About this topic
Summary Most philosophers and laypeople believe that under most conditions human beings, perhaps along with some other animals, possess a power of selecting and implementing actions which is special. This power is very widely held to be a necessary condition of responsibility for actions, for autonomy and for being entitled to take pride in (or to feel shame for) one's achievements. The free will debate in philosophy aims at elucidating the nature of that power as well as at identifying potential threats to it and explaining how it can exist. A major focus of the debate is the compatibility of free will with causal determinism. A minority of philosophers deny that we have free will because free will is incompatible with causal determinism.
Key works The free will debate is ancient in Western philosophy, but was first developed systematically by scholastic thinkers concerning about the relationship free will and God's foreknowledge (eg Ockham 1969). The rise of mechanistic science brought determinism to the forefront and played an important role in the development of compatibilism by philosophers like Hume (Hume 1751). The advent of Frankfurt-style cases (Frankfurt 1969) transformed the late 20th century debate, by allowing compatibilists to dispense with the principle of alternate possibilities (see Widerker & McKenna 2003 for important contributions to this debate). At the same time, important new libertarian views have been developed by thinkers like Robert Kane (Kane 1996) and Timothy O'Connor (O'Connor 2000). Very recently, there has been a revival of free will skepticism (Strawson 1994; Levy 2011).
Introductions O'Connor & Franklin 2018;McKenna 2008; Clarke & Capes 2021
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  1. Can AI systems have free will?Christian List - manuscript
    While there has been much discussion of whether AI systems could function as moral agents or acquire sentience, there has been relatively little discussion of whether AI systems could have free will. In this article, I sketch a framework for thinking about this question. I argue that, to determine whether an AI system has free will, we should not look for some mysterious property, expect its underlying algorithms to be indeterministic, or ask whether the system is unpredictable. Rather, we should (...)
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  2. Manipulation cases in free will and moral responsibility, part 2: Manipulator-focused responses.Gabriel De Marco & Taylor W. Cyr - 2024 - Philosophy Compass 19 (12).
    In this paper—Part 2 of 3—we discuss one of the two main types of soft-line responses to manipulation cases, which we refer to as manipulator-focused views. Manipulator-focused views hold, roughly, that the reason that Victim lacks responsibility (or lacks full responsibility) is because of the way the action is related to the Manipulator. First, we introduce these views generally, and then we survey some detailed versions of such views. We then introduce cases of natural forces, often taken to be a (...)
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  3. Manipulation Cases in Free Will and Moral Responsibility, Part 1: Cases and Arguments.Gabriel De Marco & Taylor W. Cyr - 2024 - Philosophy Compass 19 (12):e70009.
    A common style of argument in the literature on free will and moral responsibility is the Manipulation Argument. These tend to begin with a case of an agent in a deterministic universe who is manipulated, say, via brain surgery, into performing some action. Intuitively, this agent is not responsible for that action. Yet, since there is no relevant difference, with respect to whether an agent is responsible, between the manipulated agent and a typical agent in a deterministic universe, responsibility is (...)
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  4. Assisted dying, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and the supernatural.Enrique Martinez Esteve - manuscript
    ... having succeeded in protecting and prolonging the life of many around the world for reasons which seem natural and intrinsically good to all, we are once again faced with the dilemma of confronting our patent inability to cure it all. -/- Faced with this recurring predicament, we somehow backtrack in our steps and decide the next best thing to assuage suffering is assisted dying and euthanasia. -/- No matter how many reasons we conjure up in their favour, both assisted (...)
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  5. कॉस्मोविज़न और वास्तविकताएँ - हर एक का दर्शन.Roberto Thomas Arruda - 2024 - São Paulo: Terra à Vista.
