In this work, we present some traits of the socio-political and economic thought of Giuseppe Toniolo, who lived in Italy at the turn of the XIX and XX century, with special reference to the contribution that the Italian economist and sociologist gave to the definition and implementation of the principle of subsidiarity and to the ethical foundation of economic science. After outlining the definition of the subsidiarity principle in the first paragraph, we sketch the historical background in which Toniolo lived (...) and operated. We then focus on the ethical factor and on the concept of subsidiary State emerging from Toniolo’s writings. Finally, we present some of the main elements of Toniolo’s legacy with reference to the current economic and socio-political debate. (shrink)

The Civil Economy approach, as developed by Italian economists Luigino Bruni and Stefano Zamagni, aims at introducing reciprocity into the economy as a humanizing factor. Despite being presented as an innovative perspective, the CE approach shares many characteristics with the German model of Social Market Economy. The present paper compares both approaches, showing that they in fact share a normative basis and similar aims but address them from diverse points of view; namely, CE addresses them from a virtue ethics perspective (...) and SME from an institutional ethics one. This leads them to stress different aspects and to focus on diverse problems. Therefore, CE would not constitute an alternative to SME but a complement. Thus, a combination of both approaches should allow each to take advantage of their respective strengths and lead to a better result in terms of the common good. (shrink)

An important part of what it means for agents to be situated in the everyday world of human affairs includes their engagement with economic practices. In this paper we employ the concept of cognitive institutions in order to provide an enactive and interactive interpretation of market and economic reasoning. We challenge traditional views that understand markets in terms of market structures or as processors of distributed information. The alternative conception builds upon the notion of the market as a ‘scaffolding institution’. (...) Introducing the concept of market as a ‘socially extended’ cognitive institution we go beyond the notion of scaffolding to provide an enactive view of economic reasoning that understands the market participant in terms of social interactive processes and relational autonomy. Markets are more than inert devices for information processing; they can be viewed as ‘highly scaffolded’, where strong constraints and incentives predictably direct agents’ behavior. Building on this idea we argue that markets emerge from (a) the economic interaction of both supply and demand sides, in continual and mutual interplay, and (b) more basic social interactions. Consumer behavior in the marketplace is complex, not only determining the market price, but also extending the consumer’s cognitive processes to reliably attain a correct evaluation of the good. Moreover, this economic reasoning is socially situated and not something done in isolation from other consumers From a socially situated, interactive point of view buying or not buying a good is something that enacts the market. This shifts the status of markets from external institutions that merely causally affect participants’ cognitive processes to social institutions that constitutively extend these cognitive processes. On this view the constraints imposed by social interactions, as well as the possibilities enabled by such interactions, are such that economic reasoning is never just an individual process carried out by an autonomous individual, classically understood. In this regard, understanding the concept of relational autonomy allows us to see how economic reasoning is always embodied, embedded in, and scaffolded by intersubjective interactions, and how such interactions make the market what it is. (shrink)

Los comportamientos económicos no muestran una única fuente motivacional: el autointerés. Son más bien el resultado de múltiples causas, entre las cuales destacan los sentimientos prosociales y los principios y valores morales. Tales evidencias han permitido pensar en la posibilidad de encontrar un modelo económico alternativo, más humano, eficaz y beneficioso para todas las partes afectadas por la actividad. El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer desde una perspectiva civil -como la desarrollada por Stefano Zamagni- y cordial -como la desarrollada (...) por Adela Cortina- orientaciones para el diseño de una economía a la altura de aquello que el momento histórico exige, a través de instituciones, organizaciones y empresas que incluyan en sus diseños aspectos tan importantes como la compasión, el cuidado, la reciprocidad, el compromiso y la participación activa y comprometida de la sociedad civil. Economic behavior do not show a single motivational source: self-interest. They are rather the result of multiple causes, among which prosocial sentiments and principles and moral values. Such evidence has let himself think about the possibility of finding a more humane, effective and beneficial for all parties affected by the activity alternative economic model. The aim of this paper is to propose from a civil perspective, as developed by Stefano Zamagni, and cordial, as developed by Adela Cortina, guidelines for the design of an economy at the height of what the historical moment demands through institutions, organizations and companies to include in their designs such important aspects as compassion, care, reciprocity, commitment and active and committed participation of civil society. (shrink)

The diagnostic of an agricultural enterprise is a constant process of identifying problems in the economic activity of an agricultural entity, establishing for it the nature, causes and possible consequences of identified deviations aimed at finding promising ways and directions for their possible elimination with a view to further effective functioning and ensuring development.