About this topic
Summary Medieval philosophy of language addresses a wide number of linguistic problems related to notions such as signification, reference, empty reference, analogy and univocity, theories of supposition, ambiguity, quantification, inference, validity, truth-conditions, modal assertions, logical operators, fallacies, dialectical and demonstrative argumentation, semantics and pragmatics, future contingents and paradoxes, as discussed in texts of both linguistic and theological nature. Other widely discussed topics are Priscianic grammar, Augustinian semiotics, angelic locution, divine nomination and mental language. 'Medieval' in this category covers authors as early as Boethius and Augustine and as late as Suárez.
Key works The medieval properties of terms - significatiow (Mora-Márquez 2015) and suppositio (Read 2002). The related problem of aequivocatio. Their role on problems touching upon inferentia (Read 2012) and veritas (Cesalli 2007). The logical analyses of fallaciae (Sten 2001), syllogismus dialecticus and demonstrativus. The definitions and further discussions on syncategoremata. The analysis of typically medieval logical exercises as obligationes, sophismata (Pironet forthcoming) and insolubilia.
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  1. El conocimiento teológico natural y la teoría del maestro interior en Tomás de Aquino.Javier Eduardo Perna - manuscript
    En la teoría epistémica de Tomás de Aquino la lumen rationis desempeña la función de causa última del inventario completo del conocimiento humano natural. La tesis de acuerdo a la cual esa luz es puesta en nosotros por Dios justifica, de acuerdo al autor, la aserción de que la divinidad es el único y auténtico maestro interior del hombre. Ahora bien, en la visión beatífica la lumen naturale es perfeccionada por una luz sobrenatural, y la unión cognitiva con lo conocido (...)
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  2. El Teólogo y el búho. La teología aenigmatica de Tomás de Aquino.Javier Eduardo Perna - manuscript
    A lo largo de la obra de Tomás de Aquino es posible encontrar cierta tensión textual en torno a la posibilidad de conocer de manera natural la esencia divina. Por un lado el teólogo parece afirmar que, precisamente, no podemos conocer acerca de Dios qué es, sino solo qué no es. Pero, por otra parte, existe evidencia textual de que habría sostenido la posibilidad de un conocimiento quiditativo imperfecto. En tanto y en cuanto el matiz más positivo suele aparecer con (...)
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  3. Le fallaciae in dictione in Ruggero Bacone.Paola Anna Muller - forthcoming - Documenti E Studi Sulla Tradizione Filosofica Medievale.
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  4. The Semantic Account of Formal Consequence, from Alfred Tarski Back to John Buridan.Jacob Archambault - 2023 - In Joshua P. Hochschild, Turner C. Nevitt, Adam Wood & Gábor Borbély (eds.), Metaphysics Through Semantics: The Philosophical Recovery of the Medieval Mind / Essays in Honor of Gyula Klima. Springer Verlag. pp. 255-272.
    The resemblance of the theory of formal consequence first offered by the fourteenth-century logician John Buridan to that later offered by Alfred Tarski has long been remarked upon. But it has not yet been subjected to sustained analysis. In this paper, I provide just such an analysis. I begin by reviewing today’s classical understanding of formal consequence, then highlighting its differences from Tarski’s 1936 account. Following this, I introduce Buridan’s account, detailing its philosophical underpinnings, then its content. This then allows (...)
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  5. Thirteenth-Century Aristotelian Logic: The Study of Scientific Method.Ana Maria Mora-Marquez - 2021 - Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy 9:146-185.
  6. "Acte signifié" / "acte exercé", combien de distinctions?Ernesto Perini-Santos - 2021 - In Laurent Cesalli, Frédéric Goubier, Aurélien Robert, Luisa Valente & Anne Grondeux (eds.), Ad Placitum pour Irène Rosier-Catach. Roma, Itália: pp. 539-544.
  7. L’istituzione della methodus come processo di fondazione di un sistema dialettico argomentativo nel Quod sit unica doctrinae instituendae methodus ex Aristotelis sententia di Pierre de la Ramée: Testo e stud.Michela Salsano - 2020 - Dissertation, Università Degli Studi di Salerno
  8. Aquinas's Two Concepts of Analogy and a Complex Semantics for Naming the Simple God.Joshua Hochschild - 2019 - The Thomist 83 (2):155-184.
