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Virtue Epistemology of Ernest Sosa

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 34, 1 - 29, 14.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.292618

Öz

In this article, I explore the views of Ernest Sosa, a living analytic philosopher who developed a
virtue epistemology out of the contemporary virtue ethics. Virtue theory in ethics is personbased
rather than act-based; and similarly virtue theory in epistemology is person-based rather
than belief/proposition-based. In this way, Sosa who has defended person-based theory of
justification with the aid of intellectual virtue, developed a theory that can be an alternative to
foundationalism, coherentism and post-Gettier problems. The theory is a refined version of
reliabilism and its roots can be traced back to Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes and Reid in classical
epistemology and it also basically depends on epistemology of Alvin Goldman in contemporary
epistemology. One of the most important features of this epistemology is refrain from dichotomies
such as foundationalism/coherentism and internalism/externalism and try to surpass
polarization by reconciling them. Finally, virtue epistemology of Sosa defends epistemology as a
normative discipline against Quineist radical naturalized epistemology.

Kaynakça

  • Alpyagil, Recep, “Virtue in Islam”, The Handbook of Virtue Ethics, Stan van Hooft (ed.),
  • Anscombe, G. E. M., “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy, 33 (1958).
  • Audi, Robert, “Intellectual Virtue and Epistemic Power”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics,
  • Ayten, Ali, Erdeme Dönüş: Psikoloji ve Mutluluk Yolu, İkinci Baskı, İstanbul: İz Yayıncı-lık, 2016.
  • Batak, Kemal, “Aristoteles’te Entelektüel Erdemler”, Felsefe Dünyası, Sayı 63 (2016).
  • _______, “Ernest Sosa ve Gettier Problemi”, Ethos, Sayı: 9 (2) (Temmuz, 2016).
  • _______, “Ernest Sosa’da Hayvani Bilgi ve Tefekküri Bilgi”, Kutadgubilig, Sayı: 32
  • _______, “Ernest Sosa’nın Temelci ve Bağdaşımcı Gerekçelendirme Eleştirisi”, FLSF (Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi), Sayı: 21 (2016).
  • _______, Felsefenin Sonu?: W. V. Quine, Doğallaştırılmış Epistemoloji ve A Priori
  • Feldman, Richard, “Foundational Justification”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • Epistemology: An Anthology, Ernest Sosa, Jaegwon Kim (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
  • Ernest Sosa, “Beyond Scepticism, to the Best of our Knowledge”, Mind, Sayı: 97, (1988).
  • Fumerton, Richard, “Achieving Epistemic Ascent”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • _______, “Sosa’s Epistemology”, Philosophical Issues, cilt 5, (1994).
  • Goldman, Alvin I., “A Causal Theory of Knowing”, The Journal of Philosophy, Cilt 64, (1967).
  • _______, “Reliabilism”, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version 1.0, London and
  • Greco, John, “Introduction: Motivations for Sosa’s Epistemology”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • _______, “Sosa, Ernest (1940- )”, The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, John
  • _______, “Virtue Epistemology”, A Companion to Epistemology, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, and Matthias Steup (ed.), İkinci Baskı, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • _______, “Virtues in Epistemology”, The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology, Paul K. Moser (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • _______, Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity,
  • Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E. P., Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A study in Moral Philosophy, Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1981.
  • Plantinga, Alvin, Warrant and Proper Function, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • _______, Warrant: The Current Debate, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Pritchard, Duncan, What is This Thing Called Knowledge, London: Routledge, 2010.
  • Roberts, Robert C.; Wood, W. Jay, Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Sosa, Ernest, “An Interview with Ernest Sosa in EPhilosopher”, http://www.ernestsosa.com/interviews.html, 31.08.2016.
  • _______, “Intellectual Virtue in Perspective”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Introduction: Back to Basics”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Knowledge and Intellectual Virtue”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Methodology and Apt Belief”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in
  • _______, “Reliabilism and Intellectual Virtue”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays
  • _______, “Reflective Knowledge in the Best Circles”, The Journal of Philosophy, 94 (1997).
  • _______, “Reply to Linda Zagzebski”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004
  • _______, “Sources and Acknowledgments”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “The Analysis of ‘Knowledge that p’”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “The Coherence of Virtue and the Virtue of Coherence”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “The Raft and Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 5, (1980).
  • _______, “The Raft and Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of
  • _______, “Theories of Justification: Old Doctrines Newly Defended”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Three Forms of Virtue Epistemology”, Knowledge, Belief, and Character:
  • Readings in Virtue Epistemology, Guy Axtell (ed.), Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000.
  • _______, “Twenty Epistemological Self-profiles: Ernest Sosa”, A Companion to Epistemology, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, and Matthias Steup (ed.), İkinci Baskı, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • _______, “Two False Dichotomies: Foundationalism/Coherentism and Internalism/Externalism”, Pyrrhonian Skepticism, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • _______, A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, cilt I, Oxford:
  • Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • _______, Reflective Knowledge: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume II, Oxford:
  • Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • teup, Matthias, “Sosa, Ernest (1940- )”, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Donald
  • M. Borchert (ed.), Detroit: Thomson and Gale, 2006.
  • Zagzebski, Linda, “Virtue Epistemology” Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version
  • 1.0, London and New York: Routledge (1998).
  • _______, Fairweather, Abrol, “Introduction”, Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic
  • Virtue and Responsibility, Linda Zagzebski, AbrolFairweather (ed.), Oxford:

