Time

Edited by Sam Baron (University of Melbourne)
About this topic
Summary

The philosophy of time can be divided into roughly four core areas: the metaphysics of time, the physics of time, temporal language, and the psychology of time. The metaphysics of time includes investigations about temporal ontology, the persistence of objects across time, time travel and the passage of time. The ontology of time investigates the ontological status and nature of the past, present, and future. The persistence literature involves determining how it is that objects persist through time – i.e. whether they endure in the sense that the same object is wholly present at every moment at which it exists, or perdure in the sense that they persist through time by having distinct temporal parts at difference times. The topic of time travel involves investigating whether and what kinds of time travel scenarios are logically, physically, or metaphysically possible. Investigations into the passage of time involve determining what the passage of time is, whether or not temporal passage exists, and what kind of ontology of time is necessary for time to pass. The next core aspect, the physics of time, involves issues related to temporal ontology, passage, and other aspects of time, such as direction, temporal asymmetry, and temporal eliminitavism. The ontology of time and physics involves the supposed incompatibility of certain ontologies with relativistic physics. That is, it is sometimes thought that an eternalist ontology (one on which all times exist and are on equal footing) is compatible with relativistic physics and incompatible with sparser ontologies (views according to which either only the present, or the present and past exist). The issues of direction and temporal asymmetry, then, involve pairing views about the direction of time with the laws of physics. Finally, temporal eliminitavism often involves using theories of physics to bolster the claim that time does not exist. Core debates in the literature on the philosophy of language and time include indexicals, tensed expressions and their compatibility with certain ontologies, and whether or not the language we use affects the way we experience time. An important topic in this literature is whether or not our use of tensed expressions such as ‘now’ and ‘is’ are compatible with a B-theoretic ontology. Therefore, a lot of work in this area for the B-theorist involves squaring these kinds of expressions with the B-theory. Additionally, the use of so called tensed language is sometimes posited as an explanation for why we think that time passes in the way described by A-theorists. Temporal psychology in the philosophy of time involves investigating our temporal experience – i.e., it involves assessing our experience in light of our assumptions about the metaphysics of time and vice versa. Notable topics in the category of temporal experience are temporal ontology, the passage of time, and temporal consciousness. Temporal ontology and the passage of time, together with temporal experience, involves assessing whether our experience lends itself to any particular theory over others. Additionally, an important topic in the temporal experience literature is temporal consciousness over time and the nature of our experience of continuity over time, especially in regard to the feeling of an extended, or specious, present. The disagreement here is about the nature of the specious present – i.e., whether there are individual specious presents that are extended across times, or whether the experience of specious presents involves a representation of things as extended across times. The rationality of temporal preferences across times is also an important topic.

Key works

McTaggart 1908 argues that time does not exist. This text is often seen as the starting point for most contemporary work on the metaphysics of time. The three main views stemming from McTaggart 1908 are the A-theory (see Cameron 2015Zimmerman 2005, and Bourne 2006), the B-theory (see Oaklander 2011, and Deng 2012), and the C-theory (see Price 1996, and Farr 2012). Mellor 1981Mellor 1998, and Callender 2017 are also important modern texts on temporal ontology. A good introduction to the time travel literature is Effingham 2020. For issues relating to the persistence literature, good places to start are Hawley 2001Miller 2009, and Sider 2001. For issues related to the tensed/tenseless debate see Dyke 2003, and Dyke 2011, and for issues surrounding tensed language and experience see Miller et al 2020. For book length discussions of temporal experience see Prosser 2016 and Le Poidevin 2007. Additionally, Paul 2010 writes about illusionism about temporal passage. Parfit 1984 is a good place to start for issues related to cross-temporal bias.

Introductions Good introductory texts on the philosophy of time include Baron & Miller 2018Le Poidevin & MacBeath 1993Power 2021Van Fraassen 1970, and Bardon 2013.
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  1. New Directions in The Russellian Theory of Time: Metaphysical and Ontological Investigations.Emiliano Boccardi, Nathan Oaklander & Erwin Tagtmeier - forthcoming - Bloomsbory.
