) as a pronominal construct.  The meaning is reconstructed as "Paul and Jane also went to the beach."  (This is possible because language is frequently parallel, and such elisions are common because they are economical and yet normally understood as intended.)   The two-pronged test as to whether it is merely a syntactic phenomenon or one with a significant semantic component as well is how obvious the meaning is given the elision and whether other readings are plausible, though not likely intended (part of the speaker meaning).
Key works Merchant 2010 is the key work of choice; it reflects, roughly, the views expressed in the synopsis.
Introductions Merchant ms seems to be an excellent introduction.
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64 found
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  1. An asymmetry in voice mismatches in VP-ellipsis and pseudogapping.Jason Merchant http://homeuchicagoedu/~merchant/publicationshtml - manuscript
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  2. Voice and ellipsis.Jason Merchant - manuscript
    Elided VPs and their antecedent VPs can mismatch in voice, with passive VPs being elided under apparent identity with active antecedent VPs, and vice versa. Such voice mismatches are not allowed in any other kind of ellipsis, such as sluicing and other clausal ellipses. These latter facts indicate that the identity relation in ellipsis is sensitive to syntactic form, not merely to semantic form. The VP-ellipsis facts fall into place if the head that determines voice is external to the phrase (...)
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  3. An asymmetry in voice mismatches in VP-ellipsis and pseudogapping.Jason Merchant - manuscript
    VP-ellipsis and pseudogapping in English show a previously unnoticed asymmetry in their tolerance for voice mismatch: while VP-ellipsis allows mismatches in voice between the elided VP and its antecedent, pseudogapping does not. This difference is unexpected under current analyses of pseudogapping, which posit that pseudogapping is a kind of VP-ellipsis. I show that this difference falls out naturally if the target of deletion in the two cases differs slightly: in VP-ellipsis, a node lower than [voi(ce)] is deleted, while in pseudogapping (...)
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  4. Keeping the War Outside the Frame: Ellipsis as a Means of Redirection Toward Women's Perspectives in Two War Narratives.Bernardita M. Cubillos - 2023 - Nordic Journal of Aesthetics 32 (65-66).
    This article explores how cinema’s material discontinuity can stimulate the attention of a distracted audience and prompt reflectionon historical violence. By examining Yasujiro Ozu’s Sanma no aji (1962) and Greta Gerwig’s Little Women (2019), it argues that ellipsis is a powerful technique used to construct an argument about the relationship between war and women’s social roles. Specifically, the article analyses how these films use the ellipsis to enhance the resistance of women who act against the official thread of History. Finally, (...)
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  5. Contrast and verb phrase ellipsis: The case of tautologous conditionals.Richard Stockwell - 2022 - Natural Language Semantics 30 (1):77-100.
    This paper argues that verb phrase ellipsis requires contrast. The central observation is that ellipsis is ungrammatical in tautologous conditionals; e.g., *_If John wins, then he does_. Ellipsis is correctly ruled out by a focus-based theory of ellipsis (Rooth 1992a, b ), but one that crucially imports focus’s requirement for contrast: an elliptical constituent must have an antecedent that is not merely an alternative to it, but a ‘proper’ alternative. An explanation in terms of contrast failure proves superior to alternative (...)
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  6. Lorenzen Won the Game, Lorenz Did Too: Dialogical Logic for Ellipsis and Anaphora Resolution.Davide Catta & Symon Jory Stevens-Guille - 2021 - In Alexandra Silva, Renata Wassermann & Ruy de Queiroz (eds.), Logic, Language, Information, and Computation: 27th International Workshop, Wollic 2021, Virtual Event, October 5–8, 2021, Proceedings. Springer Verlag. pp. 269-286.
    We propose a novel solution to anaphora and ellipsis resolution using multi-sorted first order logic. Our theory is proof-theoretic, employing methods from the study of dialogical logic. The first order propositions are extracted from reduced lambda terms, which are themselves derived from Lambek Categorial Grammar proofs.
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  7. I Like This Analysis, but I Don’t Think Every Linguist Will: Syntactic NOT-Transportation, VP Ellipsis and VP Pronominalisation.Diego Gabriel Krivochen - 2021 - Atlantis 2 (43):68-89.
    In this article I consider some recent objections raised against the syntactic treatment of negation in English multiclausal structures, in particular what has been called NEGraising. I argue that the objections based on pronominalisation and ellipsis presented in the recent literature do pose a problem for syntactic accounts of the mechanisms of so-called NOT-transportation that rely on a rule of leftwards movement, as is customary in generative grammar. However, there is an alternative syntactic treatment that assumes that negation originates as (...)
