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Summary The Stoic school of philosophy was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium c. 300 BCE. He was succeeded as head by Cleanthes and then Chrysippus, who is widely held to be the most important of the early Athenian Stoics. Later Hellenistic Stoics of note included Panaetius and Posidonius. The most important Stoics during the Roman period were Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius; also noteworthy are Musonius Rufus, Hierocles, and Cleomedes. The Stoics divided their philosophy into three parts: logic, physics, and ethics.
Key works All of the works of the early Stoics are lost. Our earliest extended accounts of Stoic philosophy are in the philosophical works of Cicero from the first century BCE. Another important source is the extended account in Book 7 of Diogenes Laertius' Lives and Opinions of the Philosophers. The fragments for the early Athenian Stoics are gathered together in von Arnim 1903-24. A good selection is translated in Inwood & Gerson 2008, which is based on their earlier selection in Inwood 1988. Another highly recommended selection is Long & Sedley 1987. The fragments for Posidonius are edited in Edelstein & Kidd 1972. The surviving works of the Roman Stoics Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius are widely available in a number of different editions and translations.
Introductions For a general introduction to Stoicism see Sellars 2006. The edited volume Inwood 2003 offers a fuller overview. Inwood 2005 brings out the philosophical importance of Seneca. For an introduction to Epictetus the best place to start is Long 2002. Marcus Aurelius is examined in Hadot et al 1998.
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  1. Musonius Rufus: entretiens et fragments: introduction, traduction et commentaire.C. Musonius Rufus - 1979 - New York: G. Olms. Edited by Amand Jagu.
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  2. Stoïcisme, épicurisme, tradition hellénique.Joseph Moreau - 1979 - Paris: J. Vrin.
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  3. Der Freiheitsbegriff Epiktets.Johannes Carl Gretenkord - 1981 - Bochum: Studienverlag Brockmeyer.
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  4. La Saggezza stoica: antologia.Piero Innocenti (ed.) - 1982 - Firenze: Le Monnier.
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  5. Seneca, der Lebensmeister: Daseins-Überlegenheit durch Gelassenheit: ein Brevier.Karl O. Schmidt - 1984 - München: Drei Eichen Verlag.
  6. Seneca e il mondo del volere.Paolo Impara - 1986 - Roma: Abete.
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  7. Rozdumuvanni︠a︡.Marcus Aurelius - 1986 - Nʹi︠u︡-Ĭork: Nauk.-doslidne t-vo ukr. terminolohiï. Edited by Omeli︠a︡n Omet︠s︡insʹkyĭ.
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  8. Testimonianze sparse ordinate sistematicamente.Mariano Baldassarri (ed.) - 1987 - Como: Libreria Noseda [distributor].
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  9. Da L'interpretazione. Apuleio - 1987 - In Mariano Baldassarri (ed.), Le Testimonianze minori del sec. II d.C., Epitteto, Plutarco, Gellio, Apuleio. Libreria Noseda [distributor].
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  10. Dalle Notti attiche. Gellio - 1987 - In Mariano Baldassarri (ed.), Le Testimonianze minori del sec. II d.C., Epitteto, Plutarco, Gellio, Apuleio. Libreria Noseda [distributor].
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  11. Da Le contraddizioni degli Stoici e da Le nozioni comuni. Plutarco - 1987 - In Mariano Baldassarri (ed.), Le Testimonianze minori del sec. II d.C., Epitteto, Plutarco, Gellio, Apuleio. Libreria Noseda [distributor].
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  12. Le Testimonianze minori del sec. II d.C., Epitteto, Plutarco, Gellio, Apuleio.Mariano Baldassarri (ed.) - 1987 - Como: Libreria Noseda [distributor].
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  13. Dalla Diatribe. Epitteto - 1987 - In Mariano Baldassarri (ed.), Le Testimonianze minori del sec. II d.C., Epitteto, Plutarco, Gellio, Apuleio. Libreria Noseda [distributor].
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  14. Ethische Grundbegriffe der alten Stoa.Georg Kilb - 1934 - In M. Pohlenz, Georg Kilb & Maximillian Schäfer (eds.), Stoicism. Garland.
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  15. Ein frühmittelstoisches System der Ethik bei Cicero.Maximilian Schäfer - 1934 - In M. Pohlenz, Georg Kilb & Maximillian Schäfer (eds.), Stoicism. Garland.
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  16. Grundfragen der stoischen Philosophie.Max Pohlenz - 1934 - In M. Pohlenz, Georg Kilb & Maximillian Schäfer (eds.), Stoicism. Garland.
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  17. Stoicism.M. Pohlenz, Georg Kilb & Maximillian Schäfer (eds.) - 1934 - New York: Garland.
