Philosophy of Physical Science > Quantum Mechanics > Quantum Nonlocality

Quantum Nonlocality

Edited by Tomasz Bigaj (University of Warsaw)
About this topic
Summary

The problem of quantum nonlocality emerged for the first time in the famous Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument against the orthodox (Copenhagen) interpretation of quantum mechanics. The EPR argument employs an entangled state of two particles in which the position and momentum of one particle are correlated respectively with the position and momentum of the other particle regardless of their spatial separation. Under the assumption that quantum mechanics is complete it follows that a measurement of a selected quantity on one particle instantaneously (superluminally) changes the state of the other particle, and this constitutes a standard example of nonlocal quantum correlations. The notion of quantum nonlocality plays an important role in Bell’s theorem, where the joint assumption of locality and realism of properties is shown to have a consequence violating quantum-mechanical predictions. It is common to distinguish two types of quantum nonlocality: outcome dependence and parameter dependence. Only the former is believed to be necessary to account for the predictions of standard quantum mechanics. Modern discussions of quantum nonlocality often rely on the general framework of modal logic, and in particular the logic of counterfactual conditionals.
Key works

The EPR argument in its standard version is laid out in the classic article Einstein et al 1935 . Bell’s theorem and its philosophical consequences are discussed in the seminal papers on the foundation of quantum mechanics collected in Bell 2004. The distinction between the two main types of quantum nonlocality is made in Jarrett 1984.
Introductions  Maudlin 2002, Berkovitz 2008
Related categories
Subcategories:
Action at a Distance (32)
Bell's Theorem (451)
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (170)
Entanglement (138)
Quantum Nonlocality, Misc (47)
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  1. Quantum Theory: Reconsideration of Foundations-3: Växjö, Sweden, 6-11 June 2005.Guillaume Adenier, A. I͡U Khrennikov & Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen (eds.) - 2006 - American Institute of Physics.
    This Växjö conference was devoted to the reconsideration of quantum foundations. Due to increasing research in quantum information theory, especially on quantum computing and cryptography, many questions regarding the foundations of quantum mechanics, which have long been considered to be exclusively of philosophical interest, nowadays play an important role in theoretical and experimental quantum physics.
  2. La mecánica cuántica y la conceptualidad: materia, historias, semántica y espacio-tiempo.Diederik Aerts - 2013 - Scientiae Studia 11 (1):75-99.
  3. The Violation of Bell Inequalities in the Macroworld.Diederik Aerts, Sven Aerts, Jan Broekaert & Liane Gabora - 2000 - Foundations of Physics 30 (9):1387-1414.
    We show that Bell inequalities can be violated in the macroscopic world. The macroworld violation is illustrated using an example involving connected vessels of water. We show that whether the violation of inequalities occurs in the microworld or the macroworld, it is the identification of nonidentical events that plays a crucial role. Specifically, we prove that if nonidentical events are consistently differentiated, Bell-type Pitowsky inequalities are no longer violated, even for Bohm's example of two entangled spin 1/2 quantum particles. We (...)
  4. Inconsistencies in Constituent Theories of World Views: Quantum Mechanical Examples. [REVIEW]Diederik Aerts, Jan Broekaert & Sonja Smets - 1998 - Foundations of Science 3 (2):313-340.
    We put forward the hypothesis that there exist three basic attitudes towards inconsistencies within world views: (1) The inconsistency is tolerated temporarily and is viewed as an expression of a temporary lack of knowledge due to an incomplete or wrong theory. The resolution of the inconsistency is believed to be inherent to the improvement of the theory. This improvement ultimately resolves the contradiction and therefore we call this attitude the ‘regularising’ attitude; (2) The inconsistency is tolerated and both contradicting elements (...)
  5. Description of Many Separated Physical Entities Without the Paradoxes Encountered in Quantum Mechanics.Dirk Aerts - 1982 - Foundations of Physics 12 (12):1131-1170.
    We show that it is impossible in quantum mechanics to describe two separated physical systems. This is due to the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics. It is possible to give a description of two separated systems in a theory which is a generalization of quantum mechanics and of classical mechanics, in the sense that this theory contains both theories as special cases. We identify the axioms of quantum mechanics that make it impossible to describe separated systems. One of these axioms (...)
  6. Altering the Remote Past.Alexander Afriat - unknown
    An abstract treatment of Bell inequalities is proposed, in which the parameters characterizing Bell’s observable can be times rather than directions. The violation of a Bell inequality might then be taken to mean that a property of a system can be changed by the timing of a distant measurement, which could take place in the future.