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  8. Existential sentences / Louise McNally - Ellipsis.Ingo Reich - 2019 - In Paul Portner, Claudia Maienborn & Klaus von Heusinger (eds.), Semantics: sentence and information structure. De Gruyter.
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  9. Overt, covert, and clandestine operations : ambiguity and ellipsis in acquisition.Kristen Syrett - 2018 - In Kristen Surett & Sudha Arunachalam (eds.), Semantics in language acquisition. John Benjamins.
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  10. Epistemology Personalized.Matthew A. Benton - 2017 - Philosophical Quarterly 67 (269):813-834.
    Recent epistemology has focused almost exclusively on propositional knowledge. This paper considers an underexplored area of epistemology, namely knowledge of persons: if propositional knowledge is a state of mind, consisting in a subject's attitude to a (true) proposition, the account developed here thinks of interpersonal knowledge as a state of minds, involving a subject's attitude to another (existing) subject. This kind of knowledge is distinct from propositional knowledge, but it exhibits a gradability characteristic of context-sensitivity, and admits of shifty thresholds. (...)
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  11. (Close) the Door, the King (Is Going): The Development of Elliptical Resolution in Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā.Malcolm Keating - 2017 - Journal of Indian Philosophy 45 (5):911-938.
    This paper examines three commentaries on the Śabdapariccheda in Kumārila Bhaṭṭa’s Ślokavārttika, along with the the seventeenth century Bhāṭṭa Mīmāṃsā work, the Mānameyodaya. The focus is the Mīmāṃsā principle that only sentences communicate qualified meanings and Kumārila’s discussion of a potential counter-example to this claim–single words which appear to communicate such content. I argue that there is some conflict among commentators over precisely what Kumārila describes with the phrase sāmarthyād anumeyetvād, although he is most likely describing ellipsis completion through arthāpatti. (...)
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  12. Ellipsis.Ronnie Cann Ruth Kempson, Eleni Gregoromichelaki Arash Eshghi & Matthew Purver - 2015 - In Shalom Lappin & Chris Fox (eds.), Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory. Wiley-Blackwell.
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  13. Discourse coherence and referent identification of subject ellipsis in Japanese.Shigeko Nariyama - 2013 - In Hélène Wlodarczyk & André Wlodarczyk (eds.), Meta-informative centering of utterances between semantics and pragmatics. John Benjamins.
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  14. Austinian ifs revisited – And squared away with the equivalence thesis and the theory of conditional elements.Joseph S. Fulda - 2012 - RASK 36:51-71.
    This paper deals with Austinian ifs of every stripe within classical logic. It is argued that they are truth-functional and the theory of conditional elements is used. Ellipsis is key. Corrects an error in Fulda (2010) in translation and therefore scope. -/- The PDF is made available gratis by the Publisher.
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  15. Syntax and Interpretation.Francesco Pupa & Erika Troseth - 2011 - Mind and Language 26 (2):185-209.
    In his book Language in Context, Jason Stanley provides a novel solution to certain interpretational puzzles (Stanley, 2007). The aphonic approach, as we call it, hangs upon a substantial syntactic thesis. Here, we provide theoretical and empirical arguments against this particular syntactic thesis. Moreover, we demonstrate that the interpretational puzzles under question admit of a better solution under the explicit approach.
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  16. Three kinds of ellipsis: Syntactic, semantic, pragmatic?Jason Merchant - 2010 - In Francois Recanati, IIsidora Stojanovic & Neftali Villanueva (eds.), Context-Dependence, Perspective, and Relativity (pp. 141-192).
    The term ‘ellipsis’ can be used to refer to a variety of phenomena: syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. In this article, I discuss the recent comprehensive survey by Stainton 2006 of these kinds of ellipsis with respect to the analysis of nonsententials and try to show that despite his trenchant criticisms and insightful proposal, some of the criticisms can be evaded and the insights incorporated into a semantic ellipsis analysis, making a ‘divide-and-conquer’ strategy to the properties of nonsententials feasible after all. (...)
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  17. Part III. Convert and non-movement operations in survive-minimalism: Syntactic identity in survive-minimalism: Ellipsis and the derivational identity hypothesis.Gregory M. Kobele - 2009 - In Michael T. Putnam (ed.), Towards a Derivational Syntax: Survive-Minimalism. John Benjamins Pub. Company.
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  18. Review: Robert J. Stainton: Words and Thoughts: Subsentences, Ellipsis, and the Philosophy of Language. [REVIEW]K. Bach - 2008 - Mind 117 (467):739-742.