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  18. Intuitions in Stoic philosophy.Katerina Ierodiakonou - 2022 - British Journal for the History of Philosophy 31 (4):614-629.
    There is no single ancient Greek word in the surviving fragments and testimonies of Hellenistic philosophy that is directly translatable by the term ‘intuition’. But if we are in search of intuitions in the context of Hellenistic epistemology, it could be said that both the Stoics and the sceptics made use of them in their philosophical debates; for intuitions seem to be closely connected with the formation of conceptions, which were abundantly used by all Hellenistic philosophers. It is important to (...)
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  19. Une religiosité sans Dieu.Maria Daraki - 1989 - Paris: La Découverte.
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  20. Il filosofo, i libri, la memoria: poeti e filosofi nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio.Guido Cortassa - 1989 - Torino: Tirrenia stampatori.
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  21. Tempo svagato: Marco Aurelio--il savio, il distratto, il solitario.Maria Tasinato - 1990 - Milano: Associazione culturale Mimesis.
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  22. Los filòsofos estoicos.Diogenes Laertius - 1990 - Barcelona: PPU. Edited by Antonio López Eire.
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  23. Ėtika stoit︠s︡izma: tradit︠s︡ii i sovremennostʹ.A. A. Guseĭnov (ed.) - 1991 - Moskva: AN SSSR, In-t filosofii.
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  24. Doctrina del estoico filósofo Epicteto, que se llama comúnmente Enchiridión.Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas - 1993 - Badajoz: Universitas Talleres Gráficos. Edited by L. Gómez Canseco & Epictetus.
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  25. Razmyshlenii︠a︡.Marcus Aurelius - 1993 - Sankt-Peterburg: Nauka. Edited by A. I. Dovatur.
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  26. A se stesso: pensieri.Marcus Aurelius - 1993 - Milano: Garzanti. Edited by Enrico V. Maltese.
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  27. Meditaciones: enseñanzas para una conducta moral.Marcus Aurelius - 1994 - Madrid: Ediciones Temas de Hoy. Edited by Díez Fernández, José Ignacio, Aguirre de Cárcer & Luisa Fernanda.
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  28. Tragedia del tempo e tempo della tragedia in Seneca.G. G. Biondi - 1995 - In Ivano Dionigi (ed.), Protinus vive: colloquio sul De brevitate vitae di Seneca. Pàtron.
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  29. Protinus vive: colloquio sul De brevitate vitae di Seneca.Ivano Dionigi (ed.) - 1995 - Bologna: Pàtron.
  30. Acutum dicendi genus: brevità, oscurità, sottigliezze e paradossi nelle tradizioni retoriche degli stoici.Gabriella Moretti - 1995 - Bologna: Pàtron.
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  31. Naedine s soboĭ.Mark Avreliĭ - 1995 - In V. V. Sapov, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Epictetus & Marcus Aurelius (eds.), Rimskie stoiki: Seneka, Ėpiktet, Mark Avreliĭ. Izdatelʹstvo "Respublika".
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  32. V chem nashe blago? ; Aforizmy. Ėpiktet - 1995 - In V. V. Sapov, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Epictetus & Marcus Aurelius (eds.), Rimskie stoiki: Seneka, Ėpiktet, Mark Avreliĭ. Izdatelʹstvo "Respublika".
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  33. O Blagodei︠a︡nii︠a︡kh ; O schastlivoĭ zhizni ; O blazhennoĭ zhizni ; Satira na smertʹ imperatora Klavdii︠a︡.Lut︠s︡iĭ Anneĭ Seneka - 1995 - In V. V. Sapov, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Epictetus & Marcus Aurelius (eds.), Rimskie stoiki: Seneka, Ėpiktet, Mark Avreliĭ. Izdatelʹstvo "Respublika".
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  34. Rimskie stoiki: Seneka, Ėpiktet, Mark Avreliĭ.V. V. Sapov, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Epictetus & Marcus Aurelius (eds.) - 1995 - Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo "Respublika".
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  35. Aretē kai eudaimonia kata ton Epiktēto.Christos A. Tezas - 1996 - Preveza: Demotikēs Vivliothēkēs Prevezas.
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  36. Falsafat al-riwāq: dirāsah wa-muntakhabāt.Jalāl al-Dīn Saʻīd - 1999 - [Tunis]: Markaz al-Nashr al-Jāmiʻī.
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  37. Die Funktion der Dialogstruktur in Epiktets Diatriben.Barbara Wehner - 2000 - Stuttgart: Steiner.
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  38. Oikeiosis: ricerche sul fondamento del pensiero stoico e sulla sua genesi.Roberto Radice - 2000 - Milano: Vita e Pensiero.