  7. Quantum Phase Shift Caused by Spatial Confinement.B. E. Allman, A. Cimmino, S. L. Griffin & A. G. Klein - 1999 - Foundations of Physics 29 (3):325-332.
    This paper presents the results of optical interferometry experiments in which the phase of photons in one arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is modified by applying a transverse constriction. An equivalent quantum interferometry experiment using neutron de Broglie waves is discussed in which the observed phase shift is in the spirit of the force-free phase shift of the Aharonov-Bohm effects. In the optical experiments the experimental results are in excellent agreement with predictions.
  8. PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF MIND-BODY INTERACTION: BREAKING THE 1ST PERSON 3RD PERSON BARRIER.Richard L. Amoroso - 2012 - Journal of Nonlocality 1 (01).
    This physics note entails a summary of an extended form of Eccles-Cartesian Interactive Dualism mind-body-multiverse paradigm called Noetic Field Theory: The Quantization of Mind (NFT), distinguished as a paradigm because it is comprehensive and empirically testable. NFT posits not only that the brain is not the seat of awareness but also that neither classical nor quantum mechanics are sufficient to describe mind as the required regime entails the new physics associated with Unified Field, UF Mechanics. This means that the brain (...)
  9. On the Interpretative Essence of the Term “Interaction-Free Measurement”: The Role of Entanglement. [REVIEW]Renato M. Angelo - 2009 - Foundations of Physics 39 (2):109-119.
    The polemical term “interaction-free measurement” (IFM) is analyzed in its interpretative nature. Two seminal works proposing the term are revisited and their underlying interpretations are assessed. The role played by nonlocal quantum correlations (entanglement) is formally discussed and some controversial conceptions in the original treatments are identified. As a result the term IFM is shown to be consistent neither with the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics nor with the lessons provided by the EPR debate.
  10. On the Relation Between Schmidt Coefficients and Entanglement.Paolo Aniello & Cosmo Lupo - 2009 - In Institute of Physics Krzysztof Stefanski (ed.), Open Systems and Information Dynamics. World Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 16--02.
  11. Tomograms and the Quest for Single Particle Nonlocality.M. A. Anisimov, M. Caponigro, S. Mancini & V. I. Man - unknown
    By using a tomographic approach to quantum states, we rise the problem of nonlocality within a single particle (single degree of freedom). We propose a possible way to look for such e®ects on a qubit. Although a conclusive answer is far from being reached, we provide some re°ections on the foundational ground.
  12. Finite-Time Destruction of Entanglement and Non-Locality by Environmental Influences.Kevin Ann & Gregg Jaeger - 2009 - Foundations of Physics 39 (7):790-828.
    Entanglement and non-locality are non-classical global characteristics of quantum states important to the foundations of quantum mechanics. Recent investigations have shown that environmental noise, even when it is entirely local in influence, can destroy both of these properties in finite time despite giving rise to full quantum state decoherence only in the infinite time limit. These investigations, which have been carried out in a range of theoretical and experimental situations, are reviewed here.
  13. Non-Locality in Electrodynamics.I. Antoniou, E. Karpov & G. Pronko - 2001 - Foundations of Physics 31 (11):1641-1655.
    We investigate the applicability of Hegerfeldts arguments on Quantum nonlocality in Quantum Electrodynamics following the work of Prigogine, Pronko, Petrosky, Ordonez and Karpov. We demonstrate the appearance of nonlocal effects at the level of quantum states. We show, however that the expectation values of some observables spread causally. Therefore the measurement of the nonlocality is questionable. We investigate an approach to classical measurement and conclude that the classical measurement cannot detect the “acausal” effects of the non-locality.
  14. Holism and Nonseparability by Analogy.Aristidis Arageorgis - 2013 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 44 (3):206-214.
    This paper explores the issues of holism and nonseparability in relativistic quantum field theory by focusing on an analog of the typical model featuring in many discussions of holism and nonseparability in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. It is argued that the quantum field theoretic model does exhibit holism in a metaphysical sense and that there are plausible grounds to view QFT holistic in an epistemological sense. However, the complexities arising from the fact that quantum fields have infinite degrees of freedom prohibit (...)
  15. Relativistic Hidden Variable Theories?Frank Arntzenius - 1994 - Erkenntnis 41 (2):207 - 231.
    I show that for any quantum dynamics and any choice of observables as hidden variables an adequate hidden variable theory always exists. I argue that hidden variable theories have no more problems in reconciling non-locality with relativity than no-hidden-variable theories.
  16. Stochastic Foundation for Microphysics. A Critical Analysis.J. C. Aron - 1981 - Foundations of Physics 11 (9-10):699-720.
    The stochastic scheme proposed in a previous paper as subjacent to quantum mechanics is analyzed in the light of the difficulties and criticisms encountered by similar attempts. It is shown that the limitation of the domain where the theory is valid gives a reply to the criticisms, but restricts its practical usefulness to the description of basic features. A stochastic approach of the hadron mass spectrum, allowing the scheme to emerge in the domain of experimental verification (to be worked out (...)
  17. Book Review:Quantum Mechanics, a Half Century Later J.L. Lopes, M. Paty. [REVIEW]Richard T. W. Arthur - 1981 - Philosophy of Science 48 (1):156-.
  18. The Peer-to-Peer Simulation Hypothesis and a New Theory of Free Will.Marcus Arvan - 2015 - Scientia Salon.
  19. Experiments on Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Correlations with Pairs of Visible Photons.A. Aspect & P. Grangier - 1986 - In Roger Penrose & C. J. Isham (eds.), Quantum Concepts in Space and Time. New York ;Oxford University Press.
  20. Linear Momentum Conservation in Coherent Population Trapping: A Case Study for a Quantum Filtering Process. [REVIEW]Alain Aspect & Robin Kaiser - 1990 - Foundations of Physics 20 (12):1413-1428.
    We discuss the question of linear momentum conservation when an atom coupled to a laser field enters into a state which is not an eigenstate of the linear momentum. Such a situation happens in the recently demonstrated laser cooling of atoms by velocity selective coherent population trapping. We show that this process can be understood as a filtering of the atomic state by the laser field taken as a classical measuring apparatus. In a different approach, the laser field can be (...)
  21. The Light of Quantum Mechanics.D. Atkinson - 1998 - Dialectica 52 (2):103–126.
    It is argued that while classical probability theory, as it is encapsulated in the axioms of Kolmogorov and in his criterion for the independence of two events, can consistently be employed in quantum mechanics, this can only be accomplished at an exorbitant price. By considering rst the classic two-slit experiment, and then the passage of one photon through three polarizers, the applicability of Kolmogorov's last axiom is called into question, but the standard rebu of the Copenhagen interpretation is shown to (...)
  22. Nonlocality Is a Nonsequitur.David Atkinson - unknown
    Nonlocality in quantum mechanics does not follow from nonseparability, nor does classical stochastic independence imply physical independence. In this paper an explicit proof of a Bell inequality is recalled, and an analysis of the Aspect experiment in terms of noncontextual, but indefinite weights, or improper probabilities, is given.
  23. Quantum Mechanics and Retrocausality.David Atkinson - manuscript
    The classical electrodynamics of point charges can be made finite by the introduction of effects that temporally precede their causes. The idea of retrocausality is also inherent in the Feynman propagators of quantum electrodynamics. The notion allows a new understanding of the violation of the Bell inequalities, and of the world view revealed by quantum mechanics. Published in The Universe, Visions and Perspectives, edited by N. Dadhich and A. Kembhavi, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000, pages 35-50.
  24. Weak Quantum Theory: Complementarity and Entanglement in Physics and Beyond. [REVIEW]Harald Atmanspacher - 2002 - Foundations of Physics 32 (3):379-406.
    The concepts of complementarity and entanglement are considered with respect to their significance in and beyond physics. A formally generalized, weak version of quantum theory, more general than ordinary quantum theory of physical systems, is outlined and tentatively applied to two examples.
  25. Book Review:Perspectives in Quantum Theory: Essays in Honor of Alfred Lande Wolfgang Yourgrau, Alwyn Van Der Merwe. [REVIEW]Michael N. Audi - 1973 - Philosophy of Science 40 (2):323-.
  26. Verschränkte Welt. Faszination der Quanten.Jürgen Audretsch (ed.) - 2002 - Wiley.
  27. Quantum Processes Beyond the Aharonov-Bohm Effect.Jürgen Audretsch & Vladimir D. Skarzhinsky - 1998 - Foundations of Physics 28 (5):777-788.
    We consider QED processes in the presence of an infinitely thin and infinitely long straight string with a magnetic flux inside it. The bremsstrahlung from an electron passing by the magnetic string and the electron-positron pair production by a single photon are reviewed. Based on the exact electron and positron solutions of the Dirac equation in the external Aharonov-Bohm potential we present matrix elements for these processes. The dependence of the resulting cross sections on energies, directions, and polarizations of the (...)
  28. Niall Shanks," Philosophical Implications of Bell's Theorem." Advisor: W. David Sharp.E. Babette, Ali Errishi, Joan Jungbluth & Paul Kidder - 1987 - Review of Metaphysics 41:191-209.
  29. Insolubility Theorems and EPR Argument.Guido Bacciagaluppi - 2013 - European Journal for Philosophy of Science 3 (1):87-100.
    I present a very general and simple argument—based on the no-signalling theorem—showing that within the framework of the unitary Schrödinger equation it is impossible to reproduce the phenomenological description of quantum mechanical measurements (in particular the collapse of the state of the measured system) by assuming a suitable mixed initial state of the apparatus. The thrust of the argument is thus similar to that of the ‘insolubility theorems’ for the measurement problem of quantum mechanics (which, however, focus on the impossibility (...)
  30. The Quantum Story: A History in 40 Moments.J. E. Baggott - 2011 - Oxford University Press.
    Prologue: Stormclouds : London, April 1900 -- Quantum of action: The most strenuous work of my life : Berlin, December 1900 ; Annus Mirabilis : Bern, March 1905 ; A little bit of reality : Manchester, April 1913 ; la Comédie Française : Paris, September 1923 ; A strangely beautiful interior : Helgoland, June 1925 ; The self-rotating electron : Leiden, November 1925 ; A late erotic outburst : Swiss Alps, Christmas 1925 -- Quantum interpretation: Ghost field : Oxford, August (...)
  31. Beyond Measure: Modern Physics, Philosophy, and the Meaning of Quantum Theory.J. E. Baggott - 2003 - Oxford University Press.
    Quantum theory is one the most important and successful theories of modern physical science. It has been estimated that its principles form the basis for about 30 per cent of the world's manufacturing economy. This is all the more remarkable because quantum theory is a theory that nobody understands. The meaning of Quantum Theory introduces science students to the theory's fundamental conceptual and philosophical problems, and the basis of its non-understandability. It does this with the barest minimum of jargon and (...)
  32. A Dynamic-Logical Perspective on Quantum Behavior.A. Baltag & S. Smets - 2008 - Studia Logica 89 (2):187-211.
    In this paper we show how recent concepts from Dynamic Logic, and in particular from Dynamic Epistemic logic, can be used to model and interpret quantum behavior. Our main thesis is that all the non-classical properties of quantum systems are explainable in terms of the non-classical flow of quantum information. We give a logical analysis of quantum measurements (formalized using modal operators) as triggers for quantum information flow, and we compare them with other logical operators previously used to model various (...)
  33. The Logic of Quantum Programs.Alexandru Baltag & Sonja Smets - unknown
    We present a logical calculus for reasoning about information flow in quantum programs. In particular we introduce a dynamic logic that is capable of dealing with quantum measurements, unitary evolutions and entanglements in compound quantum systems. We give a syntax and a relational semantics in which we abstract away from phases and probabilities. We present a sound proof system for this logic, and we show how to characterize by logical means various forms of entanglement (e.g. the Bell states) and various (...)
  34. Proof of Kolmogorovian Censorship.Gergely Bana & Thomas Durt - 1997 - Foundations of Physics 27 (10):1355-1373.
  35. Ontological Models, Preparation Contextuality and Nonlocality.Manik Banik, Some Sankar Bhattacharya, Sujit K. Choudhary, Amit Mukherjee & Arup Roy - 2014 - Foundations of Physics 44 (11):1230-1244.
    The ontological model framework for an operational theory has generated much interest in recent years. The debate concerning reality of quantum states has been made more precise in this framework. With the introduction of generalized notion of contextuality in this framework, it has been shown that completely mixed state of a qubit is preparation contextual. Interestingly, this new idea of preparation contextuality has been used to demonstrate nonlocality of some \(\psi \) -epistemic models without any use of Bell’s inequality. In (...)
  36. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning.Karen Michelle Barad - 2007 - Duke University Press.
  37. Bell's Theorem and the Foundations of Modern Physics.F. Barone, A. O. Barut, E. Beltrametti, S. Bergia, R. A. Bertlmann, H. R. Brown, G. C. Ghirardi, D. M. Greenberger, D. Home & M. Jammer - 1991 - Foundations of Physics 21 (8).
  38. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics Through Frame‐Dependent Constructions.Jeffrey A. Barrett - 2004 - Philosophy of Science 72 (5):802-813.
    This paper is concerned with the possibility and nature of relativistic hidden-variable formulations of quantum mechanics. Both ad hoc teleological constructions of spacetime maps and frame-dependent constructions of spacetime maps are considered. While frame-dependent constructions are clearly preferable, they provide neither mechanical nor causal explanations for local quantum events. Rather, the hiddenvariable dynamics used in such constructions is just a rule that helps to characterize the set of all possible spacetime maps. But while having neither mechanical nor causal explanations of (...)
  39. The Strange World of Quantum Mechanics Daniel F. Styer. [REVIEW]Jeffrey A. Barrett - 2001 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 52 (2):393-396.
  40. Book Review: Quantum Chance and Non-Locality, by Michael Dickson. [REVIEW]Jeffrey A. Barrett - 1999 - Foundations of Physics 29 (6):1011-1018.
  41. Holism in the Philosophy of Physics: An Introduction.Andreas Bartels, Holger Lyre & Michael Esfeld - 2004 - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics 35 (4):597-599.
  42. After All, There Are Some Inequalities Which Are Provable in ZFC.Tomek Bartoszyński, Andrzej Roslanowski & Saharon Shelah - 2000 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 65 (2):803-816.
    We address ZFC inequalities between some cardinal invariants of the continuum, which turned out to be true in spite of strong expectations given by [11].
  43. How to Avoid “Quantum Paradoxes”.A. O. Barut - 1992 - Foundations of Physics 22 (1):137-142.
    The “theorems” showing the impossibility of ascribing to individual quantum systems a definite value of a set of observables, not necessarily commuting,1–4 are based on the tacit assumption that eachindividual spin component has a discrete dichotomic value. We show explicitly that it is possible to introduce continuous hidden variables for individual spins which avoid these quantum paradoxes without changing any of the observed quantum mechanical results.
  44. Joint Probabilities of Noncommuting Operators and Incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics.A. O. Barut, M. Božić & Z. Marić - 1988 - Foundations of Physics 18 (10):999-1012.
    We use joint probabilities to analyze the EPR argument in the Bohm's example of spins.(1) The properties of distribution functions for two, three, or more noncommuting spin components are explicitly studied and their limitations are pointed out. Within the statistical ensemble interpretation of quantum theory (where only statements about repeated events can be made), the incompleteness of quantum theory does not follow, as the consistent use of joint probabilities shows. This does not exclude a completion of quantum mechanics, going beyond (...)
  45. Quantum Mechanics: Are There Quantum Jumps? Trieste, Italy, 5 Spetember -2005 and on the Present Status of Quantum Mechanics Lošinj, Croatia 7-9 September 2005. [REVIEW]Angelo Bassi (ed.) - 2006 - American Institute of Physics.
    This conference brought together experts in different fields related to the foundations of quantum mechanics, ranging from mathematical physics to experimental physics, as well as the philosophy of science. The major topics discussed are: collapse models, Bohemian mechanics and their relativistic extensions, other alternative formulation of quantum mechanics, properties of entanglement, statistical physics and probability theory, new experimental results, as well as philosophical and epistemological issues.
  46. From Quantum State Targeting to Bell Inequalities.H. Bechmann-Pasquinucci - 2005 - Foundations of Physics 35 (11):1787-1804.
    Quantum state targeting is a quantum game which results from combining traditional quantum state estimation with additional classical information. We consider a particular version of the game and show how it can be played with maximally entangled states. The optimal solution of the game is used to derive a Bell inequality for two entangled qutrits. We argue that the nice properties of the inequality are direct consequences of the method of construction.
  47. Bohm, Spin, and the Bell Inequalities.Katherine Bedard - 1998 - Synthese 114 (3):405-444.
    In this paper I discuss how Bohm's interpretation models spin measurements and how the two ways in which spin is a contextual property pertains to the Kochen-Specker theorem. I then present locality principles from which a Bell Inequality can be derived, and I identify which of the locality principles Bohm's interpretation violates at which times. I also present reasons why the spin vector should not be attributed to the Bohmian particles.
  48. Nonlocal Character of the Rastall Model.Donald Bedford & Henry P. Stapp - 1989 - Foundations of Physics 19 (4):397-406.
    The discussion of whether quantum theory is compatible with the locality idea that no causal influence can act outside the forward light cone has recently been tightly linked to the corresponding question for a much simpler model theory that enjoys all of the pertinent properties of quantum theory but is much easier to fully comprehend. It is shown here that, contrary to recent claims, the model theory is incompatible with the locality idea mentioned above. The logical structure of the argument, (...)
  49. Daniel Bell – American Menshevik.Peter Beilharz - 2013 - Thesis Eleven 118 (1):64-71.
    Long before he became one of the leading voices in American sociology and letters, Daniel Bell had a tough early life. He experienced poverty and socialism early, in a life taking on the big themes of the 20th century: communism, capitalism, Marxism, Americanism, modernism. In this he was the beneficiary as well as the critic of modern Americanism, or American modernism. In this essay I focus on a relatively overlooked Bell classic, Marxian Socialism in the United States (1996 [1952]). Here (...)
  50. Vivisection Up-to-Date [by E. Bell].Ernest Bell - 1899
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