    This paper makes two main arguments. First, that to understand analogy in St. Thomas Aquinas, one must distinguish two logically distinct concepts he inherited from Aristotle: one a kind of likeness between things, the other a kind of relation between linguistic functions. Second, that analogy (in both of these senses) plays a relatively small role in Aquinas's treatment of divine naming, compared to the realist semantic framework in which questions about divine naming are formulated and resolved, and on which the (...)
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  9. The Dialectical Construction of a Notion of Truth in Some 13th-Century Masters of Arts.Ana Maria Mora-Marquez - 2019 - Medioevo 44 (1):40-56.
  10. Wodeham against Chatton: the second part of the way towards Complexe Significabilia.Ernesto Perini-Santos - 2019 - Medioevo 44 (1):99-121.
    Complexe significabilia are the significate of whole sentences, irreducible to what is signified by categorematic sub-sentential components. It has been propounded firstly by Adam Wodeham. Wodeham construes his argument for the postulation of complexe significabilia as a middle way between William of Ockham and Walter Chatton. According to Wodeham, Ockham’s view implies a reflexive theory of mental acts, which goes against the phenomenology of the act of assent. Moreover, it leads to an anti-realist epistemology. We need therefore things outside the (...)
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  11. THE FORMALITY OF PETER OF SPAIN's THEORY OF SUPPOSITION.Vlad Ile - 2018 - Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai-Philosophia 3 (63):11-30.
    Relatively recent literature on supposition theory seems to use different modern logical tools of interpretation that can be generally described as formalizations. Since the act of formalizing may be understood as a process of changing its object in the sense of making it more formal, an assessment of this kind of approaches is necessary. Accordingly, our main goal in this paper is to analyze the formality of Peter of Spain’s theory of supposition and to evaluate its interpretation as a quantification (...)
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  12. Paradoxes of Signification.Stephen Read - 2018 - New Content is Available for Vivarium.
    _ Source: _Page Count 21 Ian Rumfitt has recently drawn our attention to a couple of paradoxes of signification, claiming that although Thomas Bradwardine’s “multiple-meanings” account of truth and signification can solve the first of them, it cannot solve the second. The paradoxes of signification were in fact much discussed by Bradwardine’s successors in the fourteenth century. Bradwardine’s solution appears to turn on a distinction between the principal and the consequential signification of an utterance. However, although such a distinction played (...)
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  13. A Category Semantics.Paul Symington - 2018 - In Paul Hackett (ed.), Mereologies, Ontologies, and Facets: The Categorial Structure of Reality. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 65-85.
    In this paper, I present a categorial theory of meaning which asserts that the meaning of a sentence is the function from the actualization of some potentiality or the potentiality of some actuality to the truth of the sentence. I argue that it builds on the virtues of David Lewis’s Possible World Semantics but advances beyond problems that Lewis’s theory faces with its distinctly Aristotelian turn toward actuality and potentiality.
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  14. Review of Claude Panaccio, Mental Language: From Plato to William of Ockham. [REVIEW]Eric W. Hagedorn - 2017 - Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2017.
  15. Aristotle's Fallacy of Equivocation and Its 13th-Century Reception.Ana Maria Mora-Marquez - 2017 - In Laurent Cesalli & Alain de Libera (eds.), Formal Approaches and Natural Language in Medieval Logic. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 217 - 238.
  16. Providence, Temporal Authority, and the Illustrious Vernacular in Dante's Political Philosophy.Jason Aleksander - 2016 - In Nancy van Deusen & Leonard Michael Koff (eds.), Time: Sense, Space, Structure. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 231-260.
    Drawing primarily upon Dante’s three major philosophical treatises (De vulgari eloquentia, Convivio, and Monarchia), this essay explores how Dante’s ethico-political philosophy operates within the crucial tension between the phenomenology of time as the condition for the possibility of human moral development and yet also as, metaphysically speaking, the privation and imitation of eternity. I begin by showing that, in the De vulgari eloquentia, Dante’s understanding of the poetic and rhetorical function of the illustrious vernacular is tied to his political philosophy (...)
