Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Beyond the Opposition Between Altruism and Self-interest: Reciprocal Giving in Reward-Based Crowdfunding

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Increasingly, frontiers between business and philanthropy seem to be blurred. Reward-Based Crowdfunding platforms contribute to this blurring of lines since they propose funders to support both for-profit and philanthropic projects. Our empirical paper explores the case of Ulule, the leading crowdfunding platform in Europe. Our results, based on a statistical analysis of more than 3000 projects, show that crowdfunding platforms foster specific kinds of relationships relying on reciprocal giving, beyond the usual opposition between altruistic and selfish motivations. We use the work of Marcel Mauss to account for this process of reciprocal giving, and we argue that Maussian theory of gift can be used more generally to describe funding activities in the context of early stage entrepreneurship.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abela, A. V., & Shea, R. (2014). Avoiding the separation thesis while maintaining a positive/normative distinction. Journal of Business Ethics, 1(11), 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, A., Catalini, C., & Goldfarb, A. (2015). Crowdfunding: Geography, social networks, and the timing of investment decisions. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 24(2), 253–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahlers, G. K. C., Cumming, D., Günther, C., & Schweizer, D. (2015). Signaling in equity crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 39(4), 955–980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldrich, H., & Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In: The art and science of entrepreneurship (pp. 3–23). Cambridge: Ballinger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alter, N. (2010). Donner et prendre: La coopération en entreprise. Paris: La Découverte.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreoni, J. (1990). Impure altruism and donations to public goods: A theory of warm-glow giving. The Economic Journal, 100(401), 464–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreoni, J. (2001). Philanthropy, economics of. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 11369–11376). Oxford: Pergamon.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Arenas, D., & Rodrigo, P. (2016). On firms and the next generations: Difficulties and possibilities for business ethics inquiry. Journal of Business Ethics, 133, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assenova, V., Best, J., Cagney, M., Ellenoff, D., Karas, K., Moon, J., et al. (2016). The present and future of crowdfunding. California Management Review, 58(2), 125–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Batson, C. D. (2014). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. New York, NY: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battilana, J., & Dorado, S. (2010). Building sustainable hybrid organizations: The case of commercial microfinance organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 53(6), 1419–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baviera, T., English, W., & Guillén, M. (2016). The “Logic of Gift”: Inspiring behavior in organizations beyond the limits of duty and exchange. Business Ethics Quarterly, 26(2), 159–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, G. S. (1974). A theory of social interactions. Journal of Political Economy, 82(6), 1063–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924–973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., & Schwienbacher, A. (2014). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 585–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boas, F. (1888). The Indians of British Columbia. The Popular Science Monthly, 32, 628–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosse, D. A., Phillips, R. A., & Harrison, J. S. (2009). Stakeholders, reciprocity, and firm performance. Strategic Management Journal, 30(4), 447–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boudreau, K., Jeppesen, L. B., Reichstein, T., & Rullani, F. (2015). Crowdfunding as “Donations”: Theory & Evidence (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2669545). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2669545. Accessed October 10, 2016.

  • Brüderl, J., & Preisendorf, P. (1998) Network support and the success of newly founded business. Small Business Economics, 10(3), 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunsson, N. (1989). The organization of hypocrisy: Talk, decisions, and actions in organizations. New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, S. (2014). Essai sur le don en gestion. Le LIbellio d’Aegis, 10(3), 5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bureau, S., & Fendt, J. (2011). Entrepreneurship in the informal economy: Why does it matter? International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 12(2), 85–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burtch, G., Ghose, A., & Wattal, S. (2014). Cultural differences and geography as determinants of online prosocial lending. MIS Quarterly, 38(3), 773–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caillé, A., & Grésy, J.-E. (2014). La Révolution du don: Le management repensé à la lumière de l’anthropologie. Paris: Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caliendo, M., Fossen, F., & Kritikos, A. (2009). Risk attitudes of nascent entrepreneurs: new evidence from an experimentally validated survey. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 153–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, J. D. (1997). Deconstruction in a nutshell: A conversation with Jacques Derrida. New York: Fordham University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrier, J. (1991). Gifts, commodities, and social relations: A Maussian view of exchange. Sociological Forum, 6(1), 119–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., & Choi, C. J. (2005). A social exchange perspective on business ethics: An application to knowledge exchange. Journal of Business Ethics, 62(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chetty, S., & Agndal, H. (2007). Social capital and its influence on changes in internationalization mode among small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 1–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cialdini, R. B. (1991). Altruism or egoism? That is (still) the question. Psychological Inquiry, 2(2), 124–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo, M. G., Franzoni, C., et al. (2014). Internal social capital and the attraction of early contributions in crowdfunding. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 39(1), 75–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cordova, A., Dolci, J., & Gianfrate, G. (2015). The determinants of crowdfunding success: Evidence from technology projects. 3rd International Conference on Leadership, Technology and Innovation Management, 181, 115–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, C. J., & Luzar, C. (2014). Crowdfunding fraud: How big is the threat? Crowdfund insider. http://www.crowdfundinsider.com/2014/03/34255-crowdfunding-fraud-big-threat/. October 14, 2014.

