Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T18:46:58.808Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Is the Need for Treatment Constitutionally Acceptable as a Basis for Civil Commitment?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 April 2021

Extract

A number of indications suggest that we may be on the verge of another massive shift in the orientation of our system for the civil commitment of the mentally ill. After nearly one and one-half centuries during which commitment criteria were based on the mentally ill person's need for care and treatment, the late 1960s and 1970s saw a rejection of this standard in favor of criteria based solely on the individual's dangerousness to self or others. Now, in the 1980s, we are witnessing an outcry against dangerousness-oriented standards and the beginnings of a return to a need-for-treatment model.

Type
Article
Copyright
© 1984 American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Appelbaum, P.S., Civil Commitment: Is the Pendulum Changing Direction? Hospital and Community Psychiatry 33(9): 703–04 (September 1982).Google ScholarPubMed
Szasz, T.S., Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry (Macmillan Co., New York, N.Y.) (1984) at 149–90.Google Scholar
Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code §§5000–5401 (West 1972).Google Scholar
Schwitzgebel, R.K., Survey of State Commitment Statutes, in Civil Commitment and Social Policy: An Evaluation of the Massachusetts Mental Health Reform Act of 1970 (1981).Google Scholar
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972), vacated and remanded, 414 U.S. 473 (1974) (procedural issues).Google Scholar
Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972) [hereinafter referred to as Lessard].Google Scholar
Wis. Stat. Ann. §51. 75(2)(f) (West Supp. 1983–1984).Google Scholar
Wis. Stat. Ann. §51.02(5)(c) (West 1973).Google Scholar
W. Va. Code §27-5-4(1) (1931).Google Scholar
State ex rel. Hawks v. Lazaro, 202 S.E.2d 109 (W. Va. 1974).Google Scholar
Id. at 123.Google Scholar
Id. at 124.Google Scholar
Goldy v. Beal, 429 F. Supp. 640 (M.D. Pa. 1976).Google Scholar
Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 50, §4102 (Purdon 1969).Google Scholar
See, e.g., State ex rel. Hawks v. Lazaro, supra note 10.Google Scholar
Deutsch, A., The Mentally Ill in America: A History of Their Care and Treatment from Colonial Times(Columbia University Press, New York, N.Y.) (rev. ed. 1949).Google Scholar
Lessard, , supra note 6, at 1085.Google Scholar
Id. at 1086.Google Scholar
Id. at 1085.Google Scholar
Dain, N., Concepts of Insanity in the United States, 1789–1865 (Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J.) (1964) at 5052.Google Scholar
Lessard, , supra note 6, at 1086.Google Scholar
Appelbaum, P.S. Kemp, R.N., The Evolution of Commitment Law in the Nineteenth Century: A Reinterpretation, Law and Human Behavior 6(3/4): 343–54 (1982).Google Scholar
See, e.g., In re Oakes, 8 Law Reporter 122, 128–29 (Mass. 1845); Hinchman v. Richie, Brightly 143,179 (C.P. Philadelphia 1849).Google Scholar
Pa. Stat. Ann. tit. 50, §4404 (Purdon 1969), quoted in Dixon v. Pennsylvania, 325 F. Supp. 966, 968 (M.D. Pa. 1971).Google Scholar
Dixon v. Pennsylvania, supra note 24, at 972.Google Scholar
Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 605, 610 (1967).Google Scholar
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).Google Scholar
Dixon v. Pennsylvania, supra note 24, at 974.Google Scholar
386 F. Supp. 378 (M.D. Ala. 1974) [hereinafter referred to as Lynch]. In a 1975 unreported decision, members of the original class action suit moved for further relief, attacking particular provisions of the Alabama Code that were amended in 1975. The district court dismissed the case stating that the class representatives had no standing to seek relief from the amended statute. The appellate court in Lynch v. Baxley, 651 F.2d 387 (5th Cir. 1981) reversed and remanded the case to the district court with instructions to allow time for the intervention of a named plaintiff with standing to represent the interests of the subclass with live claims against the amended 1975 statute.Google Scholar
Ala. Code tit. 45, §205 (1958).Google Scholar
Lynch, , supra note 29, at 389.Google Scholar
In re Oakes, 8 Law Reporter 122 (Mass. 1845).Google Scholar
Id. at 124.Google Scholar
Humphrey v. Cady, 405 U.S. 504 (1972).Google Scholar