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  39. Die Stoa und ihr Einfluss auf die Nationalökonomie.Jiří Xerxes Kraus - 2000 - Marburg: Metropolis.
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  40. Il concetto di provvidenza nella filosofia ellenistica e la sua ricezione in ambito biblico-cristiano.Aldo Magris - 2022 - Segni E Comprensione 36 (103):32-57.
    The notion of Providence is born with the Greek word prόnoia which, however, originally meant "premeditation" (of a crime) or "design" of an artefact, and had nothing to do with religion. It was Plato in the Timaeus who adopted the word from the common language to indicate the rational and benevolent principle that inspired the anonymous God, which he defined as dēmiourgόs (also this word originally meant a professional technician, for example, a doctor or an architect) in his work of (...)
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  41. Diatribe, frammenti e testimonianze.C. Musonius Rufus - 2001 - Milano: Bompiani.
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  42. Zasady somatologii stoickiej.Bolesława Duszyńska - 2002 - Warszawa: Wydawn. Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii PAN.
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  43. al-Uṣūl al-riwāqīyah fī al-falsafah al-Islāmīyah.ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Aḥmad Fuʼād - 2003 - al-Iskandarīyah: Dā̄r al-Wafāʼ li-Dunyā al-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr.
    Greek philosophy; stoicism; influence; Islamic philosophy; history; MA thesis.
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  44. Stoic Forgiveness.Jeremy Reid - 2023 - In The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology of Forgiveness. Routledge. pp. 87-100.
    What can Stoicism offer to contemporary debates about forgiveness? Given their outright rejection of a reactive attitudes framework for responding to wrongdoing and their bold suggestions of how to revise our moral practices, the Stoics provide a valuable lens through which to re-evaluate various central claims in the debates about forgiveness. In this chapter, I highlight four common assumptions that the Stoics would consider problematic: firstly, that forgiveness is opposed to justice; secondly, that anger and resentment are necessary for registering (...)
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  45. Midwest Stoicism, Agrarianism, and Environmental Virtue Ethics: Interdisciplinary Approaches.William O. Stephens - 2022 - In Ian A. Smith & Matt Ferkany (eds.), Environmental Ethics in the Midwest: Interdisciplinary Approaches. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. pp. 1-42.
    First, the thorny problem of locating the Midwest is treated. Second, the ancient Stoics’ understanding of nature is proposed as a fertile field of ecological wisdom. The significance of nature in Stoicism is explained. Stoic philosophers (big-S Stoics) are distinguished from stoical non-philosophers (small-s stoics). Nature’s lessons for living a good Stoic life are drawn. Are such lessons too theoretical to provide practical guidance? This worry is addressed by examining the examples of Cincinnatus and Cato the Elder—ancient Romans lauded for (...)
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  46. Seneca and the self : new directions.Shadi Bartsch & David Wray - 2009 - In Shadi Bartsch & David Wray (eds.), Seneca and the self. Cambridge University Press.
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  47. Stoicheskoe nasledie v Rossii: (II polovina XIX - nachalo XX vv.): monografii︠a︡.M. V. Salimgareev - 2010 - Kazanʹ: KGTU.
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  48. Selbstbetrachtungen und Selbstdarstellungen: der Philosoph und Kaiser Marc Aurel im interdisziplinären Licht: Akten des Interdisziplinären Kolloquiums Köln 23. bis 25. Juli 2009 = Meditations and representations: the philosopher and emperor Marcus Aurelius in an interdisciplinary light.Marcel van Ackeren & Jan Opsomer (eds.) - 2012 - Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag.
    English Summary: Marcus Aurelius was Roman Emperor and the last important ancient stoic philosopher. His Meditations are one of the most widely read and known ancient works. Thus, research on this emperor has spread across an almost unprecedented number of scientific disciplines. This volume, which originated at the first conference on Marcus Aurelius, held in Cologne in 2009, reunites publishes recent research in history, archaeology, philosophy, philology, numismatics, rhetoric, legal studies, and literature. German text. German Description: Marc Aurel war romischer (...)
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  49. Die atheistischen Werke der Stoiker.Lothar Baus (ed.) - 2012 - Homburg/Saar: Asclepios Edition.
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  50. In the Glance of the Logos.Robert M. Berchman - 2021 - International Journal of the Platonic Tradition 15 (2):184-216.
    Stoic concepts of ekpyrosis and diacosmesis are examined in light of later Platonic, Aristotelian and Epicurean critiques of Stoic determinism. Questions emerge out of this debate centered on the problem of evil. A series of theodicies are proposed ending in a later Stoic interpretation of the cosmic cycle that equates each phase of the cosmic cycle with an ethical one allegorized as periods of Satiety and Dearth.
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