ERNEST SOSA’NIN ERDEM EPİSTEMOLOJİSİ

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 34, 1 - 29, 14.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.292618

Öz

Öz

Bu  makalede  çağdaş  erdem  etiğinden  hareketle  bir  erdem  epistemolojisi  geliştiren  yaşayan 

analitik felsefecilerden Ernest Sosa’nın görüşlerini inceliyorum. Etikteki erdem teorisi fiil-temelli 

değil  kişi  temellidir;  benzer  şekilde,  epistemolojideki  erdem  teorisi de inanç/önerme temelli 

değil  kişi  temellidir.  Entelektüel  erdem  kavramıyla  kişi  temelli  gerekçelendirme  teorisi  savunan 

Sosa, bu yolla, temelciliğin, bağdaşımcılığın ve Gettier sonrası problemlerin alternatifi olabilecek 

bir teori geliştirmiştir. Kökleri klasik epistemolojide Aristoteles’te, Aquinas, Descartes ve Reid’de 

bulunabilecek,  çağdaş  epistemolojide  ise  temelde  Alvin  Goldman  epistemolojisine  dayanan  bu 

teori  güvenilirciliğin  arıtılmış  bir  versiyonudur.  Bu  epistemolojisinin  en  temel  özelliklerinden biri 

temelcilik/bağdaşımcılık,  içselcilik/dışsalcılık  gibi  dikotomilerden  kaçınması  ve  epistemolojideki 

kutuplaşmaları uzlaştırarak aşmaya çalışmasıdır. Son olarak, Sosa erdem epistemolojisi Quinecı 

radikal  doğallaştırılmış  epistemolojiye  karşı  epistemolojinin  normatif  bir  disiplin  olduğunu  savunur.