  • Crosetto, P., & Regnier, T. (2014). Crowdfunding: Determinants of success and funding dynamics. Jena Economics Research Papers, 035.

  • Dakin, K. J. (2016). You ain’t seen nothing yet: Investment crowdfunding has tremendous growth potential! Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, 3, 5–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, R., & Poor, N. (2016). Factors for success in repeat crowdfunding: why sugar daddies are only good for Bar-Mitzvahs. Information, Communication & Society, 19(1), 127–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Peyrelongue, B., Masclef, O., & Guillard, V. (2016). The Need to Give Gratuitously: A Relevant Concept Anchored in Catholic Social Teaching to Envision the Consumer Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, pp. 1–17.

  • Deckop, R., Caril, C., & Andersson, L. (2003). Doing unto others: The reciprocity of helping behavior in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 47(2), 101–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dees, J. G. (2012). A tale of two cultures: Charity, problem solving, and the future of social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 321–334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dees, J. G., & Anderson, B. B. (2003). Sector-bending: Blurring lines between nonprofit and for-profit. Society, 40(4), 16–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Derrida, J. (1976). Of grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Derrida, J. (1992). Given time: Counterfeit money (Vol. 1). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolfsma, W., van der Eijk, R., & Jolink, A. (2009). On a source of social capital: Gift exchange. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(3), 315–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M. (1990). No free gifts. In M. Mauss (Ed.), The gift: the form and reason for exchange in archaic societies (pp. 9–23). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dushnitsky, G., & Marom, D. (2013). Crowd monogamy. Business Strategy Review, 24(4), 24–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elms, H., & Phillips, R. A. (2009). Private security companies and institutional legitimacy: Corporate and stakeholder responsibility. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19(03), 403–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faldetta, G. (2011). The logic of gift and gratuitousness in business relationships. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(1), 67–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, A., & Fischbacher, U. (2006). Theory of reciprocity. Games and Economic Behavior, 54(2), 293–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fassin, Y. (2012). Stakeholder management, reciprocity and stakeholder responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 109(1), 83–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2000). Fairness and retaliation: The economics of reciprocity. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 159–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro, F., Pfeffer, J., & Sutton, R. I. (2005). Economics language and assumptions: How theories can become self-fulfilling. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 8–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrary, M. (2003). The gift exchange in the social networks of silicon valley. California Management Review, 45(4), 120–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, L., & Sorenson, O. (2016). Financing by and for the Masses: An introduction to the special issue on crowdfunding. California Management Review, 58(2), 5–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Boston: Pitman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. E. (1994). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions. Business Ethics Quarterly, 4(4), 409–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C., Parmar, B. L., & de Colle, S. (2010). Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Frémeaux, S., & Michelson, G. (2011). No strings attached: welcoming the existential gift in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(1), 63–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gautier, A., & Pache, A.-C. (2015). Research on corporate philanthropy: A review and assessment. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(3), 343–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, E. M., Hui, J. S. et al. (2012). Crowdfunding: Why people are motivated to participate? In Proceedings of the international workshop on design, influence, and social technologies: Techniques, impacts and ethics, Northwestern University.

