Skip to main content
Log in

The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on the Ethical Judgment of Managers

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent years there has been a substantial amount of research on emotional intelligence (EI) across a wide range of disciplines. Also, this term has been receiving increasing attention in the popular business press. This article extends previous research by seeking to determine whether there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and ethical judgment among practicing managers with respect to questions of ethical nature that can arise in their professional activity. It analyzes the results of a survey of 324 managers enrolled in executive MBA programs from five universities in the southeastern and northeastern United States. This study is based on a model presented by Forsyth showing two dimensions that play an important role in ethical evaluation and behavior. Respondents were classified into one of four groups according to their idealism and relativism levels—situationists, subjectivists, absolutists, and exceptionists. The four ideological group’s scores were compared. The results indicate significant differences between the situationists and absolutists on the one hand, and subjectivists and exceptionists on the other. The former’s emotional intelligence scores were significantly higher thus demonstrating a strong relationship between emotional intelligence and ethical ideology. The results raise important implications for practitioners and educators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahadiat, N., & Smith, K. (1994). A factor-analytic investigation of employee selection factors of significance to recruiters of entry-level accountants. Issues in Accounting Education, 9(1), 59–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akers, M., & Porter, G. (2003). Your EQ skills: got what it takes? Journal of Accountancy, 195(3), 65–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alon, I., & Higgins, J. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48(6), 501–512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arlow, P. (1991). Personal characteristics in college student’s evaluations of business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 10(1), 63–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashkanazy, N., & Daus, C. (2005). Rumors of the death of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 441–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, T., Bass, K., & Brown, G. (1994a). Ethical ideology and ethical judgment regarding ethical issues in business. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(6), 469–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, T., Bass, K., & Brown, G. (1994b). The ethical judgment of college students regarding business issues. Journal of Education for Business, 69, 333–338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bay, D., & Greenberg, R. (2001). The relationship of the DIT and behavior (A replication). Issues in Accounting Education, 16(3), 367–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bay, D., & McKeage, K. (2006). Emotional intelligence in undergraduate accounting students: preliminary assessment. Accounting Education: An International Journal, 15(4), 439–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyatzis, R., & Saatcioglu, S. (2008). A 20 year review of trying to develop emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies in graduate management education. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 92–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradberry, T., & Greaves, J. (2005). The emotional intelligence quick book. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, P., & Burke, F. (1998). Lessons learned from ethics in the classroom. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(11), 1179–1187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherniss, C. (2000). Emotional intelligence: what it is and why it matters. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New Orleans.

  • Cote, S., & Miners, C. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(1), 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cragg, W. (1997). Teaching business ethics: the role of ethics in business and in business education. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 231–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delaney, J., & Sockell, D. (1992). Do company ethics training programs make a difference? An empirical analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 11, 719–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande, S., & Joseph, J. (2009). Impact of emotional intelligence, ethical climate, and behavior of peers on ethical behavior of nurses. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(3), 403–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Druskat, V., & Wolff, S. (2001). Building the emotional intelligence of groups. Harvard Busines Review, 79(3), 81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dulewicz, C., Young, M., & Dulewicz, V. (2005). The relevance of emotional intelligence for effective leadership. Journal of General Management, 30(3), 71–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. (1980). A taxonomy of ethical ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(1), 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. (1992). Judging the morality of business practices: the influence of personal moral philosophies. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(5–6), 461–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freshman, B., & Rubino, L. (2002). Emotional intelligence: a core competency for health care administrators. Health Care Manager, 20(4), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, N., Park, A., & Birnbaum, J. (1995). The EQ factor. Time, 146(4), 60–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, J. (1992). Can a business and society course affect the ethical judgment of future managers? Journal of Business Ethics, 11(3), 217–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gohm, C. (2003). Mood regulation and emotional intelligence: individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 594–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: why it can matter more than IQ for character, health and lifelong achievement. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D. (1998). What Makes a Leader? Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 92–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & Mckee, A. (2002). Primal leadership. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartikainen, O., & Torsila, S. (2004). Job-related ethical judgment in the finance profession. Journal of Applied Finance, 14(1), 62–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henle, C. (2006). Bad apples or bad barrels? A former CEO discusses the interplay of person and situation with implications for business education. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 5, 346–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holian, R. (2006). Management decision making, ethical issues and emotional intelligence. Management Decision, 44(8), 1122–1138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, S., & Jones, S. (2005). Emotional intelligence and organizational performance: implications for performance consultants and educators. Performance Improvement, 44(10), 15–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huy, Q. (2002). Emotional balancing of organizational continuity and radical change: the contribution of middle managers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(1), 31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennings, M. (2006). In their own words: what we learn about ethical lapses and their prevention from the hindsight of those who committed them. Corporate Finance Review, 10(6), 44–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, P., & Troth, A. (2004). Managing emotions during team problem solving: emotional intelligence and conflict resolution. Human Performance, 17(2), 195–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law, K. S., Wong, C. S., & Song, L. J. (2004). The construct and criterion validity of emotional intelligence and its potential utility for management studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 483–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D., & Sirgy, M. J. (1999). The effects of moral philosophy and ethnocentrism on quality-of-life orientation: a cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 18(1), 73–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loe, T., & Weeks, W. (2000). An experimental investigation of efforts to improve sales student’s moral reasoning. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management., 20(4), 243–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, Y., Rechner, P., & Olson-Buchanan, J. (2005). Shaping ethical perceptions: an empirical assessment of the influence of business education, culture, and democratic factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 60, 341–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maak, T., & Pless, M. (2006). Responsible leadership in a stakeholder society– a relational perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 66(1), 99–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandell, B., & Pherwani, S. (2003). Relationship between emotional intelligence and transformational leadership style: a gender comparison. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(3), 387–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marques, J., Allevato, E., & Holt, S. (2008). Linking quality management and emotional intelligence to workplace spirituality. Organization Development Journal, 26(4), 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marques, P., & Azevedo-Pereira, J. (2008). Ethical ideology and ethical judgments in the Portuguese accounting profession. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2), 227–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marta, J., Singhapadki, A., & Kraft, K. (2008). Personal characteristics underlying ethical decisions in marketing situations: a survey of small business managers. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(4), 589–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. (2002). Emotional intelligence: science and myth. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1993). The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17(4), 433–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, J., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2004). Emotional intelligence: theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3), 197–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, B., & Murphy, P. (2008). The impact of ethics education on reporting behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(3), 397–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, G. (2004). A case example: integrating ethics into the academic business curriculum. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 371–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, K. (2004). An emotional response to the state of accounting education: developing accounting students. Critical Perspectives in Accounting, 15(4–5), 629–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McQueen, A. C. H. (2003). Emotional intelligence in nursing work. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47(1), 101–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mesmer-Magnus, J., Viswesvaran, C., Joseph, J., & Deshpande, S. (2008). The role of emotional intelligence in integrity and ethics perceptions. In W. Zerbe, N. Ashkansky, & C. Hartel (Eds.), Research on emotions in organizations: emotions, ethics, and decision-making, Vol. 4. Wesport: Quorum Books/Greenwood Publishing Group.

