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Pyrrhonism was one of the two main skeptical traditions in ancient philosophy. It originated in the Hellenistic era and continued into the Imperial age. The history of ancient Pyrrhonism is commonly divided into the early Pyrrhonism of Pyrrho of Elis (360–270 BC) and his leading disciple Timon of Phlius (320–230 BC), and the later Pyrrhonism (sometimes called “neo-Pyrrhonism” particularly in French scholarship) of Aenesidemus of Cnossos (first century BC) and Sextus Empiricus (late second century AD).

Key works Hankinson 1995 and Thorsrud 2009 offer a useful overview of ancient Pyrrhonism in English. Bett 2000 is the best book-length study of Pyrrho and his possible forerunners.
Introductions Machuca 2011
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  1. Renaissance magic as a step towards secularism: Agrippa, Bruno, Campanella.Elisabeth Blum - forthcoming - Intellectual History Review.
    Renaissance magic was an attempt to supply Platonism with a philosophy of nature that could compete with Aristotelian physics. It was expected to heal the increasing breach between science and faith. However, the basic presupposition of every magic worldview, the notion of a living universe, favors immanentism and arguably hastened the rise of secularism. Secularism, it should be noted, was not an identifiable set of theories but a process towards modernity with its correspondent philosophical theology. Three different stages in that (...)
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  2. Pyrrho and Vagueness: A Fregean Analysis.Refik Güremen - 2023 - International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 13 (3):183-201.
    Pyrrho of Elis advises us not to trust our sensations and opinions, but instead to be without opinions about individual things. He suggests that such a state is to be achieved by saying, concerning each individual thing, that it is “no more” a certain way than it is not. This paper argues that the current metaphysical reading of Pyrrho’s views falls short of explaining why we should not trust our sensations and opinions; in addition, it does not explain how to (...)
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  3. Contro i logici. Sextus - 1975 - Bari: Laterza. Edited by Antonio Russo.
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  4. Dogmatismes et scepticisme : la variété des rapports à la vérité selon Sextus Empiricus.Enzo Godinot - 2023 - L’Enseignement Philosophique 73 (3):45-57.
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  5. Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius.Andrea Strazzoni - 2016 - In Marco Sgarbi (ed.), Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy. Cham: Springer. pp. 2745-2759.
    Agrippa was the main expounder of the occult philosophy, which is the knowledge of the hidden causes of things and is finalized to their manipulation by magic. Magic, in turn, is the highest form and the end of philosophy. According to his De occulta philosophia, magic is threefold: natural (concerning sublunar world), celestial (concerning stars and heavenly intelligences), and divine (concerning God and higher angels). It consists of the manipulation of concrete objects and of the summoning of intelligences and God, (...)
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  6. Schulze's Scepticism and the Rise and Rise of German Idealism.Robb Dunphy - 2023 - In Robb Dunphy & Toby Lovat (eds.), Metaphysics as a Science in Classical German Philosophy. Oxford: Routledge. pp. 226-250.
    In this chapter, Robb Dunphy is concerned with the nature of G.E. Schulze's scepticism as he presents it in his 1792 work Aenesidemus, and with its relation to the metaphysical projects of Kant, Reinhold, and later German Idealists. After introducing Schulze's text, Dunphy turns to a recent interpretation offered by Jessica Berry, who claims that the extent to which Schulze endorsed a genuinely Pyrrhonian Scepticism has gone unacknowledged, both by his idealist contemporaries and by the majority of the secondary literature (...)
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  7. St. Paul’s discourse and dialogue with King Agrippa and Governor Festus as a model for contemporary inter-religious understanding and communication.Aaron John Samuel James Sundar - 2022 - Tattva - Journal of Philosophy 14 (2).
    In a day in which there are different religious system vying for acceptance and probably even dominance, it is high time to identify a peaceful model for inter-religious understanding and communication. St. Paul had several interactions with the Jewish leaders, monarchs and government officials on religious topics and issues in between A.D. 60 to A.D 62 at Caesarea. His interaction with King Agrippa II and Governor Festus can be used as a paradigm for contemporary inter-religious understanding and communication. Even though (...)