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  19. Linearization-based word-part ellipsis.Rui P. Chaves - 2008 - Linguistics and Philosophy 31 (3):261-307.
    This paper addresses a phenomenon in which certain word-parts can be omitted. The evidence shows that the full range of data cannot be captured by a sublexical analysis, since the phenomena can be observed both in phrasal and in lexical environments. It is argued that a form of deletion is involved, and that the phenomena—lexical or otherwise—are subject to the same phonological, semantic, and syntactic constraints. In the formalization that is proposed, all of the above constraints are cast in a (...)
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  20. Robert J. Stainton, Words and Thoughts: Subsentences, Ellipsis, and the Philosophy of Language.Joško Žanić & Josko_zanic@Yahoocom - 2008 - Prolegomena 7 (1):113-117.
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  21. Ellipsis: Of Poetry and the Experience of Language after Heidegger, Hölderlin, and Blanchot. [REVIEW]James Griffith - 2007 - Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 28 (2):194-200.
    This is a review of a book by William S. Allen.
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  22. Ellipsis: Of Poetry and the Experience of Language after Heidegger, Hölderlin, and Blanchot.James Griffith - 2007 - Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 28 (2):194-200.
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  23. Review of Robert J. Stainton, Words and Thoughts: Subsentences, Ellipsis, and the Philosophy of Language[REVIEW]Edouard Machery - 2007 - Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2007 (6).
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  24. Vp-ellipsis And The Case For Representationalism In Semantics.Anne Bezuidenhout - 2006 - ProtoSociology 22:140-168.
    The debate between representationalists and anti-representationalists as I construe it in this chapter is a debate about whether truth-conditions are or should be assigned directly to natural language sentences (NLSs) – the anti-representationalist view – or whether they are or should be assigned instead to mental representations (MRs) that are related in some appropriate way to these NLSs. On the representationalist view, these MRs are related to NLSs in virtue of the fact that the MRs are the output of an (...)
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  25. Ellipsis and discourse coherence.Lyn Frazier & Charles Clifton - 2006 - Linguistics and Philosophy 29 (3):315-346.
    VP ellipsis generally requires a syntactically matching antecedent. However, many documented examples exist where the antecedent is not appropriate. Kehler, 533–575. 2002, Coherence, Reference and the Theory of Grammer, CSLI Publications. Stanford.) proposed an elegant theory which predicts a syntactic antecedent for an elided VP is required only for a certain discourse coherence relation, not for cause-effect relations. Most of the data Kehler used to motivate his theory come from corpus studies and thus do not consist of true minimal pairs. (...)
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  26. Hybrid Indexicals and Ellipsis.Stefano Predelli - 2006 - Erkenntnis 65 (3):385-403.
    In this essay, I explain how certain suggestions put forth by Frege. Wittgenstein, and Schlick regarding the interpretation of indexical expressions may be incorporated within a systematic semantic account. I argue that the 'hybrid' approach they propose is preferable to more conventional systems, in particular when it comes to the interpretation of cases of cross-contextual ellipsis. I also explain how the hybrid view entails certain important and independently motivated distinctions among contextually dependent expressions, for instance between 'here' and 'local'.
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  27. Words and thoughts: subsentences, ellipsis, and the philosophy of language.Robert Stainton - 2006 - New York: Published in the United States by Oxford University Press.
    It is a near truism of philosophy of language that sentences are prior to words--that they are the only things that fundamentally have meaning. Robert's Stainton's study interrogates this idea, drawing on a wide body of evidence to argue that speakers can and do use mere words, not sentences, to communicate complex thoughts.
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  28. In Defense of Non-Sentential Assertions.Robert J. Stainton - 2005 - In Zoltan Gendler Szabo (ed.), Semantics Versus Pragmatics. Oxford University Press. pp. 383--458.
    In what follows, I introduce a pragmatics-oriented approach to non-sentential speech, and defend it against two recent attacks. Among other things, I will rehearse and elaborate a defense against the idea that much, or even all, of such speech is actually syntactically elliptical—and hence should be treated semantically, rather than pragmatically. The chapter is structured as follows. In Section 1 I introduce the phenomenon, contrast semantic versus pragmatic approaches to it, and explain some of what hinges on which approach is (...)
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  29. Shorthand, syntactic ellipsis, and the pragmatic determinants of what is said.Reinaldo Elugardo & Robert J. Stainton - 2004 - Mind and Language 19 (4):442–471.
