NARROW BANDPASS FILTERS FOR LOW FREQUENCY APPLICATIONS Evaluation of Eight Electronics Filter Design Topologies Dr. Raman K. Attri Copyrights © 2018 Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©. All rights reserved. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Write to the publisher/author for seeking explicit permission for any reproduction, inclusion or usage in another publication. Provide an appropriate reference/citation to this publication when posting brief excerpts or quotations from this text on social media channels. ISBN: 978-981-11-9872-4 Type of document: E-book First published: 2018 Draft written: 2005 Lead author: Raman K. Attri Published by Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro© Published at Singapore National Library Board, Singapore Cataloguing in Publication Data Name(s): Attri, Raman K., 1973Title: Narrow band-pass filters for low frequency applications : evaluation of eight electronics filter design topologies / Dr Raman K. Attri. Other title(s): R. Attri instrumentation design series (electronics) Description: Singapore : Speed To Proficiency Research, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. Identifier(s): OCN 1077481515 | ISBN 978-981-11-9872-4 (e-book) Subject(s): LCSH: Electric network topology. | Electric filters, Bandpass. | Electronic books. Classification: DDC 621.38215--dc23 Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro© A research and consulting forum Singapore 560463 https://www.speedtoproficiency.com rkattri@speedtoproficiency.com R. Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics) CONTENTS ABOUT THE BOOK ............................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 – DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTREMELY NARROW BAND-PASS FILTERS........................................................................................... 1 1.1. Practical Challenges ..................................................................... 1 1.2. Design Exercise ............................................................................. 2 1.3. Topologies for Filter Design ..................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 - ONE OP-AMP FILTER TOPOLOGIES .................................. 9 2.1 Sallen-Key Topology ....................................................................... 9 Electronics Design ............................................................................... 10 Frequency Response/Performance ................................................. 11 2.2 Multiple Feedback (MFB) Topology ...................................... 13 Electronics Design ............................................................................... 14 Frequency Response/Performance ................................................ 16 2.3 Active Twin-T Topology .......................................................... 18 Electronics Design ............................................................................... 19 Frequency Response/Performance .................................................21 2.4 Modified Deliyannis Topology ............................................... 23 Electronics Design ............................................................................... 23 Frequency Response/Performance ................................................ 25 CHAPTER 3 – TWO OP-AMPS FILTER TOPOLOGIES............................. 28 3.1 Fliege Topology ............................................................................... 28 Electronics Design .............................................................................. 29 Frequency Response/Performance ................................................ 30 CHAPTER 4 - SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE OF ONE AND TWO OPamp FILTER TOPOLOGIES............................................................................... 33 4.1 Performance Comparison ........................................................ 33 Sallen-Key .............................................................................................. 33 MFB ........................................................................................................... 34 Modified Deliyaanis ............................................................................ 34 Active Twin-T ....................................................................................... 35 Fliege ........................................................................................................ 35 4.2 Tradeoffs in Selection ............................................................... 37 4.3 Cascading Multiple Stages of One or Two Op-amps...... 38 CHAPTER 5 – THREE AND FOUR OP-AMPS FILTER TOPOLOGIES .. 41 5.1 Multiple Op-amps Topologies ................................................... 41 5.2 Akerberg-Mossberg Topology ...............................................42 Electronics Design ...............................................................................42 5.3 State-variable Topology.......................................................... 44 Electronics Design ...............................................................................45 Frequency Response/Performance ................................................47 Modified State-variable Filter ........................................................ 