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Key works Lloyd Strickland's Leibniz on God and Religion: A Reader (2016) is a useful place to begin reading Leibniz's own work in the philosophy of religion.  This volume includes many short works and selections on topics ranging from the existence of God to the Bible and non-Christian religions. 
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  1. Comments on Daniel Garber's Metaphysics and Theology: The Role of the Monadology in Leibniz's Essais de Théodicée.Jeffrey K. McDonough - manuscript
    In his rich and engaging essay, Professor Garber asks most centrally, “…what was the relation between Leibniz’s metaphysical project as set out in the so-called ‘Monadologie’ and the more theological project in the Essais de Théodicée?” His answer is, in short, that there isn’t much of a relationship between these two great works. Furthermore, he takes this result to be evidence of Leibniz’s not being a systematic philosopher in the spirit of Descartes or Spinoza. In these brief comments, I revisit (...)
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  2. The Simplest Reality... in Mulla Sadra's Theology and Leibniz Monadology.M. Bidi - unknown - Kheradnameh Sadra Quarterly 17.
    Pointing to the origination of the concept of "simplicity", conveying concepts such as "infinity" and "universality" in Islamic philosophy as well as Western philosophy in the 17. Century, the author goes to elucidate the similarity between the meanings of "the simple existence", "the absolute existence" and "infinite existence" in the doctrines of Mulla Sadra, Spinoza, and Leibniz. He believes that from the rule of "the simplest reality..." of Mulla Sadra to the Spinoza's absolute existence, which are incorporated in Leibniz's philosophy, (...)
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  3. Ontological Argument in Leibniz's Philosophy.Ali Tahiri - unknown - Kheradnameh Sadra Quarterly 39.
    From among the arguments adduced for God's Existence, the ontological argument is of prime importance. Since long ago, prominent western philosophers have written important papers and books for or against this argument. Leibniz, who is one of the supporters of the ontological argument, claims that through removing the defect of the ontological argument posed by Anselm and Descartes, it can be transformed into an argument comparable to mathematical ones in terms of certainty and conclusiveness.In this paper, in addition to the (...)
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  4. God, Beauty, and Evil in Leibniz's Best of All Possible Worlds.Eric Wampler - unknown - Proceedings of the Heraclitean Society 18.
  5. Theory and Praxis in Leibniz’s Theological Thought.Maria Rosa Antognazza - forthcoming - In Wenchao Li & Hartmut Rudolph (eds.), G. W. Leibniz im Lichte der Theologien [Leibniz in the Light of Theology]. Steiner.
    This paper re-assesses the place of theology in Leibniz’s thought focusing on the relationship between theory and praxis. It takes as its point of departure a general conclusion established in previous work, namely that Leibniz’s key formulations of his overarching plan for the reform and advancement of all the sciences, are devoted to a set of objectives which is both shaped by broadly theological concerns and ultimately practical. Against this backdrop, the discussion will then turn to an exploration of how (...)
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  6. Faith and Reason.Maria Rosa Antognazza - forthcoming - In The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz. Oxford - New York: Oxford University Press.
    This contribution discusses Leibniz’s conception of faith and its relation to reason. It shows that, for Leibniz, faith embraces both cognitive and non-cognitive dimensions: although it must be grounded in reason, it is not merely reasonable belief. Moreover, for Leibniz, a truth of faith (like any truth) can never be contrary to reason but can be above the limits of comprehension of human reason. The latter is the epistemic status of the Christian mysteries. This view raises the problem of how (...)
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  7. Philosophical Theology and Christian Doctrines.Maria Rosa Antognazza - forthcoming - In The Oxford Handbook of Leibniz. Oxford - New York: Oxford University Press.
    This contribution discusses Leibniz’s views on key Christian doctrines which were surrounded, in the early modern period, by particularly lively debates. The first section delves into his defence of the Trinity and the Incarnation against the charge of contradiction, and his exploration of metaphysical models capacious enough to accommodate these mysteries. The second section focuses on the resurrection and the Eucharist with special regard to their connections with Leibniz’s metaphysics of bodies. The third section investigates Leibniz’s position on predestination, grace, (...)
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  8. A LEIBNIZIAN, PLURALIST CONCEPTION OF BOTH BIOLOGICAL LIFE AND THEOLOGY. AntoninoDrago - forthcoming - In Proceedings of conference in Rome Tor Vergata sept. 2015 (in Italian).
