¹ Ker, Ian and Boggle, Joanna, John Henry Newman - A Saint for Our Times, YouTube Video (EWTN, 2019), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvoQHALV5DIGoogle Scholar 0:40. Ker himself emphasises ‘the’ in the interview.

² Pereiro, James, ‘Newman on Vatican II by Ian Ker’, The Catholic Historical Review 102, no. 3 (2016): p. 629CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

³ Ker, Ian, Newman on Vatican II (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁴ Ker, p. 159.

⁵ Ker, p. 160.

⁶ Ker, p. 40.

⁷ Ker, p. 125.

⁸ Ker, pp. 125–26.

⁹ I am indebted to Dr Peter Kwasniewski whose 2019 article, ‘Saint John Henry Newman, the Traditionalist’, gave me the impetus for this criticism and which has added to an emerging scholarship questioning the metanarrative of Newman as the Father of Vatican II. Kwansniewski, Peter, ‘Saint John Henry Newman, the Traditionalist’, New Liturgical Movement, 14 October 2019, http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2019/10/st-john-henry-newman-traditionalist.html.Google Scholar

¹⁰ It should also be noted that when discussing ‘Conciliar Liturgical reforms’ I am seeing the process beginning at the Council with Sacrosanctum Concilium and concluding with the Novus Ordo in 1969. I am aware that some scholars would argue for a separation of the two and for a broader historical scope for the process of reform. I, however, feel this is an appropriate historical scope as this paper's focus is upon Ker's Newman scholarship, not the liturgical reform itself.

¹¹ MacCulloch, Diarmaid, A History of Christianity - The First Three Thousand Years (London: Penguin, 2009), pp. 973–74Google Scholar. For a theological study of Sacrosanctum Concilium see: Jackson, Pamela E. J., ‘Theology of the Liturgy’, in Vatican II - Renewal within Tradition, ed. Lamb, Matthew L. and Levering, Matthew (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 101–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a historical study of Sacrosanctum Concilium see: O'Malley, John, What Happened at Vatican II (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), pp. 129–41Google Scholar. For a Traditionalist Catholic systematic criticism and rejection of the liturgical reform see: Rev. Cekada, Anthony, Work of Human Hands - A Theological Critique of the Mass of Paul VI (West Chester, Ohio: Philothea Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

¹² Ker, Newman on Vatican II, p. 125.

¹³ Newman, John Henry, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, 1878 Edition, fourteenth impression (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1909), p. 171, http://www.newmanreader.org/works/development/Google Scholar.

¹⁴ Ker, Newman on Vatican II, p. 125.

¹⁵ Ker, p. 125. The Oxford English Dictionary describes a ‘forerunner’ as someone ‘who runs before, esp. one sent to prepare the way and herald a great man's approach, a harbinger; also, a guide… That which foreruns or foreshadows something else; a prognostic or sign of something to follow.’ ‘Forerunner, n.’, in OED Online (Oxford University Press, September 2020), https://www-oed-com.bris.idm.oclc.org/view/Entry/73142?redirectedFrom=forerunner&Google Scholar.

¹⁶ See: Newman, John Henry, The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman. Vol. 19: Consulting the Laity: January 1859 to June 1861, ed. Dessain, Charles Stephen (Oxford: Oxford University Press - Oxford Scholarly Editions Online, 2016), p. 403, https://www-oxfordscholarlyeditions-com.bris.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/actrade/9780199200511.book.1/actrade-9780199200511-book-1Google Scholar.

¹⁷ Newman, p. 403n3. Newman's coldness should not be seen as a snub to Guéranger and his ideas. We can ascribe to Newman something of an Englishman of that generation's hostility to all things Gallic – Newman's youth coincided with the Napoleonic wars and their subsequent economic fallout which bankrupted his father. On the one hand Newman thought that ‘France, […] is truly La belle France in all externals. I am enchanted with it.’ Yet when it came to the meaning behind symbols, Newman ‘would not even look at the tricolour’. Newman, John Henry, Apologia Pro Vita Sua, ed. Ker, Ian (London: Penguin Books, 2004), p. 49Google Scholar.

¹⁸ Reid, Alcuin, OSB, The Organic Development of the Liturgy, Second Edition (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2005), p. 68Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Reid, OSB, p. 69.

²⁰ See: Parker, Kenneth L. and Shea, C. Michael, ‘The Roman Catholic Reception of the Essay on Development’, in Receptions of Newman, by Aquino, Frederick D. and King, Benjamin J. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 37 & 41, https://oxford-universitypressscholarship-com.bris.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687589.001.0001/acprof-9780199687589-chapter-3?rskey=YxVIgD&result=4Google Scholar.

²¹ Shea, C. Michael, Newman's Early Roman Catholic Legacy, 1845-1854 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 144, https://oxford-universitypressscholarship-com.bris.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/oso/9780198802563.001.0001/oso-9780198802563CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

²² I acknowledge that Newman's influence upon those who advocated, planned, and implemented liturgical reform in the 20^th century is an area in which a lot more research could be done. This paper is simply seeking to engage with Ker's argument. A more thorough examination could – I think – fruitfully explore this further.

²³ Becker, Werner, ‘Newman's Influence in Germany’, in The Rediscovery of Newman - An Oxford Symposium (London: Sheed and Ward, 1967), pp. 174–94Google Scholar.

²⁴ Bouyer, Louis, Newman - His Life and Spirituality - An Intellectual and Spiritual Biography of John Henry Newman (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2011)Google Scholar. This angle is, I acknowledge, highly tangential and in this form somewhat weak. I include it to show that there are potential links which open Newman on Vatican II’s argument to further criticism. Once COVID restrictions have subsided, access to the further resources necessary to develop this point should be possible.