    हम सोच कर दुनिया नहीं बनाते। दुनिया को समझ कर हम सोचना सीखते हैं। कॉस्मोविज़न एक ऐसा शब्द है जिसका मतलब नींव का एक समूह होना चाहिए जिससे ब्रह्मांड, जीवन के रूप में इसके घटकों, जिस दुनिया में हम रहते हैं, प्रकृति, मानवीय घटनाओं और उनके संबंधों की एक व्यवस्थित समझ उभरती है। इसलिए, यह विज्ञान द्वारा पोषित विश्लेषणात्मक दर्शन का एक क्षेत्र है, जिसका उद्देश्य हम जो हैं और जो हमारे चारों ओर है, और जो किसी भी तरह से (...)
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  6. From Radical Evil to Constitutive Moral Luck in Kant's Religion.Robert J. Hartman - forthcoming - Religious Studies.
    The received view is that Kant denies all moral luck. But I show how Kant affirms constitutive moral luck in passages concerning radical evil from Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. First, I explicate Kant’s claims about radical evil. It is a morally evil disposition that all human beings have necessarily, at least for the first part of their lives, and for which they are blameworthy. Second, since these properties about radical evil appear to contradict Kant’s even more famous (...)
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  7. Holistic Free Will: Bridging Autonomy, Ethics, and Structured Reality.Juan Chavez - manuscript
    This paper introduces Holistic Free Will (HFW), a transformative framework that reconceptualizes autonomy as a dynamic, relational, and ethically aspirational process embedded within structured realities. Distinct from traditional theories like libertarian free will and compatibilism, HFW integrates interdisciplinary insights from neuroscience, moral philosophy, and cultural traditions to provide a comprehensive understanding of free will that aligns individual agency with systemic and relational contexts. HFW emphasizes structured reality as comprising four dimensions—natural laws, human constructs, social norms, and personal histories—that act not (...)
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  8. Folk Intuitions about Free Will and Moral Responsibility: Evaluating the Combined Effects of Misunderstandings about Determinism and Motivated Cognition.Kiichi Inarimori, Yusuke Haruki & Kengo Miyazono - 2024 - Cognitive Science 48 (11):e70014.
    In this study, we conducted large-scale experiments with novel descriptions of determinism. Our goal was to investigate the effects of desires for punishment and comprehension errors on people’s intuitions about free will and moral responsibility in deterministic scenarios. Previous research has acknowledged the influence of these factors, but their total effect has not been revealed. Using a large-scale survey of Japanese participants, we found that the failure to understand causal determination (intrusion) has limited effects relative to other factors and that (...)
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  9. Mapping the Boundaries of Conscious Life in Margaret Cavendish's Philosophy.Oberto Marrama - 2023 - Revue Philosophique De Louvain 120 (3):407-434.
    In this paper I investigate where the boundaries of conscious mental life lie in Cavendish’s theory, and why. Cavendish argues for a wholly material yet wholly thinking universe. She claims that all matter is capable of “self-knowledge” and “perception” (OEP, p. 138), so that every part of nature “must have its own knowledge and perception, according to its own particular nature” (OEP, p. 141). It is unclear, however, whether the universal capacity of matter to know and perceive also implies the (...)
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  10. Free will skepticism in law and society : an overview.Gregg D. Caruso, Elizabeth Shaw & Derk Pereboom - 2019 - In Elizabeth Shaw, Derk Pereboom & Gregg D. Caruso (eds.), Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
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  11. (1 other version)Free will: the basics.Meghan Griffith - 2021 - New York, NY: Routledge.
    The issue of whether humans are free to make their own decisions has long been debated, and it continues to be controversial today. In Free Will: The Basics Meghan Griffith provides a clear and accessible introduction to this important but challenging philosophical problem. She addresses the questions central to the topic including: Does free will exist? Or is it illusory? Can we be free even if everything is determined by a chain of causes? If our actions are not determined, does (...)
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  12. Alterität im Denken von Hermann Cohen?: eine Nachlese.Deborah Epstein - 2023 - Baden-Baden: Tectum Verlag.