  9. G. W. Leibniz im Lichte der Theologien [Leibniz in the Light of Theology].Irena Backus, Wenchao Li & Hartmut Rudolph (eds.) - forthcoming - Steiner.
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  10. Review of Jeffrey McDonough’s A Miracle Creed: The Principle of Optimality in Leibniz’s Physics and Philosophy[REVIEW]Hao Dong - forthcoming - Philosophy of Science:1-5.
  11. Immortal animals, subtle bodies, or separated souls: the afterlife in Leibniz, Wolff, and their followers.Matteo Favaretti Camposampiero - forthcoming - Intellectual History Review.
    In eighteenth-century post-Leibnizian German philosophy, the debate on immortality did not concern only the fate of the soul after death but also the fate of the body. Leibniz had famously maintained that no animal ever dies, for the soul is never entirely deprived of its living body. In spite of Bilfinger’s almost isolated defense, this doctrine never became dominant, even among Leibniz’s followers. Christian Wolff, long considered a mere popularizer of Leibniz’s philosophy, departed from this account of immortality and replaced (...)
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  12. Leibniz and the Status of Possible Worlds in advance.Seth A. Jones - forthcoming - Journal of Philosophical Research.
    The dispute over the exact nature and status of possible worlds in Leibniz’s philosophy has proven difficult to resolve. The standard view, that there is one unique actual world and that possible worlds exist solely as ideas within God’s understanding, sits in tension with important metaphysical and theological components of Leibniz’s system. For example, Leibniz takes possible individuals to have some “essence or reality” in themselves and to strive for existence, which allows him to ground counterfactual claims and to overcome (...)
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  13. New Essays on Leibniz’s Theodicy.Samuel Newlands Larry Jorgensen (ed.) - forthcoming - Oxford University Press.
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  14. Leibniz's Worlds. The Connection between the Best Possible World and the Monadic Realm.Jan Levin Propach - forthcoming - Synthesis Philosophica.
    In this paper I claim that in Leibniz’s metaphysics we can use the term ‘world’ in a twofold sense. On the one hand to refer to highly complex divine thoughts, i.e. the ideal realm, and on the other hand to refer to a network of living substances with their perceptions and appetitions, i.e. the substantial realm. First of all, I will clarify the ideal realm in Leibniz's metaphysics, which consists of three combinatorial levels about the fundamental entities, namely the simple (...)
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  15. Mustafa Çağrı Günday, Leibniz ve Kant’ta Teodise, Sonçağ Yayınları, 2022, s. 206.Osman Bayraktutan - 2023 - Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy 13 (13:2):269-273.
  16. Moses Mendelssohn's Original Modal Proof for the Existence of God.Noam Hoffer - 2023 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 61 (2):237-256.
    Abstractabstract:In Morning Hours (1785), Moses Mendelssohn presents a proof for the existence of God from the grounding of possibility. Although Mendelssohn claims that this proof is original, it has not received much attention in the secondary literature. In this paper, I analyze this proof and present its historical context. I show that although it resembles Leibniz's proof from eternal truths and Kant's precritical possibility proof, it has unique characteristics that can be regarded as responses to deficiencies Mendelssohn identified in these (...)
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  17. Le Discours sur la théologie naturelle des Chinois et la controverse Leibniz/Descartes sur la substance.Jin Qian - 2023 - Philosophiques 50 (1):29-49.
    Jin Qian Dans son Discours sur la théologie naturelle des Chinois, Leibniz produit une interprétation du premier principe de la philosophie chinoise. Le présent article s’interroge sur les conditions de cette interprétation en la comparant avec la controverse entre Leibniz et Descartes par rapport à la conception de la substance. Il sera montré que, bien que Leibniz utilise un « principe herméneutique » dans son interprétation de la philosophie chinoise, ce principe n’est pas suffisant mais repose sur des conditions plus (...)
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  18. Leibniz on God and Man in 1686.Ryan Phillip Quandt - 2023 - Lexington Books.
    This book demonstrates that there is clear overlap between Leibniz’s “Discourse on Metaphysics” and his “Examination of the Christian Religion,” converging in the moral quality of God and man that Leibniz took as the cornerstone of his system in 1686.