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  17. The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Logic.Catarina Dutilh Novaes & Stephen Read (eds.) - 2016 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    This volume, the first dedicated and comprehensive companion to medieval logic, covers both the Latin and the Arabic traditions, and shows that they were in fact sister traditions, which both arose against the background of a Hellenistic heritage and which influenced one another over the centuries. A series of chapters by both established and younger scholars covers the whole period including early and late developments, and offers new insights into this extremely rich period in the history of logic. The volume (...)
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  18. Master Richard Sophista: Abstractiones.Sten Ebbesen & E. Jennifer Ashworth (eds.) - 2016 - Oxford, England: Oxford University Press UK.
    Theiones is a work in medieval logic from the second half of the 13th century. Clearly a product of the British university culture and much cited, quoted and imitated, it is attributed in two manuscripts to 'Master Richard the Sophist'. This Richard is referred to by other philosophers and logicians as 'The Master of Abstractions' - an honorific title which indicates that his work was a standard textbook. The Abstractiones is a collection of sophismata, or logical puzzles of increasing complexity (...)
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  19. Supposition and properties of terms.Christoph Kann - 2016 - In Catarina Dutilh Novaes & Read Stephen (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Logic. Cambridge University Press. pp. 220-244.
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  20. The Invention of Relations: Early Twelfth-Century Discussions of Aristotle's Account of Relatives1.Christopher J. Martin - 2016 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 24 (3):447-467.
    Aristotle's discussion of relatives in the Categories presented its eleventh- and twelfth-century readers with many puzzles. Their attempt to solve these puzzles and to develop a coherent account of the category led around the beginning of the twelfth century to the invention of relations as items which stand to relatives as qualities stand to qualified substances. In this paper, I first discuss the details of Aristotle's accounts of relatives and the related category of ‘situation’ and Boethius' commentary on them. I (...)
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  21. Treatise on Consequences by John Buridan.Terence Parsons - 2016 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 54 (1):163-164.
    John Buridan was the greatest of the medieval logicians. His massive logical text, the Summulae de Dialectica, has been available in a first rate English translation for well over a decade. Now it is joined by his other major logical work, the Treatise on Consequences. The translation provided here runs about a hundred pages. Chapters 1 and 3 concern consequences involving non-modal propositions, and chapters 2 and 4 concern modals. Buridan is a very clear writer, and Read has provided a (...)
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  22. Paradoxes of Signification.Stephen Read - 2016 - Vivarium 54 (4):335-355.
    _ Source: _Volume 54, Issue 4, pp 335 - 355 Ian Rumfitt has recently drawn our attention to a couple of paradoxes of signification, claiming that although Thomas Bradwardine’s “multiple-meanings” account of truth and signification can solve the first of them, it cannot solve the second. The paradoxes of signification were in fact much discussed by Bradwardine’s successors in the fourteenth century. Bradwardine’s solution appears to turn on a distinction between the principal and the consequential signification of an utterance. However, (...)
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  23. Richard Billingham and the Oxford Obligationes Texts: Restrictions on positio.E. Jennifer Ashworth - 2015 - Vivarium 53 (2-4):372-390.
    _ Source: _Volume 53, Issue 2-4, pp 372 - 390 This paper investigates a series of Oxford _Obligationes_ texts, all of which can be associated with Richard Billingham. My study is based on eleven of the surviving manuscripts and two early printed texts. I focus on one aspect of their discussion, namely the rule for granting the initial _positum_ of an obligational disputation of the type called _positio_, and the six restrictions that could be placed on that rule. I explain (...)
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  24. Buridan's Solution to the Liar Paradox.Yann Benétreau-Dupin - 2015 - History and Philosophy of Logic 36 (1):18-28.
    Jean Buridan has offered a solution to the Liar Paradox, i.e. to the problem of assigning a truth-value to the sentence ‘What I am saying is false’. It has been argued that either this solution is ad hoc since it would only apply to self-referencing sentences [Read, S. 2002. ‘The Liar Paradox from John Buridan back to Thomas Bradwardine’, Vivarium, 40 , 189–218] or else it weakens his theory of truth, making his ‘a logic without truth’ [Klima, G. 2008. ‘Logic (...)
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  25. Semantik und Ontologie, Drei Studien zu Aristoteles.Filotheia Bogoiu - 2015 - Chôra 13:295-298.
  26. Erratum to: Universal Logic and Aristotelian Logic: Formality and Essence of Logic.Julie Brumberg-Chaumont - 2015 - Logica Universalis 9 (2):279-279.