  • Muchinsky, P. (2000). Emotions in the workplace: the neglect of organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(7), 801–810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulki, J., Jaramillo, J., & Locker, W. (2009). Critical role of leadership on ethical climate and salesperson behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2), 125–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettifor, J., Estay, I., & Paquet, S. (2000). Preferred strategies for learning ethics in the practice of a discipline. Canadian Psychology, 43(40), 260–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawwas, M. (1996). Consumer ethics: an empirical investigation of the ethical beliefs of Austrian consumers. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(9), 1009–1019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, C. (1999). The transient effects of limited ethics training. Journal of Education for Business, 74(6), 332–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, B. (2006). Can business ethics be trained? A study of the ethical decision-making process in business students. Journal of Business Ethics, 68, 153–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruisel, I. (1992). Social intelligence: conception and methodological problems. Studia Psychologica, 34(4–5), 281–296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaub, M. (1994). An analysis of the association of traditional demographic variables with the moral reasoning of auditing students and auditors. Journal of Accounting Education, 12(1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, R., & Felton, E. (2006). Designing and delivering business ethics and learning. Journal of Business Ethics, 63(3), 297–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., Vitell, S., & Franke, G. (1999). Antecedents, consequences, and mediating effects of perceived moral intensity and personal moral philosophies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(1), 19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slaski, M., & Cartwright, S. (2002). Health, performance and emotional intelligence: an exploratory study of retail managers. Stress and Health, 16, 63–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E., & Queller, S. (2000). Mental representations. In A. Tesser & N. Schward (Eds.), Blackwell handbook in social psychology (pp. 111–133), Vol. 1: Intraindividual processes. Oxford: Blackwell.

  • Sparks, J. R., & Hunt, S. D. (1998). Marketing researcher ethical sensitivity: conceptualization, measurement, and exploratory investigation. Journal of Marketing, 62(2), 92–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaidan, Z. R. M., & Vitell, S. (2008). Culture and moral ideologies of African Americans. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 16(2), 127–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sy, T., Tram, S., & O’Hara, L. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, M., Sojka, J., Barone, F., & McCarthy, A. (2000). Training tomorrow’s leaders: enhancing the emotional intelligence of business graduates. Journal of Education for Business, 75(6), 331–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turpen, R. A., & Witmer, P. R. (1997). Ethics in the search for accounting employment: student and recruiter perceptions. Accounting Horizons, 11(2), 65–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Rooy, D., & Viswesvaran, D. (2004). Emotional intelligence (A meta-analytic investigation of predictive validity and nomological net). Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 71–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitell, S., Singhapakdi, A., & Thomas, J. (2001). Consumer ethics: an application and empirical testing of the Hunt-Vitell theory of ethics. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18(2), 153–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J. (1990). Measuring the impact of teaching ethics to future managers: a review, assessment, and recommendations. Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 183–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J. (2007). Business ethics training: Insights from learning theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 70, 61–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, J., & Glyptis, S. (2000). Measuring the impact of a business ethics course and community service experience on student’s values and opinions. Teaching Business Ethics, 4, 34–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, J., & Fritzsche, D. (1998). Teaching business ethics with management and marketing games. Simulation and Gaming, 29(1), 44–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, C., Law, K., & Wong, P. (2004). Development and validation of a forced choice emotional intelligence measure for Chinese respondents in Hong Kong. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 21, 535–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, B. (2008). Consumer ethics: an empirical investigation of the ethical beliefs in mainland China. The Business Review, Cambridge, 10(1), 223–228.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nabil A. Ibrahim.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Angelidis, J., Ibrahim, N.A. The Impact of Emotional Intelligence on the Ethical Judgment of Managers. J Bus Ethics 99 (Suppl 1), 111–119 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1158-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1158-5

Keywords

Navigation