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  19. Three Moral Themes of Leibniz's Spiritual Machine Between "New System" and "New Essays".Markku Roinila - 2023 - le Present Est Plein de L’Avenir, Et Chargé du Passé : Vorträge des Xi. Internationalen Leibniz-Kongresses, 31. Juli – 4. August 2023.
    The advance of mechanism in science and philosophy in the 17th century created a great interest to machines or automata. Leibniz was no exception - in an early memoir Drôle de pensée he wrote admiringly about a machine that could walk on water, exhibited in Paris. The idea of automatic processing in general had a large role in his thought, as can be seen, for example, in his invention of the binary code and the so-called Calculemus!-model for solving controversies. In (...)
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  20. Leibniz’s Monad and the Talmudic Concept of “Malchut” in Yoma 38a-b.Kuti Shoham & Idan Shimony - 2023 - In Wenchao Li (ed.), Le present est plein de l’avenir, et chargé du passé, XI. Internationaler Leibniz-Kongress. Hanover: Gottfried-Wilhelm-Leibniz-Gesellschaft. pp. Vol. 3, 294-298.
    Leibniz’s interest in the Talmud and in Jewish philosophy and theology in general, is well established in the scholarly literature. In this paper, we suggest a short comparative study of Leibniz’s concept of the monad and the Talmudic idea of “Malchut.” Our study is based, specifically, on a tractate of the Talmud titled Yoma. This tractate is mainly focused on the Jewish Atonement Day, in which Jews are judged by God for their sins in the previous year. In particular, in (...)
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  21. La teoría de Leibniz acerca del origen de los números y el Misterio de la Trinidad.Godofredo Iommi Amunátegui - 2022 - Pensamiento 78 (298 S. Esp):899-905.
    Entre los años 1678 y 1685 Leibniz compuso dos tratados – Circa Geometrica Generalia (C.G.G.) y Notationes Generales (N.G.) – en los cuales expone una críptica teoría del origen de los números enteros positivos estrechamente vinculada al Misterio de la Trinidad. Este trabajo propone una interpretación de las ideas matemáticas del filósofo mediante el concepto de determinatio. Tal hipótesis se utiliza para esclarecer el sentido teológico de la proposición leibniziana.
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  22. Leibniz and the Three Degrees of Infinity.Richard T. W. Arthur - 2022 - The Leibniz Review 32:25-46.
    In these remarks on Ohad Nachtomy’s account of Leibniz’s philosophy of the infinite in his recent book, Living Mirrors, I focus on his suggestion that living creatures be interpreted as exemplifying the second of the three degrees of infinity that Leibniz articulates in 1676, as things which are infinite in their own kind. For the infinity characterizing created substances cannot be the highest degree, which is reserved by Leibniz for the divine substance, while Nachtomy sees the lowest degree as applicable (...)
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  23. Leibniz's Thoughts on Creation: Physical Interpretation of Compossibility.Jechul Bak - 2022 - philosophia medii aevi 28:131-158.
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  24. Leibniz' Anthology of Maimonides' Guide.R. Moses Ben Maimon, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Walter Hilliger & Lloyd Strickland (eds.) - 2022 - New York: Shehakol Inc..
    Maimonides’ Latin translation of Moreh Nevukhim | Guide for the Perplexed, was the most influential Jewish work in the last millennia (Di Segni, 2019; Rubio, 2006; Wohlman, 1988, 1995; Kohler, 2017). It marked the beginning of scholasticism, a daughter of Judaism raised by Jewish thinkers, according to historian Heinrich Graetz (Geschichte der Juden, L. 6, Leipzig 1861, p. xii). Printed by Gutenberg's first mechanical press, its influence in the West went as far as the Fifth Lateran Council (1512 — 1517) (...)
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  25. Localizing Violations of the Principle of Sufficient Reason—Leibniz on the Modal Status of the PSR.Sebastian Bender - 2022 - Journal of Modern Philosophy 4 (1):11.
    The Principle of Sufficient Reason —the principle that everything has a reason—plays a central role in Leibniz’s philosophical system. It is rather difficult, however, to determine what Leibniz’s attitude towards the modal status of the PSR is. The prevailing view is that Leibniz takes the PSR to be true necessarily. This paper develops a novel interpretation and argues that Leibniz’s PSR is a contingent principle. It also discusses whether a merely contingent PSR can do the metaphysical heavy lifting that Leibniz (...)
