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17th/18th Century Philosophy > 17th/18th Century British Philosophy > David Hume > Hume: Value Theory
Hume: Value Theory
Edited by Margaret Watkins (Saint Vincent College)
About this topic
| Summary | Hume's ethics emphasizes our common humanity and our capacity to develop moral sensibilities in response to varying circumstances. He argues that moral distinctions arise from our sympathizing with the effects of character traits on those who have them and the people they interact with. The resulting judgments can have intersubjective validity both because they are rooted in common human nature, and because we can correct our sentimental responses by taking up a "general point of view" in place of a more partial perspective. Hume's aesthetics and politics also reflect the idea that corrected and cultivated passions provide a basis for sound normative judgments. He argues that discerning critics can provide a standard of taste, and that such taste is a significant aspect of human life and character. Although various political parties have claimed him as a supporter, Hume contends that philosophers should be unpartisan. He argues against both Lockean and Hobbesian contract theories and limits the right to resist sovereigns to extreme cases. |
| Key works | Hume's Treatise of Human Nature contains his initial exposition of his theory of the passions and morals. He later published an edited account of the former in A Dissertation on the Passions. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals is Hume's mature statement of his moral theory and the work that he believed to be his best. Although the above works include some material relevant to his aesthetics and political philosophy, the Essays, Moral, Political and Literary contain lengthier discussions of these aspects of Hume's thought. Also relevant, particularly to Hume's political views, is his History of England. The Clarendon Press has published critical editions of the Treatise (Norton & Norton 2007), the Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (Beauchamp 1998), and the Dissertation on the Passions (together with The Natural History of Religion) (Hume 2007). Liberty Fund offers editions of both the Essays (Miller 1987) and History of England (Todd 1983). |
| Introductions | Norton & Taylor 1993 and Radcliffe 2008 include many helpful articles that could serve as introductions to Hume's ethics, aesthetics, and social and political philosophy. Lists of the many book-length treatments of Hume's ethics and politics are available online at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Zalta 2014, open-access) and The Routledge Encylopedia of Philosophy (Craig 1996, subscription required). Townsend 2001 is notable as a comprehensive study of Hume's aesthetics. Árdal 1966 is a classic treatment of Hume's theory of the passions. |
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Related
Subcategories
Hume: Aesthetics (322)
Hume: Normative Ethics (602 | 302)
Hume: Utilitarianism (16)
Hume: Virtue Ethics (28)
Hume: Moral Psychology (109)
Hume: Moral Value (14)
Hume: Sympathy (48)
Hume: Social and Political Philosophy (706 | 493)
Hume: Applied Ethics (85)
Hume: Value Theory, Misc (116)
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- A treatise of human nature.David Hume - 2007 - In Elizabeth Schmidt Radcliffe, Richard McCarty, Fritz Allhoff & Anand Vaidya (eds.), Late modern philosophy: essential readings with commentary. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Jeremy Bentham on David Hume: “Having Enter’d into Metaphysics,” but “Having Lost His Way”.Yanxiang Zhang - 2023 - Open Philosophy 6 (1):83-108.This article argues that Bentham’s metaphysics has until recently been unfairly belittled, and that it in fact built on and surpassed that of David Hume, of whom Bentham was both an attentive student and a fierce critic. Bentham’s logic is metaphysically based, multi-levelled, and comprehensive. First, taking Hume’s empiricism as a starting point, Bentham developed the additional mechanism of “reflection” to facilitate a utilitarian pragmatic resolution to Hume’s skepticism. Second, unlike Hume, Bentham aspired to encyclopedic knowledge, especially of the human (...)
- Peut-il y avoir devoir moral sans religion?Catherine Dromelet - 2023 - Archives de Philosophie 86 (3):71-90.Dans son Enquête sur l’entendement humain, Hume démontre que la religion ne possède aucune autorité épistémique et ne devrait donc pas dicter les principes de la morale. Pourtant, il constate qu’elle semble effectivement exercer une influence sur les actions humaines et possède donc une autorité morale. L’ Enquête sur les principes de la morale consiste à présenter l’origine séculaire de la morale et donc le fait que la religion n’y joue aucun rôle. En même temps, Hume emploie des métaphores et (...)