    Das Thema der Alteritat ist von grosser systematischer, religionsphilosophischer und politischer Bedeutung. Bei Hermann Cohen, dem Begrunder des Marburger Neukantianismus, zeigt sich der Andere in verschiedenen begrifflichen Ausgestaltungen. Inwieweit sich ein zentraler Alteritatsbegriff niederschlagt, untersucht Deborah Epstein anhand der zwei Hauptwerke Cohens "Ethik des reinen Willens" und "Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums". Die Autorin gibt einen spannenden Einblick in die Auseinandersetzung Cohens mit der unaufhebbaren Alteritat des Anderen und beweist eine grosse Sensibilitat fur die judischen Elemente in (...)
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  13. Race, time, and utopia: critical theory and the process of emancipation.William M. Paris - 2024 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    Any given society will be comprised of multiple forms of life. That is to say, people will adhere to diverse patterns of organizing and justifying how they make use of their time. One might think that for all of us, time is divided by seconds, minutes, and hours and thus we all live in the same form of life. We are all given 24 hours in a day, and it is up to us all, individually, to decide how best to (...)
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  14. (1 other version)Four views on free will.John Martin Fischer - 2024 - Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Edited by Robert Kane, Derk Pereboom & Manuel Vargas.
    Libertarianism -- Compatibilism -- Hard Incompatibilism -- Revisionism.
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  15. Including or excluding free will.Jason D. Runyan - 2024 - In Marilena Streit-Bianchi & Vittorio Gorini (eds.), New Frontiers in Science in the Era of AI. Springer Nature. pp. 111-126.
    Antiquated Classical pictures of the universe have been formative in shaping the modern idea that, to the extent change is caused, it is fixed in advance. This idea has played a role in making it seem to many that what we are discovering through science supports the exclusion of free will from models for the relevant neural and bodily changes. I argue that giving up this unwarranted notion about causation opens us to the likelihood that how a person expresses free (...)
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  16. (1 other version)Sushchestvuet li sudʹba?Nikolaĭ Ivanovich Ri︠a︡zant︠s︡ev - 1956
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  17. (1 other version)La morale come scienza della vita.Carlo Bianco - 1965 - Modica,: D. Gugnali.
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  18. (2 other versions)Freedom of the will.Jonathan Edwards - 1754 - Indianapolis,: Bobbs-Merrill. Edited by Arnold S. Kaufman & William K. Frankena.
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  19. Free will.D. J. O'Connor - 1971 - Garden City, N.Y.,: Anchor Books.
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  20. Decision theory presupposes free will.Christian List - manuscript
    This paper argues that decision theory presupposes free will. Although decision theorists seldom acknowledge this, the way decision theory represents, explains, or rationalizes choice behaviour acquires its intended interpretation only under the assumption that decision-makers are agents capable of making free choices between alternative possibilities. Without that assumption, both normative and descriptive decision theory, including the revealed-preference paradigm, would have to be reinterpreted in implausible ways. The hypothesis that decision-makers have free will is therefore explanatorily indispensable for decision theory. If (...)
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  21. (2 other versions)Freedom of the will.Jonathan Edwards - 1969 - New York, N.Y.: Irvington Publishers. Edited by Arnold S. Kaufman & William K. Frankena.
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  22. (1 other version)Tragedii︠a︡ svobody.Sergei A. Levitzky - 1958 - [Frankfurt am Main]: Posev.
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  23. Impossible Freedom. [REVIEW]Jonathan Egid - 2022 - New Humanist.
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  24. Gott, Freiheit, Weltenwahl: der Ursprung des Begriffes der besten aller möglichen Welten in der Metaphysik der Willensfreiheit zwischen Antonio Perez S.J. (1599-1649) und G.W. Leibnitz (1646-1716).Tilman Ramelow - 1997 - New York: E.J. Brill.
    This study investigates hitherto unknown sources of Leibniz' thought in late scholasticism. It focusses on the idea of a "best of all possible worlds" and its origins in discussions about possibility, freedom and foreknowledge in the early modern period.
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  25. Crescas, Hard Determinism, and the Need for a Torah.Aaron Segal - 2023 - Faith and Philosophy 40 (1):70-89.