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  26. Common Notions and Immortality in Digby and the Early Leibniz.Andreas Blank - 2022 - In Han Thomas Adriaenssen & Laura Georgescu (eds.), The Philosophy of Kenelm Digby (1603–1665). Cham, Switzerland: pp. 59–87.
  27. Dio, l'evento e l'algoritmo: il tradimento di Leibniz nell'ontologia digitale e l'etica dell'istante.Giuseppe De Ruvo - 2022 - Segni E Comprensione 36 (103):81-112.
    This article shows how the so-called digital ontology betrays the metaphysical-theological thought of Leibniz (of which it claims to be heir), giving rise to an apparent “algorithmic providence” which, however, confines subjects in algorithmic types, making it impossible the occurrence of event and of the new. If digital ontology sees in Leibniz a thinker from whom to interpret being on the basis of algorithms, this article – by reconstructing Leibniz’s thought – wants to show not only how the operation of (...)
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  28. God Can Do Otherwise: A Defense of Act Contingency in Leibniz's Mature Period.Dylan Flint - 2022 - History of Philosophy Quarterly 39 (3):235-256.
    This paper locates a source of contingency for Leibniz in the fact that God can do otherwise, absolutely speaking. This interpretative line has been previously thought to be a dead-end because it appears inconsistent with Leibniz’s own conception of God, as the ens perfectissimum, or the most perfect being (Adams, 1994). This paper points out that the best argument on offer which seeks to demonstrate this inconsistency fails. The paper then argues that the supposition that God does otherwise implies for (...)
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  29. The global/local distinction vindicates Leibniz's theodicy.James Franklin - 2022 - Theology and Science 20 (4).
    The essential idea of Leibniz’s Theodicy was little understood in his time but has become one of the organizing themes of modern mathematics. There are many phenomena that are possible locally but for purely mathematical reasons impossible globally. For example, it is possible to build a spiral staircase that is rising at any given point, but it is impossible to build one that is rising at all points and comes back to where it started. The necessity is mathematically provable, so (...)
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  30. One True Cause: Causal Powers, Divine Concurrence, and the Seventeenth-Century Revival of Occasionalism by Andrew R. Platt. [REVIEW]Nabeel Hamid - 2022 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 60 (2):345-347.
    On an old narrative, dating back to Leibniz and developed in nineteenth-century historiography, occasionalism was revived in the early modern period as an ad hoc response to the problems of mind-body union and interaction arising from Descartes's metaphysics. According to Leibniz, Descartes gave up the struggle, leaving his disciples to iron out this most scandalous of wrinkles in his system. A line of followers—Clauberg, Geulincx, La Forge, Le Grand, Arnauld, Cordemoy, and above all, Malebranche—dusted off the discredited doctrine of occasionalism (...)
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  31. Divine Fate Moral and the Best of All Possible Worlds: Origen’s Apokatastasis Panton in Cambridge Origenism and Enlightenment Rationalism.Christian Hengstermann - 2022 - Modern Theology 38 (2):419-444.
    In his account of his Düsseldorf conversations with G.E. Lessing shortly before the latter’s death in 1781, F.H. Jacobi records the Enlightenment poet and philosopher’s allusion to the Kabbalistic philosophy of Henry More, whom he cited in support of his shocking Spinozist creed of the hen kai pan. Origen’s first Christian philosophy hinges upon a conviction of universal divine goodness which cannot but share its riches with beings capable of participating in it by virtue of their own free will. From (...)
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  32. Leibniz’s Philosophical Dream of Rational and Intuitive Enlightenment.Paul Lodge - 2022 - Dialogue and Universalism 32 (1):203-219.
    This paper is a new translation and interpretation of the essay by Leibniz which has come to be known as “Leibniz’s Philosophical Dream.” Leibniz used many different literary styles throughout his career, but “Leibniz’s Philosophical Dream” is unique insofar as it combines apparent autobiography with a dreamscape. The content is also somewhat surprising. The essay is reminiscent of Plato, insofar as Leibniz describes a transition from existence in a cave to a more enlightened mode of being outside of it. But, (...)
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  33. A Miracle Creed: The Principle of Optimality in Leibniz's Physics and Philosophy.Jeffrey K. McDonough - 2022 - New York,NY, United States of America: Oxford University Press.