    Our first aim in this paper is to respond to four novel objections in Jason Stanley's 'Context and Logical Form'. Taken together, those objections attempt to debunk our prior claims that one can perform a genuine speech act by using a subsentential expression—where by 'subsentential expression' we mean an ordinary word or phrase, not embedded in any larger syntactic structure. Our second aim is to make it plausible that, pace Stanley, there really are pragmatic determinants of the literal truthconditional content (...)
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  30. Clarification, ellipsis, and the nature of contextual updates in dialogue.Jonathan Ginzburg & Robin Cooper - 2004 - Linguistics and Philosophy 27 (3):297-365.
    The paper investigates an elliptical construction, Clarification Ellipsis, that occurs in dialogue. We suggest that this provides data that demonstrates that updates resulting from utterances cannot be defined in purely semantic terms, contrary to the prevailing assumptions of existing approaches to dynamic semantics. We offer a computationally oriented analysis of the resolution of ellipsis in certain cases of dialogue clarification. We show that this goes beyond standard techniques used in anaphora and ellipsis resolution and requires operations on highly structured, linguistically (...)
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  31. Fragments and ellipsis.Jason Merchant - 2004 - Linguistics and Philosophy 27 (6):661 - 738.
    Fragmentary utterances such as short answers and subsentential XPs without linguistic antecedents are proposed to have fully sentential syntactic structures, subject to ellipsis. Ellipsis in these cases is preceded by A-movement of the fragment to a clause-peripheral position; the combination of movement and ellipsis accounts for a wide range of connectivity and anti-connectivity effects in these structures. Fragment answers furthermore shed light on the nature of islands, and contrast with sluicing in triggering island effects; this is shown to follow from (...)
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  32. Ellipsis.Robert C. May - 2002 - In Lynn Nadel (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Macmillan.
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  33. What VP ellipsis can do, and what it can't, but not why.Kyle Johnson - 2001 - In Mark Baltin & Chris Collins (eds.), The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory. Blackwell. pp. 439--479.
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  34. Coherence and the resolution of ellipsis.Andrew Kehler - 2000 - Linguistics and Philosophy 23 (6):533-575.
    Despite the attention that various forms of ellipsis have received inthe literature, the conditions under which a representation of anutterance may serve as a suitable referent for interpreting subsequentelliptical forms remain poorly understood. This fundamental questionremains as a point of contention, particularly because there are datato support various conflicting approaches that attempt to characterizethese conditions within a single module of language processing. Weshow a previously unnoticed pattern in VP-ellipsis data with respectto the type of coherence relation extant between the antecedentand (...)
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  35. Dynamic interpretation of verb phrase ellipsis.Daniel Hardt - 1999 - Linguistics and Philosophy 22 (2):187-221.
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  36. Quantifier phrases, meaningfulness “in isolation”, and ellipsis.Robert J. Stainton - 1998 - Linguistics and Philosophy 21 (3):311 - 340.
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  37. Utterance meaning and syntactic ellipsis.Robert J. Stainton - 1997 - Pragmatics and Cognition 5 (1):51-78.
    Speakers often use ordinary words and phrases, unembedded in any sentence, to perform speech acts—or so it appears. In some cases appearances are deceptive: The seemingly lexical/phrasal utterance may really be an utterance of a syntactically eplliptical sentence. I argue however that, at least sometimes, plain old words and phrases are used on their own. The use of both words/phrases and elliptical sentences leads to two consequences: 1. Context must contribute more to utterance meaning than is often supposed. Here's why: (...)
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  38. The Interpretatin of Ellipsis.Shalom Lappin - 1996 - In The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory. Blackwell. pp. 145--176.
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  39. Interactions of scope and ellipsis.Stuart M. Shieber, Fernando C. N. Pereira & Mary Dalrymple - 1996 - Linguistics and Philosophy 19 (5):527 - 552.
    Systematic semantic ambiguities result from the interaction of the two operations that are involved in resolving ellipsis in the presence of scoping elements such as quantifiers and intensional operators: scope determination for the scoping elements and resolution of the elided relation. A variety of problematic examples previously noted - by Sag, Hirschbüihler, Gawron and Peters, Harper, and others - all have to do with such interactions. In previous work, we showed how ellipsis resolution can be stated and solved in equational (...)
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  40. Reasoning with Imperatives Using Classical Logic.Joseph S. Fulda - 1995 - Sorites 3:7-11.
    As the journal is effectively defunct, I am uploading a full-text copy, but only of my abstract and article, and some journal front matter. -/- Note that the pagination in the PDF version differs from the official pagination because A4 and 8.5" x 11" differ. -/- Traditionally, imperatives have been handled with deontic logics, not the logic of propositions which bear truth values. Yet, an imperative is issued by the speaker to cause (stay) actions which change the state of affairs, (...)