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  2. (1 other version)C. D. Broad's philosophy of time.L. Nathan Oaklander - 2020 - New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
    In this study, Oaklander's primary aim is to examine critically C.D. Broad's changing views of time and in so doing clarify the central disputes in the philosophy of time, explicate the various positions Broad took regarding them, and develop his own responses both to Broad and the issues debated.
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  3. Can the Future Influence the Past? A Philosophical Analysis of Retrocausality.Yi Jiang - 2023 - Journal of Human Cognition 7 (2):30-38.
    Huw Price and Ken Wharton claimed recently in their paper published in The Conversation that quantum mechanics shows that the future can influence the past. According to their paper, many scientists are convinced about it. However, there is still something mystical for philosophers. The first is about the definition of retrocausality and its philosophical relation to causality. Second, it is concerned with understanding the relationship between cause and effect, not only scientifically but also logically. In this talk, I will answer (...)
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  4. Op zoek naar de verstrooide tijd.Koen Haegens - 2023 - Amsterdam: Ambo|Anthos.
    Analytische annotatie: Persoonlijk getint filosofisch essay over de vraag waarom de mens de beperkte tijd die hij tot zijn beschikking heeft zo vaak besteedt aan zinloze zaken. De auteur onderzoekt daarbij aan de hand van denkers als De Beauvoir, Kierkegaard en Heidegger of er een andere, intensere omgang mogelijk is met de tijd die ons gegeven is."--Publisher information.
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  5. (1 other version)Durée et simultanéité.Henri Bergson - 1923 - Paris,: F. Alcan.
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  6. (1 other version)Time and western man.Wyndham Lewis - 1927 - London,: Chatto & Windus.
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  7. (1 other version)Justification du temps.Jean Guitton - 1941 - Paris,: Presses Universitaires de France.
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  8. Looking Closely: The Role of Time in Memory and Materiality.Wesley De Sena - manuscript
    This paper examines how time functions as an active subject in the works of Mark Doty and Edmund de Waal, mainly through their reflections on still life and material objects. Doty’s meditations on a still life painting and De Waal’s exploration of his family’s netsuke collection reveal an inversion of our typical understanding of time, where instead of us moving through time, time itself shapes, preserves, or erodes people, places, and things. By closely observing these objects—Doty’s “things of the world” (...)
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  9. (1 other version)Le désir d'éternité.Ferdinand Alquié - 1943 - Paris,: Presses universitaires de France.
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  10. (1 other version)Il tempo esaurito.Enrico Castelli - 1947 - Roma,: Edizioni della Bussola.
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  11. (1 other version)The crisis in human affairs.John G. Bennett - 1948 - London,: Hodder & Stoughton.
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  12. The Time is Now.Mihaela Gligor (ed.) - 2020 - Bucharest: Zeta Books.
  13. (1 other version)A philosophy of time.Louis Aaron Reitmeister - 1962 - New York,: Citadel Press.
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  14. (1 other version)The voices of time: a cooperative survey of man's views of time as expressed by the sciences and by the humanities.J. T. Fraser - 1968 - London,: Penguin P..
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  15. Permissive Determinism.Morteza Shahram - manuscript
    This paper attempts to explore theoretical plausibility of a deterministic universe capable of accommodating freedom by postulating certain requisite features for the set of initial conditions (without probing into the nature of deterministic laws). In another sense this paper codifies a reaction to McTaggart’s argument for the unreality of time.
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  16. The Ontic Probability Interpretation of Quantum Theory – Part IV: How to Complete Special Relativity and Merge it with Quantum Theory.Felix Alba-Juez - manuscript
    We have ignored for a century that the incompleteness of Quantum Theory (QT) is inseparable from the incompleteness of Special Relativity (RT). In this article, I claim that the latter has been gravely incomplete vis à vis the former from 1927 until today. But completing RT in the light of QT is not as simple as merely postulating nonlocality and stochasticity as “elements of reality” (which is de facto done by most physicists and pragmatic philosophers); otherwise, RT would not still (...)
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  17. (1 other version)Of time, passion, and knowledge: reflections on the strategy of existence.J. T. Fraser - 1975 - New York: G. Braziller.