    All adherents of hard determinism face a number of steep challenges; those with traditional religious commitments face still further challenges. In this paper I treat one such further challenge. The challenge, in brief, is that given hard determinism, it’s very difficult to say why God couldn’t, and why God wouldn’t, just immediately and directly realize the final end of creation. I develop the challenge, and a number of solutions, through the work of the medieval Jewish philosopher, Hasdai Crescas. After arguing (...)
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  26. (1 other version)How free are you?: the determinism problem.Ted Honderich - 2002 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    'Review from previous edition 'the arguments for free will and determinism are lucidly laid out... A primer that is serviceable, enjoyable and rather mischievous.'' - The Observer 1993''refreshing, provocative and original work'' - Times Literary Supplement 1994''a readable and engaging introduction to the determinism controversy... Honderich's book is well worth reading... the view he presents is provocative and he has written a very challenging and enlightening introduction to 'the determinism problem' that should be widely read.'' - Times Educational Supplement 1994''If (...)
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  27. “And They Shall Be Two in One Flesh”: A Scotistic Exploration of Marriage, Intersubjectivity, and Interpersonality.Liran Shia Gordon - 2024 - Religions 15 (8).
    Marriage is an institution known for both its virtues and challenges. This study examines marriage not merely as a sociological or theological construct but as a lens to explore the profound philosophical problems of intersubjectivity and interpersonality. By examining both the relational and sacramental dimensions of marriage, we gain insights into how two distinct individuals can form a deep, enduring bond that transcends individual isolation, thus offering a model for understanding both intersubjectivity and interpersonality. The unique perspective offered by Christian (...)
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  28. Antonio Calcagno, On Political Impasse: Power, Resistance, and New Forms of Selfhood (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2022), xxii + 198pp.Antonio Calcagno - 2022 - London, UK: Bloomsbury.
    Power is classically understood as the playing out of relations between the ruler and the ruled. Political impasse is often viewed as a moment in which no clear-cut delineation of power exists, resulting in an overwhelming sense of frustration or feeling stuck in a no-win situation. The new globalised world has produced a real shift in how power works: not only has power been concentrated in the hands of very few while many millions become more oppressed by radical shortages and (...)
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  29. Olivi on Moral Vices and Self-Love.Juhana Toivanen - 2024 - Cithara 63 (2):18-40.
    The present essay examines Peter Olivi's (ca. 1248-98) theory of morally bad choices and moral vices, focusing in particular on his view of the substantiality of moral vices, moral psychology, and the role of self-love and its relation to pride.
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  30. Self-determination.Thomas Pink - 2016 - Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
    Action and its place in ethics -- Freedom and purposiveness -- Motivation and voluntariness -- The non-voluntariness of the will -- The voluntariness-based model of action -- Freedom and scepticism : incompatibilism -- Freedom and scepticism : alternatives -- Moral responsibility and reduction -- The practical reason-based model and its past -- Intention and practical reason -- The action-constitutive exercise of reason -- Action and its motivation -- Voluntariness and freedom of the will -- Freedom and causation -- Freedom as (...)
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  31. Il libero arbitrio in questione: una ricerca tra filosofia, scienze e intelligenza artificiale.Cristiano Calì - 2023 - Milano: Mimesis.
    Da quando la neurofisiologia ha iniziato a indagare i correlati neurali delle azioni umane, e considerando che tra i sogni di certi programmi di ricerca sull’intelligenza artificiale vi è quello di costruire nuovi soggetti morali che possano definirsi autonomi, sembra proprio che la capacità dell’essere umano di autoderminarsi sia destinata a eclissarsi per sempre. Tale prospettiva, però, è tutt’altro che recente. Sin dagli albori della storia della filosofia in molti hanno provato a mostrare come la libertà sia soltanto un’illusione, in (...)
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  32. (1 other version)Can machines have free will?: analysis of the concept of free will in relation to the psychophysical problem.Krzysztof Krenc - 2024 - Berlin: Peter Lang.
    The author analyses the concept of free will in the context of the psychophysical problem. He builds his analysis upon the conclusion that the contemporary debate between compatibilists and incompatibilists is not of high relevance, since "free will" is a highly technical and underdetermined term. So instead of directly answering questions like "Is free will possible?" or "What is free will?", he starts his analyses from specifying a solution to the psychophysical problem and then works towards a possible definition of (...)