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  8. Madhyamaka and Pyrrhonian Approaches to the Skeptical Way of Life.Christopher Paone - forthcoming - East Asian Journal of Philosophy.
    This essay develops an intercultural approach to the skeptical way of life through an interpretation of two classical traditions: the Pyrrhonian tradition of ancient Greece and the Madhyamaka Buddhist tradition of classical India. The skeptical way of life is characterized by several important features, including a goal of tranquility or of freedom from disturbance and suffering, a philosophical strategy of dialectical argument that terminates in the suspension of judgment or the abandonment of views, a purgative philosophic therapy, and life without (...)
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  9. Contro i matematici: libri I-VI. Sextus - 1972 - Bari: Laterza. Edited by Antonio Russo.
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  10. Studien zu Sextus Empiricus.Werner Heintz - 1972 - Hildesheim,: H.A. Gerstenberg. Edited by Richard Harder.
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  11. Sochinenii︠a︡. Sextus - 1975 - Moskva: Myslʹ. Edited by A. F. Losev.
    t. 1. Dve knigi protiv logikov. Dve knigi protiv fizikov.--t. 2. Protiv uchenykh. Tri knigi Pirronovykh polozheniĭ.
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  12. Sextus Empiricus Against the Arithmeticians: Translated with an Introduction and Commentary by Lorenzo Corti.Lorenzo Corti - 2023 - BRILL.
    This is the first dedicated commentary to Sextus Empiricus’ treatise _Against the Arithmeticians_, dealing with crucial issues in the history of the sceptical, Platonic and Pythagorean traditions and in the ancient philosophy of mathematics.
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  13. Die Kunst des glücklichen Zweifelns: antike Skepsis bei Sextus Empiricus: philosophische Rekonstruktion nach der "Logik des Verstehens".Josef Schmucker - 1986 - Amsterdam: B.R. Grüner.
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  14. Schizzi pirroniani.Sextus Empiricus - 1988 - Roma: Laterza. Edited by Antonio Russo.
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  15. Por que o cético nao abdica da argumentacao? Notas sobre estratégia e motivação no ceticismo pirrônico.Rogerio Lopes - 2006 - Síntese: Revista de Filosofia 33 (106):213-228.
    This article considers two alternative responses to the question of the motivation behind the suspensive argumentation developed by the Pyrrhonic version of the ancient scepticism and also shows their respective difficulties: a) the therapeutic motivation, that takes the suspension of assent for the condition to reach not only a state of mental tranquillity concerning matters of opinion but also a moderate attitude towards passions; b) the epistemic motivation, which states that the suspension corresponds to the unique possibility to preserve philosophical (...)
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  16. Outlines of scepticism.Sextus Empiricus - 1994 - New York: Cambridge University Press. Edited by Julia Annas & Jonathan Barnes.
    Outlines of Scepticism, by the Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, is a work of major importance. It is the fullest extant account of ancient Scepticism, and also one of our most copious sources of information about the other Hellenistic philosophies. Moreover, the rediscovery of Sextus in the sixteenth century brought about a revolution in philosophy. Anyone interested in the history of philosophy must have at least an acquaintance with Sextus, and for students of Hellenistic philosophy his writings are indispensable. Julia Annas (...)
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  17. Gegen die Wissenschaftler 1-6. Sextus - 2001 - Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann. Edited by Fritz Jürss.
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  18. Junsui Bukkyō: Sekusutosu to Nāgārujuna to Witogenshutain no hazama de kangaeru = Sextus Empiricus, Nāgārjuna, Ludwig Wittgenstein.Hiroshi Kurosaki - 2005 - Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Shunjūsha.