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  18. (1 other version)Ovladenie vremenem.Valerian Muravʹev - 1924 - München: O. Sagner. Edited by Michael Hagemeister.
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  19. Die Zeit der Geschichte: ihre Entwicklungslogik vom Mythos zur Weltzeit: mit kulturvergleichenden Untersuchungen in Brasilien (J. Mensing), Indien (G. Dux/K. Kälbe/J. Messmer) und Deutschland (B. Kiesel).Günter Dux - 1989 - Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
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  20. Semiosic Synechism: A Peircean Argumentation.Jon Alan Schmidt - manuscript
    Although he is best known as the founder of pragmatism, the name that Charles Sanders Peirce prefers to use for his comprehensive system of thought is "synechism" because the principle of continuity is its central thesis. This paper arranges and summarizes numerous quotations and citations from his voluminous writings to formalize and explicate his distinctive mathematical conceptions of hyperbolic and topical continuity, both of which are derived from the direct observation of time as their paradigmatic manifestation, and then apply them (...)
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  21. Ontologia czasu konkretnego.Bogdan Ogrodnik - 1995 - Katowice: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.
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  22. Tempus aevum aeternitatis: la concettualizzazione del tempo nel pensiero tardomedievale: atti del colloquio internazionale, Trieste, 4-6 marzo 1999.Guido Alliney & Luciano Cova (eds.) - 2000 - Firenze: L.S. Olschki.
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  23. Anachronismen: Tagung des Engeren Kreises der Allgemeinen Gesellschaft für Philosophie in Deutschland (AGPD) vom 3. bis 6. Oktober 2001 in der Würzburger Residenz.Andreas Speer (ed.) - 2003 - Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann.
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  24. The Prototime Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.Susan Schneider & Mark Bailey - manuscript
    We propose the Prototime Interpretation of quantum mechanics, which claims that quantum entanglement occurs in a "prototemporal" realm which underlies spacetime. Our paper is tentative and exploratory. The argument form is inference to the best explanation. We claim that the Prototime Interpretation (PI) is worthy of further consideration as a superior explanation for perplexing quantum phenomena such as delayed choice, superposition, the wave-particle duality and nonlocality. In Section One, we introduce the Prototime Interpretation. Section Two identifies its advantages. Section Three (...)
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  25. Vremi︠a︡ zhitʹ i vremi︠a︡ sozert︠s︡atʹ...: ėkzistent︠s︡ialʹnye smysly i filosofskoe ponimanie vremeni v klassicheskoĭ evropeĭskoĭ kulʹture.I︠U︡. M. Melʹnik - 2014 - Sankt-Peterburg: Aleteĭi︠a︡. Edited by V. P. Rimskiĭ.
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  26. The physicist & the philosopher: Einstein, Bergson, and the debate that changed our understanding of time.Jimena Canales - 2015 - Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
    Untimely -- "More Einsteinian than Einstein" -- Science or philosophy? -- The twin paradox -- Bergson's achilles' heel -- Worth mentioning? -- Bergson writes to Lorentz -- Bergson meets Michelson -- The debate spreads -- Back from Paris -- Two months later -- Logical positivism -- The immediate aftermath -- An imaginary dialog -- "Full-blooded" time -- The previous spring -- The church -- The end of universal time -- Quantum mechanics -- Things -- Clocks and wristwatches -- Telegraph, telephone, (...)
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  27. Fenomenologyah shel ha-zeman: todaʻat zeman ṿe-subyeḳṭiviyut = Phenomenology of time: temporal consciousness and subjectivity.Yaron M. Senderowicz - 2017 - Tel Aviv: Resling.
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  28. The Birth of Energy from the Spirit of Revenge: On the Genealogy of the Concept of "Energy" and its Relation to Time.Pedro Brea - 2024 - Dissertation, University of North Texas
    I develop a genealogy of the concept of ‘energy’ in western philosophy and science, focusing on how energy concepts (e.g., energeia, vis viva, kinetic/potential energy) have been theorized in relation to time. Looking especially to the ideas of Gilles Deleuze, Henri Bergson, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Martin Heidegger, I argue that the thread that connects energy concepts through time is the epistemological tendency to derive conceptual accounts of change from a prior ontological sameness or essence. I then attempt to lay the (...)