    The rediscovery of Aristotle’s works on syllogisms in the Latin world, especially the Sophistici Elenchi and then the Prior Analytics, gave rise to sophisticated views on the nature of syllogistic form and syllogistic matter in the thirteenth century. It led to debates on the ontology of the syllogism as studied in the Prior Analytics, i.e. the syllogism made of letters and the four logical constants a/e/i/o, with deep consequences on the definition of logic as a universal method for all sciences (...)
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  27. Universal Logic and Aristotelian Logic: Formality and Essence of Logic.Julie Brumberg-Chaumont - 2015 - Logica Universalis 9 (2):253-278.
    The rediscovery of Aristotle’s works on syllogisms in the Latin world, especially the Sophistici Elenchi and then the Prior Analytics, gave rise to sophisticated views on the nature of syllogistic form and syllogistic matter in the thirteenth century. It led to debates on the ontology of the syllogism as studied in the Prior Analytics, i.e. the syllogism made of letters and the four logical constants a/e/i/o, with deep consequences on the definition of logic as a universal method for all sciences (...)
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  28. Linguistic Content: New Essays on the History of Philosophy of Language.Margaret Anne Cameron & Robert Stainton (eds.) - 2015 - Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.
    This volume explores the rich history of philosophy of language in the Western tradition, from Plato and Aristotle to the twentieth century. A team of leading experts focus in particular on key metaphysical debates about linguistic content, including questions of ontological status and metaphysical grounding.
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  29. Finalidade e Funções da Linguagem em Agostinho de Hipona.Diana Couto - 2015 - Civitas Augustiniana 1 (4):11-19.
  30. Articulating Medieval Logic, by Terence Parsons: Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. xiii + 331, £50. [REVIEW]Catarina Dutilh Novaes - 2015 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 93 (2):400-403.
  31. When the World is Not Enough: Medieval Ways to Deal with the Lack of Referents.Frédéric Goubier & Ernesto Perini-Santos - 2015 - Logica Universalis 9 (2):213-235.
    According to several late medieval logicians, the use the universal quantifier ‘omnis’ creates the requirement that the sentence refers to at least three items—the principle of sufficientia appellatorum. The commitment is such that, when the quota is not fulfilled, one has to import the missing items from the realm of the nonexistent. While the central argument for this principle, whose origin is Aristotle’s De Caelo, stems from the contrast between unrestricted universal quantifiers and binary quantifiers, the discussion is often mixed (...)
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  32. A Formal Reconstruction of Buridan's Modal Syllogism.Spencer Johnston - 2015 - History and Philosophy of Logic 36 (1):2-17.
    In this paper, we provide a historical exposition of John Buridan's theory of divided modal propositions. We then develop a semantic interpretation of Buridan's theory which pays particular attention to Buridan's ampliation of modal terms. We show that these semantics correctly capture his syllogistic reasoning.
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  33. Omnis homo de necessitate est animal: Significación Y referencia vacía en la segunda mitad Del siglo 13.Ana María Mora Márquez - 2015 - Kriterion: Journal of Philosophy 56 (131):271-289.
    A questão "se uma elocução perde seu significado com a destruição das coisas "surge como uma questão sobre o valor-verdade de declarações com um termo vazio como sujeito, a saber, como um subproblema do sofisma "Se 'omnis homo de necessitate est animal' é verdade quando não há homem algum ". Neste trabalho, trarei as discussões conforme elas se apresentam em "De signis" IV.2 de Roger Bacon, em "Quaestiones logicales", q. 2–3 de Peter John Olivi, no OHNEA de Boethius of Dacia, (...)
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  34. Boethius of Dacia and Radulphus Brito on the Universal Sign ‘Every’.Ana María Mora-Márquez - 2015 - Logica Universalis 9 (2):193-211.
    In this article I present the analysis of the syncategorematic term ‘omnis’ in the commentaries on the Topics by the Parisian masters of Arts Boethius of Dacia and Radulphus Brito. I shall focus on the different relations between subject, predicate and particular instances that obtain in universally quantified statements, and in particular on the relations that obtain in universally quantified statements with an empty subject. I also attempt to highlight some continuities and ruptures with respect to this problem in its (...)
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  35. The Thirteenth-Century Notion of Signification: The Discussions and Their Origin and Development.Ana María Mora-Márquez - 2015 - Boston: Brill.
