Elsevier

Cognition

Volume 29, Issue 3, August 1988, Pages 197-228
Cognition

Characteristics of developmental dyslexia

https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(88)90024-8Get rights and content

Abstract

The term dyslexia is applied both to the difficulty a child may experience in learning to read and to reading problems resulting from brain damage in previously normal adults. The present study is concerned with whether the pattern of reading performance of developmental dyslexic boys across different word types resembles any of the patterns observed with acquired dyslexic patients. Single word reading is studied in 32 dyslexic boys, 16 normal readers of equivalent age and 16 younger children of equivalent reading age to the dyslexics. Cluster analysis failed to reveal any difference in pattern of reading performance between dyslexics and younger children of equivalent reading age. Subsequent analysis concentrated on the effect on the reading by dyslexics and reading age controls of material selected so as to explore the importance of a range of variables that have proved to be diagnostic of one or other type of acquired dyslexia. Clear effects of lexicality were noted with non-words being harder to read than words. Words with irregular spelling were harder than regular words, long words somewhat harder than short, and words of late age-of-acquisition were harder than words acquired at an early age. All these effects applied equally to the dyslexics and the reading age control group. There was a weak effect of imageability that was not shown by the reading age controls, while no effect of part-of-speech or word frequency was found in any of the groups. Comparison with the pattern of errors shown by adult developmental dyslexics suggested some similarity with surface dyslexia. However the acquired dyslexics were even more similar to normal children of equivalent reading age.

Résumé

Le terme de dyslexie est appliqué indifféremment aux difficultés que peuvent éprouver les enfants qui apprennent à lire, et aux troubles de la lecture dus à des lésions neurologiques chez des adultes auparavant normaux. Le problème soulevé par cette étude est de savoir si les désordres de la lecture chez les enfants qui montrent une dyslexie au cours de leur développement, ressemblent à ceux observés chez les patients frappés accidentellement de dyslexie. La lecture de mots isolés est étudiée chez 32 enfants dyslexiques, 16 lecteurs normaux de même âge, et 16 enfants plus jeunes, mais d'un âge de lecture comparable aux enfants dyslexiques. Une analyse en composante principale ne révèle pas, pour la lecture, de différence dans les performances des dyslexiques et des enfants plus jeunes du même âge de lecture. Une analyse ultérieure se concentre sur une série de variables qui sont de bons indicateurs pour prédire chez l'adulte le type de dyslexie accidentelle. Un matériel sélectionné est utilisé sur les dyslexiques et les contrôles du même âge de lecture. Des effets clairs de lexicalité sont trouvés, les non-mots étant plus difficiles à lire que les mots. Les mots avec une orthographe irréguliére sont plus difficiles que les mots réguliers, les mots longs lègérement plus difficiles que les courts, et les mots acquis tardivement plus difficiles que les mots acquis â un âge précoce. Tous ces effets s'appliquent de façon égale aux dyslexiques et aux contrôles du même âge de lecture. Un faible effet de l'imageabilité n'est pas trouvé chez les contrôles, mais aucun des groupes ne montre d'effet de “partie du discours” ou d'effet de fréquence. En comparant avec le type d'erreurs trouvé dans les dyslexies accidentelles chez les adultes, ces données suggèrent des similarités avec la dyslexie de surface. Néanmoins, les enfantes dyslexiques sont encore plus semblables aux enfants normaux d'un âge de lecture équivalent.

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    We are grateful to the headmasters, staff and pupils of the Eddington School, Burtle, Somerset: Kings College School, St. Faiths School and Parkside Community College, Cambridge for their help, and to Ian Nimmo-Smith for statistical advice.

    ∗∗

    Now at the University of Aberdeen.

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