²⁵ Ker, Newman on Vatican II, p. 7.

²⁶ Newman, John Henry, The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, Vol. 2: Tutor of Oriel: January 1827 to December 1831, ed. Ker, Ian T. and SJ, Thomas Gornall (Oxford: Oxford University Press - Oxford Scholarly Editions Online, 2016), p. 191, https://www-oxfordscholarlyeditions-com.bris.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/actrade/9780199201082.book.1/actrade-9780199201082-book-1Google Scholar.

²⁷ Ker, Ian, John Henry Newman: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2011), p. 339, https://www-oxfordscholarship-com.bris.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569106.001.0001/acprof-9780199569106Google Scholar.

²⁸ Ker, p. 339.

²⁹ Newman, John Henry, The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman. Vol. 12, Rome to Birmingham, January 1847 to December 1848, ed. Dessain, Charles Stephen (Oxford: Oxford University Press - Oxford Scholarly Editions Online, 2016), p. 220, https://www-oxfordscholarlyeditions-com.bris.idm.oclc.org/view/10.1093/actrade/9780199683369.book.1/actrade-9780199683369-book-1Google Scholar.

³⁰ Ker, John Henry Newman: A Biography, pp. 510–11.

³¹ Ker, p. 36.

³² Ker, p. 36.

³³ Lang, Uwe Michael, ‘‘The Most Joyful and Blessed Ordinance of the Gospel’: Saint John Henry Newman on the Liturgy’, Adoremus – Society for the Renewal of the Sacred Liturgy, 8 November 2019, https://adoremus.org/2019/11/08/the-most-joyful-and-blessed-ordinance-of-the-gospel-saint-john-henry-newman-on-the-liturgy/Google Scholar.

³⁴ Dessain, Charles Stephen, John Henry Newman, Third Edition (1st Edition, 1966) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 26Google Scholar.

³⁵ Newman, John Henry, On Worship, Reverence, & Ritual - A Selection of Texts, ed. Kwansniewski, Peter (Os Justi Press, 2019)Google Scholar.

³⁶ It could benefit – and I would be interested in a potential collaboration – from a commentary of the texts giving historical and theological context in the life of Newman and textural analysis of the texts themselves, something more akin to Newman, John Henry, John Henry Newman - A Portrait in Letters, ed. Strange, Roderick (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015)Google Scholar.

³⁷ Kwasniewski, Editor's Note to: Newman, On Worship, Reverence, & Ritual - A Selection of Texts, vii.

³⁸ ‘Sacrosanctum Concilium’, 4 December 1963, sec. 36, http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html.

³⁹ Newman, John Henry, Parochial and Plain Sermons, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1907), pp. 259–60, http://www.newmanreader.org/works/parochial/volume1/index.html#titlepageGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁰ Newman, Parochial and Plain Sermons, 1907, 1: p. 5.

⁴¹ Newman, John Henry Cardinal, The Idea of a University (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1925), p. 425–26Google Scholar.

⁴² ‘Sacrosanctum Concilium’, sec. 34.

⁴³ Newman, Parochial and Plain Sermons, 1907, 1:1p. 43–44.

⁴⁴ ‘Sacrosanctum Concilium’, sec. 1.

⁴⁵ Newman, John Henry, Parochial and Plain Sermons, vol. 3 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1907), 303–4, http://www.newmanreader.org/works/parochial/volume3/index.htmlGoogle Scholar. There are questions of whether or not Sacrosanctum Concilium was playing into a sense of liturgy become rationalist when it uses the word ‘suitable’. I do not want to delve into this here because it is a question for a study of Vatican II's liturgy reform rather than of Newman. Asking ourselves what would be Newman's position on this could be the subject of a paper in itself, which I acknowledge. I am simply seeking to show here that Newman does have relevance for this question and Ker has not addressed this in his study.

⁴⁶ Newman, Parochial and Plain Sermons, 1907, 3: p. 313.

⁴⁷ I am assuming this as the meaning of Sacrosanctum Concilium. I concede that some might oppose me on this, but I do not wish for this study of Newman to get bogged down into the debates over the Council's liturgical reforms.

⁴⁸ Ker, Newman on Vatican II, p. 125–26.

⁴⁹ For example, see: Cekada, Work of Human Hands - A Theological Critique of the Mass of Paul VI. The Society of X, Saint Pius, The Problem of the Liturgical Reform - A Theological and Liturgical Study (Kansas City, Missouri: Angelus Press, 2001)Google Scholar. Alfredo Cardinal Ottaviani, Antonio Cardinal Bacci, and A Group of Roman Theologians, The Ottaviani Intervention - Short Critical Study of the New Order of Mass, trans. Rev. Cekada, Anthony (West Chester, Ohio: Philothea Press, 2010)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Newman, John Henry, Parochial and Plain Sermons, vol. 2 (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1908), pp. 77–78, http://www.newmanreader.org/works/parochial/volume2/index.htmlGoogle Scholar.

⁵¹ Newman, John Henry, ‘Tract 3 - Thoughts Respectfully Addressed to the Clergy on Alterations in the Liturgy’, in Tracts for the Times (J.G. F. & J. Rivington, 1840), pp. 3–4, http://www.newmanreader.org/works/times/tract3.htmlGoogle Scholar.

⁵² See: Ostrowski, Jeff, ‘Why St. Josemaría Escrivá Only Celebrated The Extraordinary Form’, Corpus Christi Watershed, 4 August 2015, https://www.ccwatershed.org/2015/08/04/josemaria-escriva-celebrated-14962-missal/Google Scholar.