본 연구는 모리스꾸랑의 『한국서지』 ‘도교’ 관련 해제들에 대한 고찰이다. 모리스꾸랑은 전임공사인 쁠랑시의 조언과, 한학에 능한 조력자들의 도움을 받아 3000종이 넘는 도서들을 수집하여 『한국 서지』(1896)를 집필하였다. 모리스꾸랑은 도교관련 경전들을 분류하면서 ‘경서류’, ‘관성제군·문창제군·부우제군에 대한 숭배의식’, ‘기타’의 세 부분으로 나누었다. 모리스꾸랑의 『한국서지』에 담긴 도교 부분은 다음의 세 가지 의미를 가진다. 첫째 19세기 말 관제신앙의 유행과 삼성신앙의 확대이다. 그의 도교서지는 대부분 19세기 말 조직화 되었고, 삼성신앙을 기반으로 하는 ‘무상단’에서 출판한 책들을 중점으로 다루었다. 둘째 모리스꾸랑이 자생적인 도교경전을 찾으려 노력했다는 점이다. 그는 한글본 『도덕경』을 찾으려 노력했고, 한국에서 새롭게 만들어진 ‘조선난서’인 『문창제군몽수비장경(文昌帝君夢授秘藏經)』 등을 다루었다. 셋째 그의 연구를 통해 당대의 도교의 지형도를 살필 수 있다는 점이다. 그가 살던 시기, 관묘를 중심으로 하는 도교가 활발히 활동하고 있었고, 최초의 도교교단이었던 ‘무상단’이 조직적으로 활동했으며, 『번석자문(飜惜字文)』을 기반으로 하는 종교적 사회실천 모임이 있었다는 것을 살필 수 있었다.
1890년대 조선은 열강사이에서 나라의 주권을 잃어가고 있는 시기였다. 이러한 시기 왜 대량의 민간도교경전이 간행되고, 사회의 지도층까지도 삼성신앙을 가졌던 것인가? 이러한 지도층의 태도를 선교사들은 ‘무당들과 주술사들이 이 나라를 그리고 지배자들까지를 지배하고 있으며, 고종이 역술가에게 포위된 채 생활하였다’라고 기록하기도 하였다. 그러나 일제강점기 민간도교에 기반 한 ‘대종교’는 항일운동의 구심점이 되기도 하였다. 아직까지도 조선후기 난서의 유행과 삼성신앙에 기반 한 민간도교의 확대를 설명하기 위한 연구는 부족한 상황이다. 1890년대 초 조선을 다녀가 『한국서지』를 남긴 모리스꾸랑을 연구해야 할 이유가 여기에 있다.
There are two ways of viewing the Taoism of the Joseon dynasty. One is to view it from the point of view in Joseon, another is to view it from the outside of Joseon, i.e. foreigners' point of view. Maurice Courant(maurice courant,1865~1935)'s Bibliographie Coreenne is the Korean first bibliography(書誌) recorded from the latter's point of view. This research examined the Taoist scripture in Maurice Courant's Bibliographie Coreenne. Maurice Courant classified the Taoist scripture of the Joseon into three: '1. Sacred books(經書類)’, ‘2. Worship of Gwanseongjegun(關聖帝君), Munchangjegun(文昌帝君), Buwoojegun(孚佑帝君)’, ‘3. Various works’. Through this category, it was determined that the belief in three gods (Gwanseongjegun· Munchangjegun· Buwoojegun) was widely prevalent in the Joseon dynasty in the late 19th century. In the chapter 1, he composed the books of representative Taoist scripture as Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu, 'God(太上)’, and ‘King of heaven(九天上帝)’. Maurice Courant determined in chapter 2 that 1890s' Joseon Gwanwoo (關帝) belief was activated, and mentioned 'Musangdan(無相壇)', namely, Joseon's first religious organization. However, he could not determine that the scriptures relevant to three gods were recorded to be divine revelations uttered by gods. 19th century's 'Musangdan' was not introduced by being imported with Chinese Taoist scripture, but was published with the Joseon Taoist scripture through Gangpil(降筆: recording divine revelations uttered by gods). Also, through Maurice Courant's Bibliographie Coreenne, the point that 'belief in three gods' was prevalent in the social leader group during that period could be determined. The reason how such research could be possible seems, because Maurice Courant had Korean assistants who were good at Chinese classics. In chapter 3, Maurice Courant arranged the books based on Taoist ethic and the scriptures on Taoist social practical movement. Through the interpretation of Taoism bibliographies included in Maurice Courant's Bibliographie Coreenne, first, it could be determined that belief based on the three gods(三聖信仰) was prevalent during the 19th century, second, there were lots of the Taoist scriptures made in the late Joseon, third, the first Taoist religious organization and Taoist social movement form could be investigated.
There are two ways of viewing the Taoism of the Joseon dynasty. One is to view it from the point of view in Joseon, another is to view it from the outside of Joseon, i.e. foreigners' point of view. Maurice Courant(maurice courant,1865~1935)'s Bibliographie Coreenne is the Korean first bibliography(書誌) recorded from the latter's point of view. This research examined the Taoist scripture in Maurice Courant's Bibliographie Coreenne. Maurice Courant classified the Taoist scripture of the Joseon into three: '1. Sacred books(經書類)’, ‘2. Worship of Gwanseongjegun(關聖帝君), Munchangjegun(文昌帝君), Buwoojegun(孚佑帝君)’, ‘3. Various works’. Through this category, it was determined that the belief in three gods (Gwanseongjegun· Munchangjegun· Buwoojegun) was widely prevalent in the Joseon dynasty in the late 19th century. In the chapter 1, he composed the books of representative Taoist scripture as Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu, 'God(太上)’, and ‘King of heaven(九天上帝)’. Maurice Courant determined in chapter 2 that 1890s' Joseon Gwanwoo (關帝) belief was activated, and mentioned 'Musangdan(無相壇)', namely, Joseon's first religious organization. However, he could not determine that the scriptures relevant to three gods were recorded to be divine revelations uttered by gods. 19th century's 'Musangdan' was not introduced by being imported with Chinese Taoist scripture, but was published with the Joseon Taoist scripture through Gangpil(降筆: recording divine revelations uttered by gods). Also, through Maurice Courant's Bibliographie Coreenne, the point that 'belief in three gods' was prevalent in the social leader group during that period could be determined. The reason how such research could be possible seems, because Maurice Courant had Korean assistants who were good at Chinese classics. In chapter 3, Maurice Courant arranged the books based on Taoist ethic and the scriptures on Taoist social practical movement. Through the interpretation of Taoism bibliographies included in Maurice Courant's Bibliographie Coreenne, first, it could be determined that belief based on the three gods(三聖信仰) was prevalent during the 19th century, second, there were lots of the Taoist scriptures made in the late Joseon, third, the first Taoist religious organization and Taoist social movement form could be investigated.