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  33. The complex tapestry of free will.Robert Kane - 2024 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    It is now more than half a century since I first began thinking about issues of free will. The libertarian views of free will I developed over this long period have been much debated and have been refined and further developed in response to the critical literature. The goal of this book is to provide an overview of recent developments of my views along with responses to the latest critical literature on them over the past twenty-five years since the publication (...)
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  34. Die willensfreiheit und die innere verantwortlichkeit.Philipp Kneib - 1898 - Mainz,: F. Kirchheim.
    This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...)
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  35. All'n'None, The First and only Theory for formulating Existence.Amir Naseri - forthcoming - Xxv World Congress of Philosophy.
    All’n’None theory [1] is the first scientific theory about “Existence”, “On”, or “Being”. Based on Ontology it completely explains Epistemology and Theology. It studies the essence of “existence” and proves the essence of existence is independent of the beings; all beings share the same structure ontologically in order to get some amount of existence; and the amount of existence in each being is mathematically measurable. In that respect the whole existence form up a measurable cognizable spectrum or hierarchy from the (...)
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  36. From Nothing to Everything. [REVIEW]M. C. Cole - 2022 - Mind 132 (v):98-103.
    Throughout the history, whenever humans encounter a phenomenon for which there was no explanation, a theory was proposed for it. Of course, not necessarily all the theories were purely scientific and many of them were non-scientific, pseudo- scientific, or at best were only slightly influenced by science. But one thing was in common among them: they all were trying to provide as deeper as possible explanations about how the universe works. Although today and in the modern era the exact meaning (...)
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  37. (1 other version)John Cowburn: Free Will, Predestination and Determinism. [REVIEW]Carlos G. Patarroyo G. - 2009 - Logoi 14 (1):169-177.
    Esta es una reseña crítica del libro de John Cowburn "Free Will, Predestination and Determinism".
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  38. Ought Without Ability.Carlos G. Patarroyo G. - 2015 - In Andrei Buckareff, Carlos Moya & Sergi Rosell (eds.), Agency, Freedom, and Moral Responsibility. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 165-178.
    In this chapter l want to question the idea according to which the relevant 'ought' for morality is that which implies 'can'. I believe there is an 'ought', relevant for morality, which does not imply 'can', and I want to defend its possibility.
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  39. On Contextual Alternatives.Carlos G. Patarroyo G. - 2023 - Theorema (3):69-86.
    One of the main challenges faced by Frankfurt-style Cases has been elaborated by Carlos Moya. According to this argument, seemingly insignificant alternatives can become significant and exempting due to the context in which agents find themselves. Given that Frankfurt-style Cases involve extreme situations, seemingly insignificant alternatives become robust, rendering Frankfurt Cases ineffective against the Principle of Alternative Possibilities. This paper provides an overview of the contextual alternatives and Frankfurt Cases debate, presents Moya’s strategy, and ultimately advances an argument to cast (...)
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  40. Parpadeos de libertad: la causa-agente y el principio de posibilidades alternativas.Carlos G. Patarroyo G. - 2009 - Cuadernos de Filosofía 52 (52):11-34.
    En 1969 Harry Frankfurt publica su seminal artículo “Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility”. Allí ataca la necesidad del principio de posibilidades alternativas (PPA) para la adscripción de responsabilidad moral a los agentes cuando estos realizan una acción. Desde entonces, muchos han sido los intentos de defender el PPA y de mostrar su necesidad para la adscripción de la responsabilidad moral. En este ensayo se examina uno de esos intentos: el que se basa en la causalidad-agencial propuesta por Thomas Reid (1710-1796), (...)
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  41. Respecting the free will, authenticity and autonomy of transgender youth.Leonie Crosse - 2024 - Nursing Ethics 31 (2-3):331-341.
    Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth are currently being targeted by global anti-trans legislation that would prevent their access to gender-affirming care even by healthcare providers willing to deliver it and who understand the importance of this support. It has been suggested in some studies that transness in young people is a result of peer contagion. As such their free will, authenticity and autonomy could be brought into question when accessing gender-affirming care. It is important to explore the relevance of (...)
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  42. Explanationism about Freedom and Orthonomy.David Heering - forthcoming - Journal of Philosophy.
    According to a popular idea, freedom is grounded in orthonomy – the ability to be responsive to normative demands. But how exactly must an agent’s action relate to their reasons in order for this orthonomous relationship to hold? In this paper, I propose a novel explanationist answer to this question. I argue that extant answers – causalism and modalism about orthonomy – fail because they fail to account for the fact that intuitions about freedom and orthonomy track facts about explanation. (...)
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  43. Free Will and Action.Filip Grgic & Davor Pećnjak (eds.) - 2018 - Dordrecht:
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  44. Watchmen as Philosophy: Illustrating Time and Free Will.Nathaniel Goldberg & Chris Gavaler - 2022 - In David Kyle Johnson (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Popular Culture as Philosophy. Palgrave-Macmillan. pp. 1969-1986.
    Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons’ Watchmen may be the most acclaimed graphic novel of the twentieth century. This chapter examines how it explores two metaphysical questions: What is the nature of time? Does free will exist? Moore and Gibbons explore these questions together, illuminating connections between time and free will through connections between the graphic novel’s form and content. The chapter introduces three views of the nature of time: presentism, the view that only the present exists; growing-universe theory, the view (...)
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  45. Do we have (in)compatibilist intuitions? Surveying experimental research.Kiichi Inarimori, Soichiro Homma & Kengo Miyazono - 2024 - Frontiers in Psychology 15 (1369399).
    This article critically examines the experimental philosophy of free will, particularly the interplay between ordinary individuals’ compatibilist and incompatibilist intuitions. It explores key insights from research studies that propose “natural compatibilism” and “natural incompatibilism”. These studies reveal a complex landscape of folk intuitions, where participants appear to exhibit both types of intuitions. Here, we examine error theories, which purport to explain the coexistence of apparently contradictory intuitions: the Affective Performance Error hypothesis, the “Free Will No Matter What” hypothesis, the Bypassing (...)
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  46. Free Will: A consensus gentium Argument.William Hunt - 2024 - Organon F: Medzinárodný Časopis Pre Analytickú Filozofiu 31 (1):22-47.
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  47. Free Will's value: criminal justice, pride, and love.John Lemos - 2023 - New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
    This book defends an event-causal theory of libertarian free will and argues that the belief in such free will plays an important, if not essential, role in supporting certain important values. In the first part of the book, the author argues that possession of libertarian free will is necessary for deserved praise and blame and reward and punishment. He contends that his version of libertarian free will-the indeterministic weightings view- is coherent and can fit with a scientific, naturalistic understanding of (...)
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  48. How Free Are We? Conversations from The Free Will Show.Taylor W. Cyr & Matthew T. Flummer (eds.) - 2024 - New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
    This book is a collection of edited interviews from The Free Will Show-a podcast that provides a beginner-friendly introduction to free will while also highlighting recent developments on the topic. The book includes original material as well, including an introduction to the interviews and an afterward with reflections on the podcast by the authors (who are cohosts of The Free Will Show). The book also includes a bibliography and suggestions for further reading after each interview and a glossary of terms (...)
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  49. Determinizm i vmi︠e︡ni︠a︡emostʹ.Augustin Frédéric Hamon - 1905
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  50. Mapping the boundaries of conscious life in Margaret Cavendish’s philosophy.Oberto Marrama - forthcoming - Revue Philosophique De Louvain.
    In this paper I investigate where the boundaries of conscious mental life lie in Cavendish’s theory, and why. Cavendish argues for a wholly material yet wholly thinking universe. She claims that all matter is capable of “self-knowledge” and “perception” (OEP, p. 138), so that every part of nature “must have its own knowledge and perception, according to its own particular nature” (OEP, p. 141). It is unclear, however, whether the universal capacity of matter to know and perceive also implies the (...)
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