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  41. Non-sentential assertions and semantic ellipsis.Robert J. Stainton - 1995 - Linguistics and Philosophy 18 (3):281 - 296.
    The restricted semantic ellipsis hypothesis, we have argued, is committed to an enormous number of multiply ambiguous expressions, the introduction of which gains us no extra explanatory power. We should, therefore, reject it. We should also spurn the original version since: (a) it entails the restricted version and (b) it incorrectly declares that, whenever a speaker makes an assertion by uttering an unembedded word or phrase, the expression uttered has illocutionary force.Once rejected, the semantic ellipsis hypothesis cannot account for the (...)
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  42. Is "A needs X" Elliptical?E. R. Brandon - 1993 - Grazer Philosophische Studien 45:125-134.
    While "A needs X" often calls for supplementation by the Y X is needed for, Thomson, Wiggins and Braybrooke have argued that there is a sense of "need" for which this is unnecessary. But Gricean conventions for conversation allow us to use ellipsis in a unified account of "need" while explaining the data Thomson and Wiggins appeal to: nondetatchment of bare needs from more fully specified ones, avoidance of serious harm as a default filling of the Y-slot, and the apparent (...)
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  43. Ellipsis and higher-order unification.Mary Dalrymple, Stuart M. Shieber & Fernando C. N. Pereira - 1991 - Linguistics and Philosophy 14 (4):399 - 452.
    We present a new method for characterizing the interpretive possibilities generated by elliptical constructions in natural language. Unlike previous analyses, which postulate ambiguity of interpretation or derivation in the full clause source of the ellipsis, our analysis requires no such hidden ambiguity. Further, the analysis follows relatively directly from an abstract statement of the ellipsis interpretation problem. It predicts correctly a wide range of interactions between ellipsis and other semantic phenomena such as quantifier scope and bound anaphora. Finally, although the (...)
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  44. On a fictional ellipsis.Rod Bertolet - 1984 - Erkenntnis 21 (2):189 - 194.
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  45. On the form and interpretation of ellipsis.Crit Cremers - 1983 - In Alice G. B. Ter Meulen (ed.), Studies in Model theoretic Semantics. Foris Publications.
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  46. Focus, parallelism and accommodation.Danny Fox - unknown
    It is well-known that constructions involving ellipsis share many properties with constructions that involve phonological reduction. The similarity between ECs and PRCs is semantic: the interpretation of both is constrained by the interpretation of an antecedent. Rooth and Tancredi have pointed out that this similarity follows from an independently needed theory of focus.
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  47. Few Dogs Eat Whiskas or Cats Alpo.Kyle Johnson - unknown
    One of the interests in the Gapping construction is the headache it causes for those trying to get constituency structure right. On the assumption that Gapping, like other processes of sentence grammar, respects constituency, it is very hard to deliver the right constituents in cases such as (1). (1) a. Some consider him honest and others consider him pleasant. b. The faculty brought scotch to the party and the students brought beer to the party. c. The girls occasionally ate peanuts (...)
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  48. Gender mismatches under nominal ellipsis.Jason Merchant - unknown
    Masculine/feminine pairs of human-denoting nouns in Greek fall into three distinct classes under predicative ellipsis: those that license ellipsis of their counterpart regardless of gender, those that only license ellipsis of a same-gendered noun, and those in which the masculine noun of the pair licenses ellipsis of the feminine version, but not vice versa. The three classes are uniform in disallowing any gender mismatched ellipses in argument uses, however. This differential behavior of gender in nominal ellipsis can be captured by (...)
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  49. Not all genders are created equal: Evidence from nominal ellipsis in Greek.Jason Merchant - unknown
    It is well understood that the analysis of elliptical phenomena has the potential to inform our understanding of the syntax-semantics interface, as it forces the analyst to confront directly the mechanisms for generating meanings without the usual forms that give rise to them. But facts from ellipsis have an equal potential to illuminate our understanding of the structure of the lexicon. A close investigation of nominal ellipses in Greek shows that gender features are not all created equal: the values of (...)
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  50. Reduced Conditionals and Focus.Maribel Romero - unknown
    The term “Reduced Conditional” is coined by Schwarz (1996, 1998, 2000) to designate a certain kind of ellipsis that may occur in the consequent of a Conditional in German, as illustrated in (1): (1a) is a Full Conditional (FC, henceforth) and (1b) is its Reduced Conditional (RC) counterpart.
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