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  29. Visioni del tempo: conversazioni filosofiche.Paola D'Ignazi (ed.) - 2023 - [Ancona]: Affinità elettive.
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  30. Rationality and time bias.Abelard Podgorski - 2024 - New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
    We often care not only about what happens to us, but when it happens to us. We prefer that good experiences happen sooner, rather than later, and that our suffering lies in our past, rather than our future. Common sense suggests that some ways of caring about time are rational, and others are not, but it is surprisingly challenging to provide justifying explanations for these tendencies. This Element is an opinionated, nontechnical-guided tour through the main philosophical issues about the relevance (...)
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  31. Time in Fiction.Hannah H. Kim - forthcoming - In Nina Emery (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Time. Routledge.
    Considering questions at the intersection of time and fiction deepens our understanding of fiction, introduces new questions for philosophy of time, and brings analytic philosophy in discussion with narratology. Philosophers debate whether fictional time can be tensed, whether fictional time can branch, repeat, pause, rewind, or skip and whether fictional time travel is possible. Much of the way we answer these questions will depend on our overall commitment to the nature of fiction. It’s also unclear what, if anything, we can (...)
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  32. The Time in Thermal Time.Eugene Y. S. Chua - 2024 - Journal for General Philosophy of Science / Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie.
    Preparing general relativity for quantization in the Hamiltonian approach leads to the `problem of time,' rendering the world fundamentally timeless. One proposed solution is the `thermal time hypothesis,' which defines time in terms of states representing systems in thermal equilibrium. On this view, time is supposed to emerge thermodynamically even in a fundamentally timeless context. Here, I develop the worry that the thermal time hypothesis requires dynamics -- and hence time -- to get off the ground, thereby running into worries (...)
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  33. Time and Eternity in the Consolation of Philosophy.Jonathan Evans - 2024 - In Michael Wiitala (ed.), Boethius' _Consolation of Philosophy_: A Critical Guide. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
    Boethius, like his Neoplatonic predecessors, poses a challenge to contemporary readers of the Consolation seeking to understand the world he thinks we occupy. That world involves a timeless, simple, but all- knowing creator god and a time-bound, infinite creation that is patterned from the ideas in the divine mind. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a modest illumination into the world as it is conceived in the Consolation by examining two fundamental Boethian categories and their relationship: the eternal (...)
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  34. Логика прогноза [The Logic of Prognosis].Anton Zimmerling - 1997 - In Н.Д Арутюнова & Т.Е Янко (eds.), Логический анализ языка. Язык и время. Н.Д.Арутюнова, Т.Е.Янко (отв. ред.). М.: Индрик, 1997. 352 с. [Logical Analysis of Language. Language and Time / Nina D. Arutyunova, Tatiana E. Yanko (Eds.). Moscow: Indrik, 1997. 352 p.]. pp. 337-347.
    This paper introduces and discusses three models of future: a determinist model, a stochastic model, and the model of True Prophetic Knowledge. All three models coexist in natural languages and are represented both in their grammatical systems and in the text-building discourse strategies speakers and authors apply to.
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  35. Предикаты состояния и семантические типы предикатов [States, Events and Predicate Types].Anton Zimmerling - 2022 - In Svetla Koeva, Elena Ivanova, Yovka Tisheva & Anton Zimmerling (eds.), С.Коева, Е. Ю. Иванова, Й. Тишева, А. Циммерлинг (ред.). Онтология на ситуациите за състояние – лингвистично моделиране. Съпоставително изследване за български и руски. Cофия: "Марин Дринов", 2022. [Svetla Koeva, Elena Yu. Ivanova, Yovka Tisheva. Sofia: Профессор "Марин Дринов" [Professor "Marin Drinov"]. pp. 31-52.
    I discuss the foundations of predicate ontologies based on two model notions – elementary states of affairs and eventualities, i.e. ordered pairs of initial and end states of affairs. Vendlerian classifications are oriented towards elementary states and tense logic, while Davidsonian classifications deal with eventualities and event logic. There are two kinds of atemporal predicates - fact and properties. Facts are propositional arguments of second-order predicates which add a special meaning that the embedded proposition was verified. Properties are atemporal first-order (...)