Kaynakça

  • Alpyagil, Recep, “Virtue in Islam”, The Handbook of Virtue Ethics, Stan van Hooft (ed.),
  • Anscombe, G. E. M., “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy, 33 (1958).
  • Audi, Robert, “Intellectual Virtue and Epistemic Power”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics,
  • Ayten, Ali, Erdeme Dönüş: Psikoloji ve Mutluluk Yolu, İkinci Baskı, İstanbul: İz Yayıncı-lık, 2016.
  • Batak, Kemal, “Aristoteles’te Entelektüel Erdemler”, Felsefe Dünyası, Sayı 63 (2016).
  • _______, “Ernest Sosa ve Gettier Problemi”, Ethos, Sayı: 9 (2) (Temmuz, 2016).
  • _______, “Ernest Sosa’da Hayvani Bilgi ve Tefekküri Bilgi”, Kutadgubilig, Sayı: 32
  • _______, “Ernest Sosa’nın Temelci ve Bağdaşımcı Gerekçelendirme Eleştirisi”, FLSF (Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi), Sayı: 21 (2016).
  • _______, Felsefenin Sonu?: W. V. Quine, Doğallaştırılmış Epistemoloji ve A Priori
  • Feldman, Richard, “Foundational Justification”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • Epistemology: An Anthology, Ernest Sosa, Jaegwon Kim (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
  • Ernest Sosa, “Beyond Scepticism, to the Best of our Knowledge”, Mind, Sayı: 97, (1988).
  • Fumerton, Richard, “Achieving Epistemic Ascent”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • _______, “Sosa’s Epistemology”, Philosophical Issues, cilt 5, (1994).
  • Goldman, Alvin I., “A Causal Theory of Knowing”, The Journal of Philosophy, Cilt 64, (1967).
  • _______, “Reliabilism”, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version 1.0, London and
  • Greco, John, “Introduction: Motivations for Sosa’s Epistemology”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
  • _______, “Sosa, Ernest (1940- )”, The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, John
  • _______, “Virtue Epistemology”, A Companion to Epistemology, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, and Matthias Steup (ed.), İkinci Baskı, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • _______, “Virtues in Epistemology”, The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology, Paul K. Moser (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • _______, Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity,
  • Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E. P., Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A study in Moral Philosophy, Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1981.
  • Plantinga, Alvin, Warrant and Proper Function, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • _______, Warrant: The Current Debate, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Pritchard, Duncan, What is This Thing Called Knowledge, London: Routledge, 2010.
  • Roberts, Robert C.; Wood, W. Jay, Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • Sosa, Ernest, “An Interview with Ernest Sosa in EPhilosopher”, http://www.ernestsosa.com/interviews.html, 31.08.2016.
  • _______, “Intellectual Virtue in Perspective”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Introduction: Back to Basics”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Knowledge and Intellectual Virtue”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Methodology and Apt Belief”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in
  • _______, “Reliabilism and Intellectual Virtue”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays
  • _______, “Reflective Knowledge in the Best Circles”, The Journal of Philosophy, 94 (1997).
  • _______, “Reply to Linda Zagzebski”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004
  • _______, “Sources and Acknowledgments”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “The Analysis of ‘Knowledge that p’”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “The Coherence of Virtue and the Virtue of Coherence”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “The Raft and Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 5, (1980).
  • _______, “The Raft and Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of
  • _______, “Theories of Justification: Old Doctrines Newly Defended”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • _______, “Three Forms of Virtue Epistemology”, Knowledge, Belief, and Character:
  • Readings in Virtue Epistemology, Guy Axtell (ed.), Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000.
  • _______, “Twenty Epistemological Self-profiles: Ernest Sosa”, A Companion to Epistemology, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, and Matthias Steup (ed.), İkinci Baskı, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • _______, “Two False Dichotomies: Foundationalism/Coherentism and Internalism/Externalism”, Pyrrhonian Skepticism, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • _______, A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, cilt I, Oxford:
  • Oxford University Press, 2007.
  • _______, Reflective Knowledge: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume II, Oxford:
  • Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • teup, Matthias, “Sosa, Ernest (1940- )”, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Donald
  • M. Borchert (ed.), Detroit: Thomson and Gale, 2006.
  • Zagzebski, Linda, “Virtue Epistemology” Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version
  • 1.0, London and New York: Routledge (1998).
  • _______, Fairweather, Abrol, “Introduction”, Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic
  • Virtue and Responsibility, Linda Zagzebski, AbrolFairweather (ed.), Oxford:
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kemal Batak

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Batak, Kemal. “ERNEST SOSA’NIN ERDEM EPİSTEMOLOJİSİ”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/34 (Aralık 2016), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.292618.

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