    "This book introduces Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Principle of Optimality and argues that it plays a central role his physics and philosophy, with profound implications for both. Each chapter begins with an introduction to one of Leibniz's ground-breaking studies in natural philosophy, paying special attention to the role of optimal form in those investigations. Each chapter then goes on to explore the philosophical implications of optimal form for Leibniz's broader philosophical system. Individual chapters include discussions of Leibniz's understanding of teleology, the (...)
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  34. Trinity and Mystery. Three Models for the Contemporary Debate in Analytic Philosophy of Religion.Damiano Migliorini - 2022 - Dialegesthai. Rivista Telematica di Filosofia 24.
    There is a lively debate in contemporary Analytic Philosophy of Religion about the consistency of the Trinitarian doctrine. In this context, the notion of ‘mystery’ has become crucial. However, although it is currently considered the main challenge of Trinitarian theology, its definition remains rather partial and superficial. After a brief description of today’s Mysterianism, I analyse three ‘emblematic’ positions in light of the current debate: Aquinas, Leibniz and Hegel present three ways to believe in a mysterious Trinity. I will point (...)
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  35. A Miracle Creed, by J. McDonough. [REVIEW]Ohad Nachtomy - 2022 - The Leibniz Review 32:147-152.
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  36. God's Perfect Will: Remarks on Johnston and O'Connor.Kenneth L. Pearce - 2022 - Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Religion 10:248-254.
    Why would God create a world at all? Further, why would God create a world like this one? The Neoplatonic framework of classical philosophical theology answers that God’s willing is an affirmation of God’s own goodness, and God creates to show forth God’s glory. Mark Johnston has recently argued that, in addition to explaining why God would create at all, this framework gives extremely wide scope to divine freedom. Timothy O’Connor objects that divine freedom, on this view, cannot be so (...)
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  37. In the Beginning Was Binary.Lloyd Strickland - 2022 - Church Times 8322.
  38. Leibniz on the Puzzle of Compossibility. 김준영 - 2022 - Cheolhak-Korean Journal of Philosophy 150:135-159.
    공가능성(compossibility) 개념은 라이프니츠 연구자들 사이에서 가장 활발하게 연구되고 있는 분야 중 하나이다. 이 논문에서 나는 우선 공가능성에 대한 영향력 있는 네 가지 해석들을 살펴보고 각 해석의 장단점을 지적한다. 더불어 나는 그동안 연구자들 사이에서 간과되었던 한 가지 문제를 지적한다. 공가능성에 대한 영향력 있는 해석들은 모두 명시적 혹은 암묵적으로 공가능성을 이행적(transitive)인 관계로 파악하고 있다. 그러나 나는 이 논문에서 라이프니츠가 공가능성을 비이행적인 관계로 이해하고 있음을 보임으로써, 공가능성에 대한 기존의 해석들에 대한 새로운 문제를 제기한다.
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  39. The ‘Necessity’ of Leibniz’s Rejection of Necessitarianism.Joseph Anderson - 2021 - Journal of Early Modern Studies 10 (1):75-91.
    In the Theodicy, Leibniz argues against two impious conceptions of God—a God who makes arbitrary choices and a God who doesn’t make choices at all. Many interpret Leibniz as navigating these dangers by positing a kind of non-Spinozistic necessitarianism. I examine passages from the Theodicy which reject not only blind necessitarianism but necessitarianism altogether. Leibniz thinks blind necessitarianism is dangerous due to the conception of God it entails and the implications for morality. Non-Spinozistic necessitarianism avoids many of these criticisms. Leibniz (...)
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  40. Leibniz and Kant on Empirical Miracles: Rationalism, Freedom, and the Laws.Andrew Chignell - 2021 - In Brandon Look (ed.), Leibniz and Kant. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 320-354.
    Leibniz and Kant were heirs of a biblical theistic tradition which viewed miraculous activity in the world as both possible and actual. But both were also deep explanatory rationalists about the natural world: more committed than your average philosophical theologian to its thoroughgoing intelligibility. These dual sympathies—supernaturalist religion and empirical rationalism—generate a powerful tension across both philosophers’ systems, one that is most palpable in their accounts of empirical miracles—that is, events in nature that violate one or more of the natural (...)