48 5.4 Biquad Topology .........................................................................50 Frequency Response/Performance ................................................54 Cascaded Biquad Filter ....................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 6 – COMPONENT SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS ............. 61 6.1 Selection Considerations for Resistors ............................... 61 6.2 Selection Considerations for Capacitors.............................63 6.3 Selection Considerations for Operational Amplifiers ... 66 CHAPTER 7 – SOURCES OF NOISE AND REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN INSTRUMENTATION ........................................................................................ 69 7.1 Noise Sources .................................................................................. 69 7.2 Internal Noise Sources.............................................................. 70 White Noise ............................................................................................ 70 Fliker Noise (1/F Noise) ......................................................................71 Popcorn Noise ....................................................................................... 72 Barkhausen Noise ................................................................................ 72 Contact Noise ........................................................................................ 72 Transit Time Noise .............................................................................. 72 Partition Noise ...................................................................................... 73 7.3 External Noise Sources ............................................................. 73 Switching Current & Voltages ......................................................... 73 Power Lines Interference .................................................................. 73 Sparking And Radiation..................................................................... 74 Environmental And Atmospheric Noise ...................................... 74 Electrostatic Discharge ...................................................................... 74 7.4 Local Noise Sources ................................................................... 75 Coupling Noise ...................................................................................... 75 Crosstalk .................................................................................................76 Power Supply Induced Noise ...........................................................76 Interfacing & Cable Noise .................................................................76 7.5 Internal Noise Reduction Techniques .................................76 7.6 External Noise Reduction Techniques ................................ 77 Faraday Shield....................................................................................... 77 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Protection .................................... 77 Enclosure Shield ................................................................................... 77 7.7 Local Noise Reduction Techniques....................................... 78 vii | Shielding for Capacitive Coupling ..................................................78 Shielding for Magnetic Coupling................................................... 79 Techniques To Reduce Ground Loops.......................................... 80 Techniques To Reduce High-frequency Effects ....................... 80 Techniques To Reduce Interconnecting Cable Noise .............. 81 Techniques to Reduce Power Supply Noise ................................ 81 REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 83 INDEX ...........................................................................................................85 THE AUTHOR .......................................................................................................87 ABOUT THE BOOK Narrow Band-pass filtering techniques have been a challenging task since the inception of audio and telecommunication applications. The challenge involves keeping quality factor, gain and mid-frequency of the filter independent of each other. The critical applications require a design that ensures mid-frequency immune to the circuit component tolerances. It becomes increasingly difficult for low-frequency applications where the shift in few Hz in mid-frequency would cause desired frequencies to fall outside the filter’s bandwidth and go undetected. The selection of right topology of the filter for the best performance is the key to successful design. This book objectively compares the relative performance of none popular narrow bandpass filter topologies. The filter topologies are evaluated using a real-world practical example of designing an extremely narrow band-pass filter. The book provides guidelines for selecting the right topology for the lowfrequency narrow band-pass filter. PREVIOUS WORK This book was originally conceptualized and authored in 2005-2006. As such it should be read remembering the time frame. The author does not claim contemporariness of the concepts, though the principles discussed in this book are universally applicable for analog electronics design. The chapters in this series previously appeared as working papers: Attri, RK 2005, ‘Evaluation of Single op-amp Topologies For Extremely Narrow Band-Pass Filter Design,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series ix | Paper (Electronics), No. 3, Sept 2005. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.13140/RG.2.1.4755.5920. Attri, RK 2005, ‘Design Analysis and Evaluation of 1 and 2 op‐ amp Topology for Design of Stable Narrow Band‐ Pass Filter,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Paper No. 5, Sept 2005. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4231.3040. Attri, RK 2005, ‘Design of stable Narrow Band-Pass Filter using Multi-stage Biquad Topology,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Paper No. 4, Sept 2005. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4493.4481. Attri, RK 2005, ‘Practical Design Evaluation of Extremely Narrow Band-Pass Filter Topologies,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Paper No. 7, Sept 2005. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1872.0081. Attri, RK 1998, ‘Various Noise Sources & Noise Reduction Techniques in Instrumentation,’ R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Paper No. 1, June 1998. https://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2592.9046. SUGGESTED CITATION Attri, RK 2018, Narrow Band-Pass Filters for Low-Frequency Applications: Evaluation of Eight Electronics Filter Design Topologies, R.Attri Instrumentation Design Series (Electronics), Speed To Proficiency Research: S2Pro©, Singapore. INDEX Active Twin-T Topology, 18 comparison, 35 electronics design, 19 frequency response, 21 Monte Carlo simulation, 22 Akerberg-Mossberg Topology, 42 as biquad, 44 electronics design, 42 Biquad Topology, 50 cascaded, 55 frequency response, 54, 56 Monte Carlo simulation, 58 Tow-Thomos Biquad, 52 Cascading, 38, 55 Comparison of topologies, 33, 36 Component selections capacitors, 63 operational amplifiers, 66 resistors, 61 tradeoffs, 37 Electronics Design Active Twin-T Topology, 19 Akerberg-Mossberg Toplogy, 42 Biquad Topology, 50 Fliege Topology, 29 Modified Deliyannis Topology, 23 Multiple Feedback Topology, 14 Sallen-Key Topology, 10 State-variable, 45 Filter design challenges, 1 comparison of topologies, 13 design exercise, 2 design requirements, 4 Fliege Topology, 28 comparison, 35 electronics design, 29 frequency response, 30 Monte Carlo simulation, 31 Frequency Response/Performance Active Twin-T Topology, 21 Biquad Topology, 54 Fliege Topology, 30 Modified Deliyannis Topology, 25 Multiple Feedback Topology, 16 Sallen-Key Topology, 11 State-variable Topology, 47 Modified Deliyannis Topology, 23 comparison, 34 electronics design, 23 frequency response, 25 Monte Carlo simulation, 26 Multiple Feedback Topology, 13 comparison, 34 electronics design, 14 frequency response, 16 Monte Carlo simulation, 17 Multiple op-amps topologies, 41 Akerberg-Mossberg Topology, 42 Biquad Topology, 50 State-variable Topology, 44 Noise Reduction Techniques External, 77 internal, 76 Local, 78 Noise Sources, 69 Barkhausen noise, 72 Contact noise, 72 Coupling noise, 75 Crosstalk, 76 external, 73 Flicker noise, 71 Interfacing and cable noise, 76 internal, 70 local, 75 Partition noise, 73 Popcorn noise, 72 Power supply induced noise, 76 Shot noise, 71 thermal noise, 71 Transit time noise, 72 White noise, 70 Raman K Attri, 87 Sallen-Key Topology, 9 comparison, 33 electronics design, 10 frequency response, 11 Single op-amp topologies Active Twin-T Topology, 18 Modified Deliyannis Topology, 23 Multiple Feedback Topology, 13 Sallen-Key Topology. See Sallen-Key Topology State-variable Topology, 44 electronics design, 45 frequency response, 47 modified, 48 topologies filter design, 4 Two op-amps topologies Fliege Topology, 28 THE AUTHOR Raman K Attri is a corporate business researcher, learning strategist, and management consultant with a strong zeal to enable people to unravel human learning and performance. His international professional career spanned over 25 years across a range of disciplines such as scientific research, systems engineering, management consulting, training operations, academic & professional teaching, and learning design. He specializes in providing the competitive and strategic value to the organizations by accelerating time-toproficiency of employees through well-researched models. He holds a doctorate in business from Southern Cross University, Australia. A strong proponent of learning as the core of human success, he provides advisory on accelerated learning techniques which earned him over 60 educational credentials including doctorate degrees, three masters’ degrees and tens of international certifications. Despite an unfortunate permanent physical disability since childhood, he leveraged it to learn, research and test a range of “how to methods” to accelerate the rate of personal learning and professional performance at the workplace. He has published his methods in scholarly journals, blogs, and books and presented at leading international conferences. He also runs a non-profit consulting forum focused on researching and publishing strategies to accelerate speed to proficiency through networked researchers. Accelerated Performance for Accelerated Times Highly-specialized know-how, learning, and resources to solve challenges of ‘time’ and ‘speed’ in performance at organizational, professional and personal levels. 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