    双子のようによく似たギリシャ懐疑哲学と仏教の〈空〉の思想。両者を丹念に読み解くとき、透徹した「縁起=言語ゲーム」の世界に揺らめくわれわれの生の真実が浮かびあがる。ウィトゲンシュタインを起点に世界史的規 模で展開する哲学の本当の意味を求める旅。.
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  19. Contra los dogmáticos.Sextus Empiricus - 2012 - Madrid: Editorial Gredos. Edited by Martos Montiel & Juan Francisco.
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  20. Hume is the Enemy of Pyrrho.Dominic K. Dimech - 2021 - Philosophy 96 (4):651-674.
    I offer reasons against reading Hume as a Pyrrhonian sceptic. I argue that Hume's scepticism is motivated differently, that his sceptical strategies are not analogous to Pyrrhonism's, and that it is profitable to read Hume as a critic of Pyrrhonism. I hold that the most informative point of comparison between Hume and Sextus Empiricus is a point of difference, namely, their stands on the connection between suspension of judgement (epochê) and tranquillity (ataraxia). For Sextus, tranquillity flows naturally from suspending judgement (...)
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  21. Je Pyrrhónova téza z Aristokleovho zlomku naozaj tetralemmou? (Prípravná analýza pre rozhodnutie buddhistického vplyvu).Andrej Kalaš & Katarína Rajtíková - 2020 - Pro-Fil 21 (2):30.
    Recently there has been a debate on whether Pyrrho’s philosophy could be influenced by Indian Buddhist philosophy. Discussions revealing striking similarities between them often point out Pyrrho’s complicated sentence, referred to as tetralemma, as one of the most striking similarities. The central question of this paper is whether Pyrrho’s sentence is of the tetralemmatic kind. Authors argue that if Pyrrho’s sentence is not fourfold in structure it could scarcely be classified as similar to the Buddhist tetralemma. A careful analysis of (...)
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  22. Si può vivere felici agendo secondo le circostanze?: una disamina della prassi morale in Sesto Empirico.Timoteo Crispolti - 2014 - Roma: Aracne editrice S.r.l..
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  23. Sextus Empiricus and Pyrrhonean Scepticism.Alan Bailey - 2002 - Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.
    Alan Bailey offers a clear exposition and defence of the philosophy of Sextus Empiricus, one of the most influential of ancient thinkers, the father of philosophical scepticism.
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  24. Sextus empiricus: Against those in the disciplines. Sextus - 2018 - Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Edited by Richard Arnot Home Bett.
    This is the first complete English translation of Sextus Empiricus' Against Those in the Disciplines that includes substantial interpretive aids, including introduction, extensive notes, and glossary. The work discusses six specialized fields of study: grammar, rhetoric, geometry, arithmetic, astrology, and music.
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  25. Sextus Empiricus's use of dunamis.Stéphane Marchand - 2019 - In Giuseppe Veltri, Racheli Haliva, Stephan Schmid & Emidio Spinelli (eds.), Sceptical paths: enquiry and doubt from antiquity to the present. De Gruyter.
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  26. Zarysy pyrrońskie.Sekstus Empiryk - 2019 - Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. Edited by Zbigniew Nerczuk.
    Przełożył, wstępem i przypisami opatrzył Zbigniew Nerczuk Zarysy Pyrrońskie – traktat w trzech księgach będący dziełem sceptyka Sekstusa Empiryka (II/III wiek n.e.), należy do kanonu tekstów filozoficznych, będąc jednym z niewielu zachowanych okruchów wielkiej tradycji krytycznej i sceptycznej, swymi źródłami sięgającej presokratyków, sofistyki i Sokratesa, rozwiniętej przez Pyrrona, a zwieńczonej wielkim dziełem Sekstusa Empiryka. Tradycja ta przez stulecia lekceważona i marginalizowana wskutek założonej przez kulturę europejską dominacji myśli Platona i Arystotelesa, odkryta i rozpowszechniona w XVI wieku, wyznaczyła kierunek rozwoju dalszej (...)