- Über das verhältnis der Geschichtsschreibung D. Hume's zu seiner praktischen Philosophie..Sally Daiches - 1903 - Leipzig,: Druck von A. Edelmann.This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain (...)
- Hume's place in ethics..Edna Aston Shearer - 1915 - Bryn Mawr, Pa.: [Bryn Mawr college].
- Source of Moral Knowledge.Ayesha Gautam - 2023 - Tattva - Journal of Philosophy 15 (1).One cannot deny the fact that we all have some understanding of moral issues. Each one of us can be said to have some sense of what is right, what is wrong, what is good, what is bad, what ought to be done, and what ought not to be done. This moral understanding can be in the form of some vague idea, notion, or simply a gut feeling. No matter who the person is, from which culture or community the person (...)
- Responses to Ryan, Fosl and Gautier: SKEPSIS Book Symposium on 'Recasting Hume and Early Modern Philosophy', by Paul Russell.Paul Russell - 2023 - Skepsis: A Journal for Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Research 14 (26):121-139.In the replies to my critics that follow I offer a more detailed account of the specific papers that they discuss or examine. The papers that they are especially concerned with are: “The Material World and Natural Religion in Hume’s Treatise” (Ryan) [Essay 3], “Hume’s Skepticism and the Problem of Atheism” (Fosl) [Essay 12], and “Hume’s Philosophy of Irreligion and the Myth of British Empiricism (Gautier) [Essay 16].
- Der Gesellschaftsvertrag und der dauernde Consensus in der englischen Moralphilosophie: (Hobbes, Sidney, Locke, Shaftesbury, Hume).Ernst Ludwig Ambach - 1933 - Giessen: [S.N.].Remove from this listExport citation
Bookmark - Precis of Recasting Hume and Early Modern Philosophy. SKEPSIS Book Symposium: Paul Russell, Recasting Hume and Early Modern Philosophy, With replies to critics: Peter Fosl (pp. 77-95), Claude Gautier (pp. 96-111) , and Todd Ryan (pp.112-122).Paul Russell - 2023 - Skepsis: A Journal for Philosophy and Interdisciplinary Research 14 (26):71-73.Recasting Hume and Early Modern Philosophy is a collection of essays that are all concerned with major figures and topics in the early modern philosophy. Most of the essays are concerned, more specifically, with the philosophy of David Hume (1711-1776). The sixteen essays included in this collection are divided into five parts. These parts are arranged under the headings of: (1) Metaphysics and Epistemology; (2) Free Will and Moral Luck; (3) Ethics, Virtue and Optimism; (4) Skepticism, Religion and Atheism; and (...)
- Gendered Concepts and Hume's Standard of Taste.Carolyn Korsmeyer - 1995 - In Peg Brand Weiser & Carolyn Korsmeyer (eds.), Feminism and Tradition in Aesthetics. Penn State University Press. pp. 49-65.Feminist scholarship has awakened us to the suspicion that such reliance on "common human nature" renders philosophical concepts not neutral and universal, as Hume believed, but heavily inflected by models of ideal masculinity that inform discussions of human nature. One purpose of this essay is to extend this line of thought by elucidating the idea of gendered concepts. By this phrase I refer to concepts that, lacking any obvious reference to males or females, or to masculinity or femininity, nevertheless are (...)Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- O sentido das paixões e emoções: Hume.Frederico Ramalho Romero - 2023 - Aufklärung 10 (1):89-108.This article presents a critical bibliographic review of the central characteristics of Hume's Theory of Passions and Emotions, which conceived the philosophy of human nature as an analytical and experimental science. This view is contrary to the ancient and medieval ideas that passions were movements of the lower parts of the soul. For Hume, passions in general are among the perceptions of the mind, although they also serve as motivations to act and even to reason. The apparent dichotomy that existed (...)