Jackson v. Indiana, 406 U.S. 715 (1972).Google Scholar
Id. at 728. See Lynch, , supra note 29, at 400 (Varner, J., dissenting).Google Scholar
See, e.g., Doremus v. Farrell, 407 F. Supp. 509 (D. Neb. 1975); Suzuki v. Quisenberry, 411 F. Supp. 1113 (D. Haw. 1976).Google Scholar
O'Connor v, Donaldson, 422 U.S. 563 (1975).Google Scholar
See Colyar v. Third Judicial District Court, 469 F. Supp. 424 (D. Utah 1979); Project Release v. Prevost, 551 F. Supp. 1298 (E.D. N.Y. 1982), aff'd, 722 F.2d 960 (2d Cir. 1983).Google Scholar
O'Connor v. Donaldson, supra note 38, at 573–76.Google Scholar
Addington v. Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 426 (1979).Google Scholar
Jackson v. Indiana, supra note 35, at 736–37.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Wexler, D. B., Mental Health Law: Major Issues (Plenum Press, New York, N.Y.) (1981) at 1157.Google Scholar
Brooks, A., Law, Psychiatry and the Mental Health System (Little, Brown and Co., Boston, Mass.) (1974) at 561–88, 677–86, 699–717.Google Scholar
Monahan, J., The Clinical Prediction of Violent Behavior (National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, Md.) (1981).Google Scholar
Morse, S.J., A Preference for Liberty. The Case Against Involuntary Commitment of the Mentally Disordered, California Law Review 70: 54106 (1982).Google Scholar
Peszke, M.A., Is Dangerousness an Issue for Physicians in Emergency Commitment? American Journal of Psychiatry 132(8): 825–28 (August 1975).Google ScholarPubMed
Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §71.05.020 (Supp. 1984–1985).Google Scholar
Gen, N.C. Stat. §122–58.2 (1981).Google Scholar
1983 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. ch. 47, §33(a)(7)(B)(iii) (Vernon).Google Scholar
1983 Legislative Proposals, Developments in Mental Health Law 2(4): 41–43 (October/December 1982); Ewing, M.F., Revision of Civil Commitment Laws, Clearinghouse-Review 15(1): 5962 (1981).Google Scholar
Stromberg, C.D. Stone, A.A., A Model State Law on Civil Commitment of the Mentally Ill, Harvard Journal on Legislation 20(2): 275396 (Summer 1983).Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health, Federal Security Agency, A Draft Act Governing Hospitalization of the Mentally III (U.S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, D.C.) (1952), reprinted in Mentally Disabled and the Law (Lindman, F. J. McIntyre, D.M. Jr., eds.) (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill.) (1st ed. 1961) at 397416.Google Scholar
Stromberg, Stone, , supra note 52, at 345.Google Scholar
Id. at 330.Google Scholar
See, e.g., Rubenstein, , APA's Proposals on Civil Commitment, Clearinghouse Review 17: 558–62 (1983); Wexler D.B., APA's Model Law on Civil Commitment: A Commitment Code by and for Psychiatrists, Hospital and Community Psychiatry (forthcoming 1985).Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C.) (3rd ed. 1980).Google Scholar
See, e.g., id.; Spitzer, R.L., DSM-Ill Field Trials: I. Initial Interrator Diagnostic Reliability, American Journal of Psychiatry 136(6): 815–17 (June 1979); Spitzer R.L., Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and Reliability, Archives of General Psychiatry 35(6): 773–82 (June 1978); Luria R.E. Berry R., Reliability and Descriptive Validity of PSE Syndromes, Archives of General Psychiatry 36(11): 1187–95 (October 1979).Google Scholar
Morse, , supra note 46, at 58–78.Google Scholar
Cutler, N.R. Post, R.M., Life Course of Illness in Untreated Manic-Depressive Patients, Comprehensive Psychiatry 23(2): 101–15 (March/April 1982).Google ScholarPubMed
Davis, J.M., Overview: Maintenance Therapy in Psychiatry: I. Schizophrenia, American Journal of Psychiatry 132(12): 1237–39, 1244 (December 1975).Google ScholarPubMed
Doe v. Gallinot, 486 F. Supp. 983, 994 (C.D. Cal. 1979), aff'd, 657 F.2d 1017 (9th Cir. 1981).Google Scholar
E.g., Morse, , supra note 46, at 87–93; Appelbaum, P.S. Roth, L.H., Competency to Consent to Research: A Psychiatric Overview, Archives of General Psychiatry 39(8): 951, 952–56 (August 1982).Google Scholar
A.E. & R.R. v. Mitchell, No. C78-466 (D. Utah, June 16, 1980), aff'd, 724 F.2d 864 (10th Cir. 1983).Google Scholar
See, e.g., State ex rel. Hawks v. Lazaro, supra note 10.Google Scholar
National Institute of Mental Health, unpublished data, July 1983 (data on general hospitals from 1981; on private and state hospitals from 1980).Google Scholar