Skip to main content
Log in

Mating games: cultural evolution and sexual selection

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Biology & Philosophy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we argue that mating games, a concept that denotes cultural practices characterized by a competitive element and an ornamental character, are essential drivers behind the emergence and maintenance of human cultural practices. In order to substantiate this claim, we sketch out the essential role of the game’s players and audience, as well as the ways in which games can mature and turn into relatively stable cultural practices. After outlining the life phase of mating games – their emergence, rise, maturation, and possible eventual decline – we go on to argue that participation in these games (in each phase) does make sense from an adaptationist point of view. The strong version of our theory which proposes that all cultural practices are, or once were, mating games, allows us to derive a set of testable predictions for the fields of archaeology, economics, and psychology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aiello L., Dunbar R. (1993). Neocortex size, group size, and the evolution of language. Curr. Anthropol. 34:184–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander R.D. (1987). The Biology of Moral Systems. Aldine de Gruyter, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson M. (1994). Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekoff M., Byers J. (1981). A critical reanalysis of the ontogeny of mammalian social and locomotor play: an ethological hornet’s nest. In: Immelmann K., Barlow G., Main M., Petrinovich L. (eds) Behavioral Development. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 296–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Belsky J., Steinberg J., Draper P. (1991) Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: an evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Develop. 62:647–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boone J.L. (1998). The evolution of magnanimity: when is it better to give than to receive? Hum. Nature 9:1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandon R.N. (1990). Adaptation and Environment. Princeton University Press, Princeton (NJ)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss D.M. (1988). The evolution of human intrasexual competition: tactics of male attraction. J. Personality Social Psychol. 54:616–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss D.M., Schmitt D.P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychol. Rev. 100:204–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caillois R. (1961). Man, Play, and Games. Schocken Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinyabuguma M., Page T., Putterman L. (2005) Cooperation under the threat of expulsion in a public goods experiment. J. Public Econ. 89:1421–1435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier A. (1998). Mind, reality and politics. Radical Philos. 88:38–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronk L. (1999). That Complex Whole: Culture and the Evolution of Human Behavior. Westview Press, Boulder (CO)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins D. (2005). Dominance, status, and social hierarchies. In: Buss D. (ed) The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Wiley and sons, Hoboken (NJ), pp. 676–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C. (1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. John Murray, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Eibl-Ebesfeldt I. (1979). Ritual and ritualization from a biological perspective. In: Cranach M., von Foppa F. (eds) Human Ethology. Claims and Limits of a New Discipline. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagan B.M. (2004). The Long Summer. How Climate Changed Civilization. Basic books, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehr E., Fischbacher U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature 425:785–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman M.W., Laland K.N. (1996). Gene – culture coevolutionary theory. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:453–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freese L., Cohen B.P. (1973). Eliminating status generalization. Sociometry 36:177–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad S.W., Simpson J.A. (2000). The evolution of human mating: trade-offs and strategic pluralism. Behav. Brain Sci. 23:573–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner H. (1985). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Basic Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson R.M., Langen T.A. (1996). How do animals choose their mates? Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:468–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guttmann A. (1978). From Ritual to Record. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagen E.H., Bryant G.A. (2003). Music and dance as a coalition signaling system. Hum. Nature 14:21–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes K., Bliege Bird R. (2002) Showing off, handicap signaling, and the evolution of men’s work. Evol. Anthropol. 11:58–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen H., Gollwitzer P.M. (1987). Thought contents and cognitive functioning in motivational vs. volitional states of mind. Motiv. Emotion 11:101–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henrich J., Gil-White F.J. (2001) The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred status as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission. Evol. Hum. Behav. 22:165–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kasser T., Sharma Y.S. (1999). Reproductive freedom, educational equality, and females’ preference for resource-acquisition characteristics in mates. Psychol. Sci. 10: 374–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger D., Fisher M., Jobling I. (2003). Proper and dark heroes as dads and cads: alternative mating strategies in British romantic literature. Hum. Nature 14:305–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancy D.F. (1980). Play in species adaptation. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 9:471–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maher T.F. (1976). “Need for resolution” ratings for harmonic musical intervals: a comparison between Indians and Canadians. J. Cross-Cultural Psychol. 7/3:259–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manning J.T. (2002). Digit Ratio: A Pointer to Fertility, Behaviour, and Health. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick (NJ)

    Google Scholar 

  • Mealey L. (2000). Anorexia: a “losing strategy”? Hum. Nature 11:105–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller G. (2000). The Mating Mind. Doubleday, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mithen S.J. (2003) Handaxes: the first aesthetic artefacts. In: Voland E. (ed) Evolutionary Aesthetics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 261–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Neiman F.D. 1997. Conspicuous consumption as wasteful social advertising: a Darwinian perspective on spatial patterns in Classic Maya terminal monument dates. In: Clarke G. and Barton M. (eds), Rediscovering Darwin: Evolutionary Theory in Archaeological Explanation. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 7: 267–290

  • O’Connor L.E. (2000). Pathogenic beliefs and guilt in human evolution: Implications for psychotherapy. In: Gilbert P., Bailey K. (eds) Genes on the Couch: Explorations in Evolutionary Psychotherapy. Brunner-Routledge, London, pp. 276–303

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohler P., Nieding G. (2005). Sexual selection, evolution of play and entertainment. J. Cultural Evol. Psychol. 3:141–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richerson P.J., Boyd R. (2005). Not By Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts J.M., Arth M., Bush J.J. (1959). Games in culture. Am. Anthropol. 59:597–605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rue L.D. (1994). By the Grace of Guile: The Role of Deception in Natural History and Human Affairs. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith E.A. (2000) Three styles in the evolutionary analysis of human behavior. In: Cronk L., Chagnon N., Irons W. (eds) Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective. Aldine de Gruyter, New York, pp. 27–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith M.J., Harper D.G.C. (1995). Animal signals: models and terminology. J. Theor. Biol. 177:305–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spinka M., Newberry R.C., Bekoff M. (2001). Mammalian play: training for the unexpected. Quart. Rev. Biol. 76:141–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tooby J., Cosmides L. (1992) The psychological foundations of culture. In: Barkow J.H., Cosmides L., Tooby J. (eds) The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 19–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend J.M., Levy G.D. (1990). Effects of potential partners’ physical attractiveness and socioeconomic status on sexuality and partner selection. Arch. Sexual Behav. 19:149–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivers R.L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Campbell B. (ed) Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man 1871–1971. Aldine Publishing, Chicago, IL, pp. 136–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivers R.L. (1991) Deceit and self-deception: the relationship between communication and consciousness. In: Robinson M., Tiger L. (eds) Man and Beast Revisited. Smithsonian, Washington, pp. 175–191

    Google Scholar 

  • van Zoonen L. (2004). Imaging the fan democracy. Eur. J. Commun. 19:39–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Virvou M., Katsionis G., Manos K. (2005). Combining software games with education: evaluation of its educational effectiveness. Educ. Technol. Soc. 8:54–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Widemo F., Saether S.A. (1999). Beauty is in the eye of the beholder: causes and consequences of variation in mating preferences. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14:26–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zadro L., Williams K.D., Richardson R. (2005) Riding the ’O’ train: comparing the effect of ostracism and verbal dispute on targets and sources. Group Process. Intergroup Relat. 8:125–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahavi A. (1975). Mate selection: a selection for a handicap. J. Theor. Biol. 53:205–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. De Block.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

De Block, A., Dewitte, S. Mating games: cultural evolution and sexual selection. Biol Philos 22, 475–491 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-006-9041-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-006-9041-y

Key words

Navigation