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  36. (1 other version)Temptations of purity : phenomenological language and immediate experience.Mihai Ometiță - 2023 - In Florian Franken Figueiredo (ed.), Wittgenstein's philosophy in 1929. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 152-173.
    In manuscripts from 1929, Wittgenstein envisaged a phenomenological language as a means to describe the experience of objects, alternative to an account of experienced objects provided by ordinary language - but the project failed. The chapter addresses that failure and its significance to philosophical methodology. Wittgenstein acknowledges that the ideal of a non-hypothetical description of immediate experience tempted not only him, but also other philosophers. The chapter traces an itinerary to his concerns that the fulfilment of that ideal - to (...)
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  37. Consciousness, Time, and Scepticism in Hume's Thought.Lorne Falkenstein - 2024 - New York: Routledge.
    David Hume’s philosophical work presents the reader with a perplexing mix of constructive accounts of empirically guided belief and destructive sceptical arguments against all belief. This book reconciles this conflict by showing that Hume intended his scepticism to be remedial. It immunizes us against the influence of “unphilosophical” causes of belief, determining us to proportion our beliefs to the evidence. In making this case, this book develops Humean positions on topics Hume did not discuss in detail but that are of (...)
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  38. Jacob Roman Commentary on Aristotle's Physics : 218b10 to 223a23.Jacob Parr - manuscript
    The author Jacob Roman (Parr) provides commentary and line by line analysis of 218b10 through 223a23 , which is of Aristotle's Physica . -/- written in 2023 .
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  39. Dark Cosmism: Or, the Apophatic Specter of Russo-Soviet Techno-utopianism.Taylor R. Genovese - 2023 - Dissertation, Arizona State University
    By utilizing words, photographs, and motion pictures, this multimodal and multisited project traces a rhizomatic genealogy of Russian Cosmism—a nineteenth century political theology promoting a universal human program for overcoming death, resurrecting ancestors, and traveling through the cosmos—throughout post-Soviet techno-utopian projects and imaginaries. I illustrate how Cosmist techno-utopian, futurist, and other-than-human discourse exist as Weberian “elective affinities” within diverse ecologies of the imagination, transmitting a variety of philosophies and political programs throughout trans-temporal, yet philosophically bounded, communities. With a particular focus (...)
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  40. Critique of the Concept of Energy in Light of Bergson's Philosophy of Duration.Pedro Brea - 2024 - Thaumàzein - Rivista di Filosofia 12 (1):108-133.
    Special issue: "Henri Bergson. Creative Evolution and Philosophy of Life." -/- I read the genealogy of the concept of energy through Bergson's Creative Evolution to argue that, historically, energy and its proto-concepts are grounded in spatialized notions of time. Bergson's work not only demands that we rethink energy and its relation to time, it also allows us to see that the concept of energy as we know it depicts time and materiality as a numerical multiplicity, which effaces the differences in (...)
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  41. Aristotle’s “Now” and the Definition of Time: Method and Exegesis in Simplicius’ Interpretation of Physics IV.10.Thomas Seissl - 2024 - History of Philosophy & Logical Analysis 26 (2):366-386.
    Physics IV.10 (217b30–218a30) is pivotal in Aristotle’s discussion of time, preceding his own account from IV.11 onward. Aristotle presents three puzzles about the existence of time with reference to the “Now”. Modern interpretations often view this section as an aporetic prelude with Aristotle’s failure to provide explicit solutions. This paper examines Simplicius’ alternative interpretation, which draws upon the theory of proof and the syllogistic model from the Posterior Analytics. Simplicius contends that the arguments’ failure lies in their inability to fit (...)
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  42. The omnitemporality of idealities.James Sares - 2024 - Continental Philosophy Review 57 (1):113–134.
    This article develops an interpretation and defense of Husserl’s account of the omnitemporality of idealities. I first examine why Husserl rejects the atemporality and temporal individuation of idealities on phenomenological grounds, specifically that these attributions prove countersensical in how they relate idealities to consciousness. As an alternative to these conceptions, I develop a two-sided interpretation of omnitemporality expressed in modal terms of actuality and possibility, the actual referring to appearances in time and the possible, to reactivation at any time. In (...)