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  41. The Best of All Possible Worlds? Leibniz’s Philosophical Optimism and its Critics 1710–1755, by H. Caro.Justin J. Daeley - 2021 - The Leibniz Review 31:129-139.
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  42. Leibniz und ein bisher unbeachtetes Necrolog des Klosters Vangadizza.Sven Erdner - 2021 - Studia Leibnitiana 53 (1-2):115-232.
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  43. Leibniz’s Horrendous and Unthinkable World: A Critique of Leibniz’s ‘Best Possible World’ Theodicy.Nicholas Hadsell - 2021 - Heythrop Journal 63 (1):57-63.
    The Heythrop Journal, Volume 63, Issue 1, Page 57-63, January 2022.
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  44. Leibniz on Divine Causation: Continuous Creation and Concurrence without Occasionalism.Julia Jorati - 2021 - In Gregory E. Ganssle (ed.), Philosophical Essays on Divine Causation. New York: Routledge. pp. 122-140.
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  45. Cuestiones de metafísica leibniziana: Sobre Dios y verdades eternas.Alberto Luis López - 2021 - Revista Estudios 1 (139):135-156.
    This paper addresses some issues of Leibniz’s metaphysics to show the relationship between religion, God, and the conception of eternal truths, and with that to reveal that Leibniz’s philosophy is a coherent and intertwined whole. His idea of religion is set out briefly, then his metaphysics is analyzed, in particular creation and what are the eternal truths. The paper ends with a commentary on some quotations from the New essays that make evident that these truths require the existence of God. (...)
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  46. Usages et fonctions du concept de «cité de Dieu» dans la première philosophie de Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.Gabriel Meyer-­Bisch - 2021 - Rivista di Storia Della Filosofia 4:743-759.
  47. Leibniz frente al ocasionalismo. La lucha por la autonomía de la razón.Juan Antonio Nicolás - 2021 - Logos. Anales Del Seminario de Metafísica [Universidad Complutense de Madrid, España] 54 (2):313-329.
    Se aborda la polémica entre Leibniz y Malebranche en torno a la relación entre las sustancias. Se plantean cuatro hipótesis para explicar esta interacción: la influencia física, la asistencia divina inmediata, la identidad y la armonía previa. Se explica la posición crítica de Leibniz respecto a las otras tres. En relación con la primera hipótesis Leibniz y Malebranche están de acuerdo en que no es viable. Se explican la crítica de Leibniz al ocasionalismo de Malebranche y al monismo sustancialista de (...)
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  48. Leibniz lettore di John Toland. Le Annotatiunculae subitaneae a Christianity Not Mysterious.Osvaldo Ottaviani - 2021 - Rivista di Storia Della Filosofia 2:345-388.
    This paper proposes a critical edition of Leibniz's "Annotatiunculae subitaneae ad librum de Christianismo Mysteriis carente" (1701), together with an Italian translation, and an introductory essay where I discuss the genesis of the text on the background of Leibniz's criticism of Locke's "way of ideas", and focus on Leibniz's taxonomy of the different meanings of "natural" and "supernatural".
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  49. The Young Leibniz and the Ontological Argument: From Rejection to Reconsideration.Osvaldo Ottaviani - 2021 - Journal of Early Modern Studies 10 (1):47-73.
    Leibniz considered the Cartesian version of the ontological argument not as an inconsistent proof but only as an incomplete one: it requires a preliminary proof of possibility to show that the concept of ‘the most perfect being’ involves no contradiction. Leibniz raised this objection to Descartes’s proof already in 1676, then repeated it throughout his entire life. Before 1676, however, he suggested a more substantial objection to the Cartesian argument. I take into account a text written around 1671-72, in which (...)
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  50. Why God Thinks what He is Thinking? An Argument against Samuel Newlands’ Brute–Fact–Theory of Divine Ideas in Leibniz’s Metaphysics.Jan Levin Propach - 2021 - European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 13 (3).
    According to the most prominent principle of early modern rationalists, the Principle of Sufficient Reason [PSR], there are no brute facts, hence, there are no facts without any explanation. Contrary to the PSR, some philosophers have argued that divine ideas are brute facts within Leibniz’s metaphysics. In this paper, I argue against brute-fact-theories of divine ideas, especially represented by Samuel Newlands in Leibniz and the Ground of Possibility, and elaborate an alternative Leibnizian theory of divine ideas.
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