    This book presents an exhaustive study of the three 13-century discussions explicitly dealing with the notion of Significatio. The study aims to show that the three discussions emerge because of apparently opposite claims about the signification of words in the authoritative literature of the period. It also shows that the three discussions develop in the same direction - towards a unified use of the notion of signification, which keeps its explanatory role in semiotics, but loses its role in grammar and (...)
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  36. The formal and the formalized: The cases of syllogistic and supposition theory.Catarina Dutilh Novaes - 2015 - Kriterion: Journal of Philosophy 56 (131):253-270.
    As a discipline, logic is arguably constituted of two main sub-projects: formal theories of argument validity on the basis of a small number of patterns, and theories of how to reduce the multiplicity of arguments in non-logical, informal contexts to the small number of patterns whose validity is systematically studied . Regrettably, we now tend to view logic 'proper' exclusively as what falls under the first sub-project, to the neglect of the second, equally important sub-project. In this paper, I discuss (...)
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  37. Paradox, Closure and Indirect Speech Reports.Stephen Read - 2015 - Logica Universalis 9 (2):237-251.
    Bradwardine’s solution to the the logical paradoxes depends on the idea that every sentence signifies many things, and its truth depends on things’ being wholly as it signifies. This idea is underpinned by his claim that a sentence signifies everything that follows from what it signifies. But the idea that signification is closed under entailment appears too strong, just as logical omniscience is unacceptable in the logic of knowledge. What is needed is a more restricted closure principle. A clue can (...)
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  38. Summaries of Logic.Joke Spruyt - 2015 - History and Philosophy of Logic 36 (4):399-401.
    Peter of Spain's Tractatus, which appeared in a first critical edition by L.M. de Rijk, is a handbook on logic; it is now estimated that it dates from the second quarter of the thirteenth ce...
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  39. The Analogical Logic of Discovery and the Aristotelian Epistemic Principle.Paul Symington - 2015 - American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 89 (2):195-222.
    In this paper, I focus on the important semantic components involved in analogy in hopes of providing an epistemic ground for predicating names of God analogously. To this task, I address a semantic/epistemic problem, which concludes that the doctrine of analogy lacks epistemological grounding insofar as it presupposes a prior understanding of God in order to sufficiently alter a given concept to be proportionate to God. In hopes of avoiding this conclusion, I introduce Aquinas’s specifically semantic aspects that follow after (...)
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  40. Review of Terence Parsons, Articulating Medieval Logic. [REVIEW]Paul Thom - 2015 - History and Philosophy of Logic 36 (2):178-181.
    The book begins with a reconstruction of Aristotle's syllogistic as viewed by some of the well-known logicians of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, that is, as expanded to include singular p...
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  41. Die causa essentialis-Theorie als Grundlage der Sprachtheorie?: Sprachmodelle des Dietrich von Freiberg und Meister Eckharts.Tamar Tsopurashvili - 2015 - Bochumer Philosophisches Jahrbuch Fur Antike Und Mittelalter 18 (1):108-129.
    In the article are discussed the semantic theories of Dietrich of Freiberg and Meister Eckhart in the comparative way. The both Dominicans are known through their theory of intellect, but for declamation of this theory they are choosing the certain model of language and of predication. The aim of the article is to outline the specific aspect of their semantic theories that are influenced by the modi significanditheory on the one hand and by the causa-essentialis-theory on the other hand. The (...)
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  42. Aliquid amplius audire desiderat: Desire in Abelard’s Theory of Incomplete and Non-Assertive Complete Sentences.Luisa Valente - 2015 - Vivarium 53 (2-4):221-248.
    _ Source: _Volume 53, Issue 2-4, pp 221 - 248 One of the peculiarities of Peter Abelard’s analysis of incomplete and non-assertive sentences is his use of the notion of desire: in both _Dialectica_ and _Glosses on Peri hermeneias_ the terms _desiderium_ and _desidero_ move to the foreground side by side with _optatio, expectatio, suspensio_ and the related verbs. Desire plays a structural role in Abelard’s descriptions of the compositional way in which the linguistic message is received, changing step by (...)
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  43. Aristotle’s Categories in the Byzantine, Arabic, and Latin Traditions ed. by Sten Ebbesen, John Marenbon, and Paul Thom.Robert Andrews - 2014 - Journal of the History of Philosophy 52 (3):602-603.