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  27. Contre les logiciens.René Lefebvre - 2019 - Paris: Les Belles Lettres. Edited by René Lefebvre.
    Sextus Empiricus (IIe-IIIe s. ap. J.-C.) est le dernier philosophe sceptique de l'Antiquite et le seul dont l'uvre soit en grande partie conservee. Son Contre les dogmatiques prend pour cible la connaissance philosophique. Cet ensemble de traites tres argumente est articule suivant la distinction, d'epoque hellenistique, entre trois parties de la philosophie, la logique, la physique et l'ethique. On donne ici la premiere traduction francaise de la premiere et plus importante partie de cet ouvrage, le Contre les logiciens, qui conteste (...)
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  28. Value disagreement, action, and commitment.Sergio Tenenbaum - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  29. Echoes of Sextus Empiricus in Nietzsche?Richard Bett - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  30. Incomplete ignorance.Jens Haas & Katja Maria Vogt - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  31. The first riddle of induction : Sextus Empiricus and the formal learning theorists.Justin Vlasits - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  32. Pyrrhonian skepticism and humean skepticism : belief, evidence, and causal power.Don Garrett - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  33. The skeptical physitian" : Locke, Pyrrhonism, and the case against innate ideas.Kathryn Tabb - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  34. Wittgensteinian epistemology, epistemic vertigo, and Pyrrhonian skepticism.Duncan Pritchard - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  35. Sextan skepticism and the rise and fall of German idealism.Jessica N. Berry - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  36. Hypothetical syllogisms and infinite regress.Marko Malink - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  37. The force of assumptions and self-attributions.Peter Pagin - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  38. Variation and change in appearances.Mgf Martin - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  39. Bayesian liberalism.Megan Feeney & Susanna Schellenberg - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  40. Illusory looks.Kathrin Glüer - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  41. Perceptual relativism : ancient and contemporary.John Morrison - 2020 - In Justin Vlasits & Katja Maria Vogt (eds.), Epistemology after Sextus Empiricus. Oxford University Press.
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  42. Les chemins du scepticisme en mathématique: d'Aristote et de Sextus Empiricus aux arguments gödeliens et au fictionalisme.Jean-Pierre Cléro (ed.) - 2021 - Paris: Hermann.
    Dans L'Antéchrist, Nietzsche dit des Sceptiques, de quelques-uns d'entre eux du moins, qu'ils sont " le seul type convenable dans toute l'histoire de la philosophie " ; et il ajoute, dans la même œuvre, que " la force et la liberté issues de la vigueur et de la plénitude de l'esprit, se prouvent par le scepticisme ". On aurait pu craindre que l'influence des mathématiques sur la philosophie n'inclinât celle-ci vers le dogmatisme, comme une opinion courante en histoire de la (...)
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  43. Die hauptschrift Des sextus empiricus AlS torso erhalten?Karel Janácek - 1963 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 107 (1-2):271-277.
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  44. Πρός τᾧ bei sextus empiricus und Diogenes laertius.Karel Janáček - 1962 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 106 (1-2):134-137.
  45. Sextus empiricus an der arbeit.Karel Janáček - 1956 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 100 (1-2):100-107.
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  46. Die Weltkarte des Agrippa als wissenschaftliches Mittelglied zwischen Hipparch und Ptolemaeus.Paul Schnabel - 1935 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 90 (1-2).
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  47. XI. Unter welchen Gestirnen wurde Cäsar, Agrippa und Tiberius geboren?W. V. Vοigt - 1899 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 58 (1-4):170-204.
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  48. Ueber den Dialect der sogenannten Oialexeis und die Handschriften des Sextus Empiricus.E. Weber - 1898 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 57 (1):64-102.
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  49. Zur kritik des Sextus Empiricus.Martin Schanz - 1880 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 39 (1-4):32-32.
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  50. XVI. Zum text des Sextus Empiricus.Eugen Pappenheim - 1877 - Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 36 (1-4):415-427.
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