  • Ghoshal, S. (2005). Bad management theories are destroying good management practices. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(1), 75–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giancarlo, G., Massimiliano, G., & Lamastra, C. R. (2013). Why crowdfunding projects can succeed: The role of proponents individual and territorial social capital. SSRN Electronic Journal, April, 2255944.

  • Godbout, J. T. (2007). Ce qui circule entre nous: donner, recevoir, rendre. Paris: Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godbout, J. T., & Caillé, A. (2007). L’esprit du don. Paris: La Découverte.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Godfrey, P. C. (2005). The relationship between corporate philanthropy and shareholder wealth: A risk management perspective. Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 777–798.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, A. M. (2013). Give and take: Why helping others drives our success. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, D., & Clarke, P. (2005). Meeting Goodpaster’s challenge: A Smithian approach to Goodpaster’s paradox. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14(2), 119–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, R. T., Mason, C. M., & Girling, P. (2004). Financial bootstrapping and venture development in the software industry. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16, 307–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemingway, C. A., & Maclagan, P. W. (2004). Managers’ personal values as drivers of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(1), 33–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, T., Puri, M., & Rocholl, J. (2016). Adverse incentives in crowdfunding. Management Science, 63(3), 587–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hühn, M., & Dierksmeier, C. (2016). Will the real A. Smith please stand up! Journal of Business Ethics, 136(1), 119–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johannisson, B. (1988). Business formation: A network approach. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 4(3–4), 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaler, J. (2000). Reasons to be ethical: Self-interest and ethical business. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(1–2), 161–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kappel, T. (2009). Ex ante crowdfunding and the recording industry: A Model for the US Loyola LA Entertainment Law Review, 29, 375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karra, N., Tracey, P., et al. (2006). Altruism and agency in the family firm: Exploring the role of family, kinship, and ethnicity. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 30(6), 861–877.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, P., Aldrich, H., & Keister, L. (2006). Access (not) denied: The impact of financial, human, and cultural capital on entrepreneurial entry in the United States. Small Business Economics, 27(1), 5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Komter, A. (2007). Gifts and social relations the mechanisms of reciprocity. International Sociology, 22(1), 93–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Cour, A., & Kromann, J. (2011). Euphemisms and hypocrisy in corporate philanthropy. Business Ethics: A European Review, 20(3), 267–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Letts, C. W., Ryan, W., & Grossman, A. (1997). Virtuous capital: What foundations can learn from venture capitalists. Harvard Business Review, 75(2), 36–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lévi-Strauss, C. (1983). Introduction to the work of Marcel Mauss. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mair, J., & Hehenberger, L. (2014). Front-stage and backstage convening: The transition from opposition to mutualistic coexistence in organizational philanthropy. Academy of Management Journal, 57(4), 1174–1200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, B. (1922). Argonauts of the western Pacific: An account of native enterprise and adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauss, M. (1923). Essai sur le don: Forme et raison de l’échange dans les sociétés archaïques. L’Année Sociologique, 1, 30–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyskens, M., & Bird, L. (2015). Crowdfunding and value creation. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5(2),155–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mintzberg, H. (2015). Time for the plural sector. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 13(3), 28–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, T. (1978). The possibility of altruism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcia, V. D., & Larkins, J. T. (2000). Mixed motives and ethical decisions in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 25(1), 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005). Evolution of indirect reciprocity. Nature, 437(7063), 1291–1298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Offer, A. (1997). Between the gift and the market: The economy of regard. The Economic History Review, 50(3), 450–476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pache, A.-C., & Santos, F. (2012). Inside the hybrid organization: Selective coupling as a response to competing institutional logics. Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), 972–1001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta, D. (2008). Uncharitable: How restraints on nonprofits undermine their potential. Medford: Tufts University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, S. C. (2004). The economics of self-employment and entrepreneurship. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Peredo, A. M., & Chrisman, J. J. (2006). Toward a theory of community-based enterprise. The Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 309–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piliavin, J. A., & Charng, H.-W. (1990). Altruism: A review of recent theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 27–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pitschner, S., & Pitschner-Finn, S. (2014). Non-profit differentials in crowd-based financing: Evidence from 50,000 campaigns. Economics Letters, 123(3), 391–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). The big idea: Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1–2), 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raphael, D. D. (2007). The Impartial Spectator: Adam Smith’s Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rehn, A., & Taalas, S. (2004). ‘Znakomstva I Svyazi’ (Acquaintances and connections)–Blat, the Soviet Union, and Mundane Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(3), 235–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, C., & Westwood, R. (2016). The limits of generosity: Lessons on ethics, economy, and reciprocity in Kafka’s the metamorphosis. Journal of Business Ethics, 133(2), 235–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rifkin, J. (2014). The zero marginal cost society: The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. New York.