- Hume's Indirect Passions.Rachel Cohon - 2008 - In Elizabeth S. Radcliffe (ed.), A Companion to Hume. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 157–184.This chapter contains section titled: Introduction The Basic Features of the Indirect Passions Why These Four Emotions? The Foundations of the Distinction, between Direct and Indirect Passions The Moral Sentiments References Further Reading.
- Sympathy and Hume's Spectator‐Centered, Theory of Virtue.Kate Abramson - 2008 - In Elizabeth S. Radcliffe (ed.), A Companion to Hume. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 240–256.This chapter contains section titled: Humean Moral Sentiments as Responsibility Conferring Exclusion and Humean Moral Disapproval A Spectator's Standard of Virtue Looking Forward References Further Reading.
- Hume on Beauty and Virtue.Jacqueline Taylor - 2008 - In Elizabeth S. Radcliffe (ed.), A Companion to Hume. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 273–292.This chapter contains section titled: Background for Hume's Views Beauty, Virtue, and the Double Association Beauty and Virtue as Powers of Producing Pleasure Beauty, Utility, and Sympathy Sympathy and the Standard of Virtue Beauty and Virtue in Hume's Later Philosophy The Standard of Taste More on Delicacy and the Pleasures of Beauty Beauty and Morality in “Of the Standard of Taste” References Further Reading.
- Hume's Theory of Justice, or Artificial Virtue.Eugenio Lecaldano - 2008 - In Elizabeth S. Radcliffe (ed.), A Companion to Hume. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 257–272.This chapter contains section titled: The Origin of Justice The Particular Motivation for the Obligatory Nature of Justice The Whole of Artificial Virtues: Property, Promises, Government, and Chastity References Further Reading.
- Hume on Moral Rationalism, Sentimentalism, and Sympathy.Charlotte R. Brown - 2008 - In Elizabeth S. Radcliffe (ed.), A Companion to Hume. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 217–239.This chapter contains section titled: Introduction Philosophical Background Arguments against Moral Rationalism The Moral Sentiments and Sympathy References Further Reading.
- “One of the Finest and Most Subtile Inventions”: Hume on Government.Richard H. Dees - 2008 - In Elizabeth S. Radcliffe (ed.), A Companion to Hume. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 388–405.This chapter contains section titled: The Origins of Government The Moral Obligation to Government The Right to Revolution The Further Uses of Government The History of Liberty Conclusion References.
- Francis Hutcheson and David Hume.Terry Eagleton - 2008 - In Trouble with Strangers. Oxford, UK: Wiley‐Blackwell. pp. 29–61.
- Hume and Austen on Jealousy, Envy, Malice, and the Principle of Comparison.E. M. Dadlez - 2009 - In Dominic McIver Lopes & Berys Gaut (eds.), Mirrors to One Another. Oxford, UK: Wiley‐Blackwell. pp. 181–194.
- Indolence and Industry in Hume and Austen.E. M. Dadlez - 2009 - In Dominic McIver Lopes & Berys Gaut (eds.), Mirrors to One Another. Oxford, UK: Wiley‐Blackwell. pp. 195–205.
- Hume and Austen on Pride.E. M. Dadlez - 2009 - In Dominic McIver Lopes & Berys Gaut (eds.), Mirrors to One Another. Oxford, UK: Wiley‐Blackwell. pp. 168–180.
- “Lovers,” “Friends,“ and other Endearing Appellations: Marriage in Hume and Austen.E. M. Dadlez - 2009 - In Dominic McIver Lopes & Berys Gaut (eds.), Mirrors to One Another. Oxford, UK: Wiley‐Blackwell. pp. 157–167.
- The Useful and the Good in Hume and Austen.E. M. Dadlez - 2009 - In Dominic McIver Lopes & Berys Gaut (eds.), Mirrors to One Another. Oxford, UK: Wiley‐Blackwell. pp. 100–113.
- David Hume.Marina Frasca-Spada - 2002 - In Steven Nadler (ed.), A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell. pp. 483–504.This chapter contains section titled: Hume's Legacy Sense Impressions, Passions and Ideas The Idea of Cause and Effect Probability and the Inference from Past to Future (Moderate) Skepticism Moral Feelings Human Nature and Religious Beliefs.
- Introduction.Saul Traiger - 2006 - In The Blackwell Guide to Hume's Treatise. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 1–2.
- The Treatise: Composition, Reception, and Response.John P. Wright - 2006 - In Saul Traiger (ed.), The Blackwell Guide to Hume's Treatise. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 5–25.This chapter contains section titled: Reception of the Treatise by Francis Hutcheson and Hume's Revisions to Book 3 The Early Reviews of the Treatise and Hume's Response The Principal's Attack in 1745 and Hume's Defence in his Letter from a Gentleman Criticisms of the Treatise after Publication of the Enquiries Thomas Reid's Criticisms of Hume's Philosophy and Hume's Response Hume's Repudiation of the Treatise Conclusion Notes References Further reading.
- Comparative Refl ections on Buddhist Political Thought.David Cummiskey - 2013 - In Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.), A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. Chichester, UK: Wiley. pp. 536–551.Historically and philosophically, there are two primary paradigms that capture much of Buddhist political thought. The author calls these as the Asokan model and the Shambhalan model. These two paradigms are not incompatible. The Shambhalan approach focuses on promoting justice by increasing enlightenment. The Asokan approach focuses on political legitimacy and a just basic structure for an unenlightened people. This chapter explores these two strands of Buddhist political thought and considers points of contrast and agreement with Western political philosophy, concentrating (...)
- Humean Virtue Ethics.Christine Swanton - 2015 - In The Virtue Ethics of Hume and Nietzsche. Chichester, UK: Wiley. pp. 179–194.This chapter shows that rather than simply focusing on empathy and benevolence, Hume's notion of love may inspire a virtue ethics of love. It outlines the bare bones of a Humean virtue ethics of love, including a Humean account of general or agapeic love. A modern development of sentimentalist virtue ethics has been undertaken by Michael Slote. The chapter shows how such a development would differ from Slote's morality of universal benevolence. Making sense of general love as a virtue or (...)
- What Kind of Virtue Ethicist Is Hume?Christine Swanton - 2015 - In The Virtue Ethics of Hume and Nietzsche. Chichester, UK: Wiley. pp. 87–108.This chapter argues that Hume's views on the nature and sources of virtue are pluralistic. He has a pluralistic account of the sources of the moral sentiment, the taxonomy of virtue, and most importantly, the criteria of virtue. The chapter also argues that his views are neither utilitarian in particular nor consequentialist in general, but comprise overlooked but significant non‐consequentialist features, gleaned particularly from Book II of the Treatise (Of the Passions), and which are characteristic of virtue ethics in general. (...)
- Can Hume Be Both a Sentimentalist and a Virtue Ethicist?Christine Swanton - 2015 - In The Virtue Ethics of Hume and Nietzsche. Chichester, UK: Wiley. pp. 43–69.This chapter provides a response dependence interpretation of it, and shows that it is compatible with a virtue ethical interpretation of Hume's moral philosophy. It aims to do justice to Hume's convictions both that sentiment lies at the foundations of ethics, and that ethics is a form of reliable, objective interaction with the world, permitting critical purchase on both people's behavior and emotions through objectively and socially accessible notions of virtue and vice. The distinction between a scientific constitution of properties (...)
- Hume and the Problem of Justice as a Virtue.Christine Swanton - 2015 - In The Virtue Ethics of Hume and Nietzsche. Chichester, UK: Wiley. pp. 70–86.The “motive of justice” is ambiguous between three quite different categories of motivation. These are: the motive to perform a particular just act; the motive to set up institutions of justice, most particularly the conventions or “artifices” which regulate and establish property; and a motivational disposition, or essential part of a complex of motivational dispositions, that is characteristic of a person with the virtue of justice. The question now arises: Can justice as a basic virtue be understood as having at (...)
- Hume and Nietzsche as Response Dependence Virtue Ethicists.Christine Swanton - 2015 - In The Virtue Ethics of Hume and Nietzsche. Chichester, UK: Wiley. pp. 19–41.This chapter outlines the kind of virtue ethics the author attributes to Hume and Nietzsche. There are two major differences between Aristotelian eudaimonistic virtue ethics and that of Hume and Nietzsche, discussed in the chapter. First, though character plays an important, even central role in their theories, the notions of ideal character and character as a highly robust set of dispositions are not evident. Second, the chapter explicates the virtue ethics of Nietzsche and Hume in an empiricist naturalistic manner. It (...)
- David Hume: the Newtonian philosopher.Nicholas Capaldi - 1975 - Boston: Twayne.
- Hume and Wittgenstein’s on Human Nature.Robert J. Fogelin - 2010 - In Jesús Padilla Gálvez (ed.), Philosophical Anthropology: Wittgenstein's Perspective. De Gruyter. pp. 33-46.
- The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume.John Benjamin Stewart - 1963 - Westport, Conn.,: Columbia University Press.
- A Treatise of Human Nature: Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects.Angela Coventry (ed.) - 2023 - Peterborough, CA: Broadview Press.In his autobiography, David Hume famously noted that _A Treatise of Human Nature_ “fell dead-born from the press.” Yet it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest philosophical works written in the English language. Within, Hume offers an empirically informed account of human nature, addressing a range of topics such as space, time, causality, the external world, personal identity, passions, freedom, necessity, virtue, and vice. This edition includes not only the full text of the Treatise but also Hume’s (...)
- Egoismus und Sympathie: David Humes Gesellschafts- u. Erkenntnistheorie.Johannes Rohbeck - 1978 - New York: Campus-Verlag.
- The “Great Guide” of Human Life: Custom and Habit in Hume’s Science of Politics.Angela M. Coventry & Landon Echeverio - forthcoming - Cosmos + Taxis: Studies in Emergent Order and Organization.At the level of the individual, current research suggests that most of our daily actions are done out of habit. At the same time, individuals are part of larger social units, and their behavior gives rise to customs and institutions. Hume recognized the indispensable role of custom and habit in human life in his science of the mind, a science which aims to form the most general principles possible. Custom and habit are singled out by Hume as particularly potent general (...)Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Hume on the Psychology of Public Persuasion.Elizabeth S. Radcliffe - forthcoming - Cosmos + Taxis.
- Die Soziologie David Humes als Ergebnis der Egoismus-Altruismus Debatte.Gertrud Zimmermann - 1982 - Mannheim: [S.N.].Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Are emotions necessary and sufficient for moral judgement (and what would it tell us)?Daniel Eggers - 2022 - Philosophical Explorations 26 (2):214-233.The eighteenth century debate between moral rationalists and moral sentimentalists has seen a striking renaissance in the past decades, not least because of research into the nature of moral judgement conducted by empirical scientists such as social and developmental psychologists and neuroscientists. A claim that is often made in the current discussion is that the evidence made available by such empirical investigations refutes rationalist conceptions of moral judgement and vindicates the views of Hume or other moral sentimentalists. For example, Jesse (...)
- A. Gerard tra Hume e Burke.Franco Restaino - 1987 - In Giovanni Solinas (ed.), Ricerche sul pensiero del secolo XVIII. Università di Cagliari.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- De la libertad de la pasión a la pasión de la libertad (ensayos sobre Hume y Kant).Félix Duque - 1988 - Pedidos: Distribuidora Kosko.
- III—Sympathy, Empathy, and Twitter: Reflections on Social Media Inspired by an Eighteenth-Century Debate.Lisa Herzog - 2023 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 123 (1):51-72.How can the harm caused by waves of fake news or derogatory speech on social media be minimized without unduly limiting freedom of expression? I draw on an eighteenth-century debate for thinking about this problem: Hume and Smith present two different models of the transmission of emotions and ideas. Empathetic processes are causal, almost automatic processes; sympathy, in contrast, means putting oneself into the other person’s position and critically evaluating how one should react. I use this distinction to argue that (...)
- Quem tem medo da guilhotina? – Hume e Moore sobre a falácia naturalista.André Matos de Almeida Oliveira & Renato César Cardoso - 2019 - Analytica. Revista de Filosofia 21 (2):147-182.Neste trabalho, pretende-se analisar o que se quer dizer com “falácia naturalista” e saber se há bons argumentos para sustentarmos a existência de uma falácia desse tipo. Começaremos estudando o que Hume falou sobre o assunto; se realmente ele enunciou algo como uma “Lei” contra derivar um “dever-ser” de um “ser”. Depois da obra de Hume, passaremos à de Moore. Na obra de Moore, veremos se ele quer dizer com o termo o mesmo que dizemos atualmente. Analisadas as obras dos (...)
- Mencius and Hume.Dobin Choi - 2023 - In Yang Xiao & Kim-Chong Chong (eds.), Dao Companion to the Philosophy of Mencius. Springer. pp. 667-683.This chapter expores the similarities and differences between the virtue theories of Mencius (372–289 BCE) and David Hume (1711–1776 CE). Their individual explications of virtue, the main topics of their moral philosophies, focus on the sentiments. Mencius, concerned with teaching moral self-cultivation, believes that the sentiments are the grounds for achieving virtue. Hume, who aims at an empirical theory of moral evaluation, maintains that we determine a character trait as virtue through the moral sentiments. Given their moral foundation of sentiments, (...)
- Freud en el diván de Hume : las pasiones causales del psiconanálisis.Marina Ayala Y. Alirio Rosales - 1994 - In Verónica Rodríguez Blanco & Agustín Martínez A. (eds.), Lenguaje, epistemología y ciencias sociales. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Comisión de Estudios de Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Hume's Passion-Based Account of Moral Responsibility.Taro Okamura - forthcoming - Hume Studies.Many scholars have claimed that the psychology of the indirect passions in the Treatise is meant to capture how we come to regard persons as morally responsible agents. My question is exactly how the indirect passions relate to responsibility. In elucidating Hume’s account of responsibility, scholars have often focused not on the passionate responses themselves, but on their structural features. In this paper, I argue that locating responsibility in the structural features is insufficient to make sense of Hume’s account of (...)
- Hume’s Hypothesis of the Double Relation of Impressions and Ideas in the Treatise.Haruko Inoue - 2023 - Hume Studies 48 (1):61-77.Abstract:What is Hume’s hypothesis of the double relation of impressions and ideas from which a passion arises? How does it operate in structuring his system? These are primary questions that need to be answered in order to understand Hume’s intention in the Treatise. Yet, there exists no reasonable answers, nor serious attempts to answer them, probably because this hypothesis is considered as a limited issue, relevant only to the indirect passions, or because it is too mechanical and unsophisticated to excite (...)
- The Concealed Influence of Custom: Hume’s “Treatise” from the Inside Out by Jay L. Garfield. [REVIEW]John Christian Laursen - 2023 - Hume Studies 48 (1):179-182.In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Concealed Influence of Custom: Hume’s “Treatise” from the Inside Out by Jay L. GarfieldJohn Christian LaursenJay L. Garfield. The Concealed Influence of Custom: Hume’s “Treatise” from the Inside Out. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019. Pp. 302. Hardback. ISBN: 978-0-19-093340-1, $82. This book has at least two original and great merits. One is that it is one of the first in the Hume literature to be truly global. (...)
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