    This volume, surveying a narrow topic over a long expanse of time, is comprised of selections from a trio of international conferences on the title theme. It is an expensive book, but even its most valuable articles are marred by slovenly editing.Börje Bydén’s contribution begins the survey in Byzantium. By linking Photios’s (apparently) original criticism of Aristotle to Plotinus, Bydén gives an interesting hint of how neo-Platonism came to permeate Christianity. But Photios seems to have been “ignored by posterity” (31). (...)
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  44. Square of Opposition: A Diagram and a Theory in Historical Perspective.Jean-Yves Beziau & Stephen Read - 2014 - History and Philosophy of Logic 35 (4):315-316.
    We are pleased to present this special issue of the journal History and Philosophy of Logic dedicated to the square of opposition.The square of opposition is a diagram and a theory of opposition re...
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  45. Making Sense. On the Cluster significatio-intentio in Medieval and “Austrian” Philosophies.Laurent Cesalli & Majolino - 2014 - Methodos 14.
    “Austrian” philosophy of language is characterized, among other things, by the following two features: Problems of language are considered within the broader framework of an intentionality-based philosophy of mind—or, to put it more precisely, questions of meaning are considered as involving a quite articulated theory of intentions; several aspects of such an account are explicitly presented as inspired by or somehow already at work in the Medieval Scholastic tradition. In this study we follow the track indicated by these two features (...)
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  46. Faire sens. Le couple significatio / intentio dans les philosophies austro-allemande et médiévale.Laurent Cesalli & Claudio Majolino - 2014 - Methodos 14.
    “Austrian” (or “Austro-German”) philosophy of language is characterized, among other things, by the following two features: (1) Problems of language are considered within the broader framework of an intentionality-based philosophy of mind—or, to put it more precisely, questions of meaning are considered as involving a quite articulated theory of intentions; (2) several aspects of such an account are explicitly presented as inspired by or somehow already at work in the Medieval Scholastic tradition. In this study we follow the track indicated (...)
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  47. Meaning and intending: philosophies of language and mind from the Middle Ages to the present.Laurent Cesalli & Claudio Majolino - 2014 - Methodos 14.
    Que veut dire vouloir dire? Les contributions réunies dans ce numéro apportent des réponses à cette question. Le problème du vouloir dire est au cœur des efforts d’élucidation de ce phénomène à la fois quotidien et impénétrable qu’est le langage. Il y a (au moins) deux raisons à cela : d’une part, la question de savoir ce que veut dire ‘vouloir dire’ vise la notion de signification, notion dont on peut dire sans exagérer qu’elle est la préoccupation centrale de la (...)
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  48. Significative Supposition and Ockham’s Rule.Milo Crimi - 2014 - Vivarium 52 (1-2):72-101.
    Paul Spade argues that there is a tension between Ockham’s descriptions of the various types of supposition at Summa Logicae I.64 and a rule he provides at sl I.65. In later papers, Spade proposes a solution: a term supposits significatively just in case it supposits for everything it signifies. I evaluate Spade’s proposal and explore some of its implications. I show that it successfully resolves the tension and that it suggests a way to more precisely describe material and simple supposition. (...)
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  49. Dire et vouloir dire dans la logique médiévale : Quelques jalons pour situer une frontière.Frédéric Goubier - 2014 - Methodos 14.
    La philosophie médiévale du langage présente deux séries d’affinités remarquables avec les approches contemporaines. L’une se situe du côté des sémantiques formelles et, plus généralement, des analyses logiques des conditions de vérité des énoncés. L’autre relève plutôt de la pragmatique, notamment des perspectives contextuelles sur les actes de langage. Les logiciens, grammairiens et théologiens du Moyen Âge étaient, de fait, pleinement conscients qu’ils avaient à leur disposition deux types d’approche des énoncés, selon qu’ils prenaient en compte les seules propriétés sémantiques (...)
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  50. Substance Made Manifest: Metaphysical and Semantic Implications of the Doctrine of Transubstantiation.Joshua Hochschild - 2014 - Saint Anselm Journal 9 (2).
    Argues that traditional Catholic understanding of transubstantiation is obscured by modern metaphysics' neglect of the category of substance, and by modern semantic assumptions about how words signify.
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