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  43. Toki no seisei: tetsugakuteki jikanron no shomondai.Taiken Tōyama - 1985 - Tōkyō: Hatsubaimoto Gakubunsha.
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  44. Eight Arguments for First‐Person Realism.David Builes - 2024 - Philosophy Compass 19 (1):e12959.
    According to First-Person Realism, one's own first-person perspective on the world is metaphysically privileged in some way. After clarifying First-Person Realism by reference to parallel debates in the metaphysics of modality and time, I survey eight different arguments in favor of First-Person Realism.
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  45. Ashes to ashes, digit to digit: the nonhuman temporality of Facebook’s Feed.Talha Issevenler - 2023 - Subjectivity 30 (4):373–393.
    This article examines how Facebook’s Feed, its dynamic user interface, incorporates and refashions the capacity to temporalize cultural material and experience that has classically been attributed to subjectivity. I problematize the ambiguous historicity of digital culture across the experience of the ordinary that it produces by arranging the subjective time and ‘ruined’ bits of cultural material into algorithmic timelines. Drawing on recent media theory, I underscore the irreducible alienness of algorithmic temporalizations, which undermine habitual normalization. I show subjectivity moves beyond (...)
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  46. Die Zeitlichkeit des Seins: Positionsbestimmungen der Dialogphilosophie.Helmut Dietz - 2020 - Freiburg: Verlag Karl Alber.
    Der dialogphilosophische Konsens daruber, dass weder das Sein noch die Zeit umfassend begreifbar sei, zwingt zu der Einsicht, dass auch die Welt und ihre Elemente weder aus dem Sein noch aus der Zeit ableitbar sind: Die Phanomene sind kognitiv nicht greifbar. Die vorliegende Studie zur Dialogphilosophie geht dieser Dimension der Zeitlichkeit des Seins nach. Sie gliedert sich in zwei Teile: Der erste Teil widmet sich der Untersuchung der Zeitlichkeit in der Sprache, insbesondere in ihrem Niederschlag in der Grammatik. Darauf aufbauend (...)
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  47. El instante: como hecho absoluto en el cronos.Luis Horacio Romaña - 2022 - La Quebrada del Naranjo, La Carrera, Catamarca, Argentina: Editorial Maíz Rojo.
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  48. What Justifies Our Bias Toward the Future?Todd Karhu - 2023 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 101 (4):876-889.
    A person is biased toward the future when she prefers, other things being equal, bad events to be in her past rather than her future or good ones to be in her future rather than her past. In this paper, I explain why both critics and defenders of future bias have failed to consider the best version of the view. I distinguish external time from personal time, and show that future bias is best construed in terms of the latter. This (...)
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  49. Dated Truths Without Dated Powers.Giacomo Giannini & Donatella Donati - forthcoming - Erkenntnis:1-21.
    Dispositionalism is the theory of modality according to which all (metaphysical and natural) modal truths are made true by some actual irreducibly dispositional property. The relationship between Dispositionalism and time is yet to be satisfactorily explored. In this paper we contribute to this task by examining how Dispositionalism deals with ‘dated truths’: propositions involving a specific time, e.g. “It might rain at 12.30”. We examine two possible accounts: the first, 'Dated Manifestations Strategy', is the idea that powers are very fine-grained, (...)
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  50. McTaggart and Oakeley on the Reality of Time.Matyas Moravec - forthcoming - In Nina Emery (ed.), The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Time. Routledge.
    J. M. E. McTaggart’s (1866-1925) argument for the unreality of time, first published in 1908, set the decisive framework for discussions about time in 20th-century analytic philosophy. This chapter provides an outline of the argument and situates it within the wider context of McTaggart’s philosophical system. It then provides an overview of a critique of McTaggart’s philosophical views on time by Hilda Oakeley (1867-1950). Oakeley was McTaggart’s contemporary and her critiques—while firmly based within their shared commitment to idealism—prefigure many later (...)
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