  • Sarasvathy, S. D. (2008). Effectuation. Elements of entrepreneurial expertise. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrift, A. D. (Ed.). (2014). The logic of the gift: Toward an ethic of generosity. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, B. (1967). The social psychology of the gift. American Journal of Sociology, 73(1), 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, R. (1999). Rational egoism: A selective and critical history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silber, I. (1998). Modern philanthropy: reassessing the viability of a Maussian perspective. In W. James & N. J. Allen (Eds.), Marcel Mauss: A centenary tribute (pp. 134–150). New York, NY: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, H. (1982). Models of bounded rationality: Empirically grounded economic reason. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, A. (2002). Value, business and globalisation-sketching a critical conceptual framework. Journal of Business Ethics, 39(1/2), 161–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiller, C., Erakovic, L., Henare, M., & Pio, E. (2011). Relational well-being and wealth: Māori businesses and an ethic of care. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(1), 153–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanca, L. (2009). Measuring indirect reciprocity: Whose back do we scratch? Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(2), 190–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, A. (2003). Help one another, use one another: Toward an anthropology of family business. Entrepreneurship, 27(4), 383–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steyaert, C., & Hjorth, D. (2007). Entrepreneurship as social change. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szmigin, I., & Rutherford, R. (2013). Shared value and the impartial spectator test. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(1), 171–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thürridl, C., & Kamleitner, B. (2016). What goes around comes around? Rewards as strategic assets in crowdfunding. California Management Review, 58(2), 88–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Titmuss, R. M. (1970). The gift relationship: From human blood to social policy. London: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wingerden R., & Ryan J. (2011). Fighting for funds: An exploratory study into the field of crowdfunding. Lund University School of Economics and Management, p. 65.

  • Venkat, K., & Bayus, B. L. (2013). Crowdfunding creative ideas: The dynamics of project backers in Kickstarter. SSRN Electronic Journal.

  • Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: An editor’s perspective. In J. Katz, & R. Brockhaus (Eds.), Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 3, 119–138.

  • Vernale, G., & Packard, S. A. (1990). Organ donation as gift exchange. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(4), 239–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vesterlund, L. (2006). Why do people give? In W. W. Powell & R. Steinberg (Eds.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (2nd ed., pp. 168–190). New Heaven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webley, P., Lea, S. E. G., & Portalska, R. (1983). The unacceptability of money as a gift. Journal of Economic Psychology, 4(3), 223–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, R., Chan, A., & Linstead, S. (2004). Theorizing chinese employment relations comparatively: Exchange, reciprocity and the moral economy. Asian Pacific Jounral of Management, 21, 365–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. C. (2007). The nature of entrepreneurship in the informal sector: Evidence from England. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12(2), 239–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., & Liu, P. (2012). Rational herding in microloan markets. Management Science, 58(5), 892–912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Tobias Goessling and the editors of the thematic symposium on "Business Ethics, Peace & Environmentas" as well as two anonymous reviewers for their helpful guidance and feedback. We are also very grateful to Arnaud Burgot, COO of Ulule and his team for allowing us to collect and analyze such interesting data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ESSEC Business School, Cergy-Pontoise, France

    Kévin André & Arthur Gautier

  2. ESCP Europe, Paris, France

    Sylvain Bureau

  3. UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA

    Olivier Rubel

Authors
  1. Kévin André
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sylvain Bureau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arthur Gautier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Olivier Rubel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kévin André.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

André, K., Bureau, S., Gautier, A. et al. Beyond the Opposition Between Altruism and Self-interest: Reciprocal Giving in Reward-Based Crowdfunding. J Bus Ethics 146, 313–332 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3652-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3652-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation