Skip to main content
Log in

The Paradox of Power in CSR: A Case Study on Implementation

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose Although current literature assumes positive outcomes for stakeholders resulting from an increase in power associated with CSR, this research suggests that this increase can lead to conflict within organizations, resulting in almost complete inactivity on CSR. Methods A Single in-depth case study, focusing on power as an embedded concept. Results Empirical evidence is used to demonstrate how some actors use CSR to improve their own positions within an organization. Resource dependence theory is used to highlight why this may be a more significant concern for CSR. Conclusions Increasing power for CSR has the potential to offer actors associated with it increased personal power, and thus can attract opportunistic actors with little interest in realizing the benefits of CSR for the company and its stakeholders. Thus power can be an impediment to furthering CSR strategy and activities at the individual and organizational level.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abel, C. (2005). Beyond the Mainstream: Foucault, Power and Organization Theory. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 8(4), 495–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, A. and Rachman-Moore, D. (2004). The Methods Used to Implement an Ethical Code of Conduct and Employee Attitudes. Journal of Business Ethics 54, 225–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera, R. and Cuervo-Cazurra, A. 2004. Codes of Good Governance Worldwide: What is the Trigger?. Organization Studies, 25(3), 415–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilera, R., Rupp, D., Williams, C. and Ganapathi, J. (2007). Putting the S Back in Corporate Social Responsibility: A Multilevel Theory of Social Change in Organizations, Academy of Management Journal, 32(3), 836–863

    Google Scholar 

  • Atwater, L. (1995). The Relationship Between Supervisory Power and Organizational Characteristics. Group & Organization Management, 20(4), 460–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. (2001). Selecting a Research Methodology. The Marketing Review, 1, 373–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. (2002). Research Methods. The Marketing Review, 3, 167–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloodgood, J. and Morrow, J. (2003). Strategic Organizational change: Exploring the Roles of Environmental Structure, Internal conscious Awareness and Knowledge. Journal of Management Studies, 40(7), 1761–1782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blowfield, M. (2004). Implementation Deficits of Ethical Trade Systems. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 13, 77–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonoma, T. (1985). Case Research in Marketing: Opportunities, Problems, and a Process. Journal of Marketing Research, 22, 199–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, B. (1990). Corporate Linkages and Organizational Environment: A Test of the Resource Dependence Model. Strategic Management Journal, 11, 419–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burrell, G., and Morgan, G. (1979). Sociological Paradigms and Organisational Analysis. England: Gower Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Campling, J. and Mitchelson, G. (1998). A Strategic Choice-Resource Dependence Analysis of Union Mergers in the British and Australian Broadcasting and Film Industries. Journal of Management Studies, 35(5), 579–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, Y. and Faulkner, D. (2004). Corporate Social Responsibility: A Stages Framework. European Business Journal, 16(4), 143–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Casciaro, T. and Jan Piskorski, M. (2005). Power Imbalance, Mutual Dependence, and Constraint Absorption: A Closer Look at Resource Dependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 167–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Corcoran, D. and Shackman, J. (2007). A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Strategic Value of Beyond Compliance Occupational Health and Safety Programs. Journal of Business Strategies, 24(1), 49–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, J. (2005). Experiences with Structuring Corporate Social Responsibility in Dutch Industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 583–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, A. (2000). Corporate Greening as Amoralization. Organization Studies, 21(4), 673–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daily, C. and Dalton, D. (1994). Corporate Governance and the Bankrupt Firm: An Empirical Assessment. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 643–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. (1973). The Case for and Against Business Assumption of Social Responsibilities. Academy of Management Journal, 16(2), 312–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • EFQM: n.d., ‹The EFQM Excellence Model. European Foundation for Quality Management’, www.efqm.org/Default.aspx?tabid=35. Accessed 29 June 2005

  • Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkington, J. (1997). Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of 21 st Century Business. Oxford: Capstone

    Google Scholar 

  • Faubion, J. (ed.): 1994, Michel Foucault: Power (The New Press, New York, NY)

  • Fiol, C., O’Connor, E. and Aguinis, H. (2001). All for One and One for All? The Development and Transfer of Power Across Organizational Levels. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 224–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, J. and Raven, B. (1959). The Basis of Social Power. In Cartwright, D. (ed) Studies in Social Power (pp. 150–167). Ann Arbour Michigan: University of Michigan Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenkel, S. (2001). Globalization, Athletic Footwear Commodity Chains and Employment Relations in China. Organization Studies, 22(4), 531–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frooman, J. (1999). Stakeholder Influence Strategies. Academy of Management Review, 24(2), 191–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furnham, A. (2005). The Psychology of Behaviour at Work: The Individual in the Organization (2e). East Sussex, England: Psychology Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Gales, L. and Kesner, I. (1994). An Analysis of Board of Director Size and Composition in Bankrupt Organizations. Journal of Business Research, 30, 271–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garavan, T., Barnicle, B., and Hearty, N. (1993). The Training and Development Function: Its Search for power and Influence in Organizations. Journal of European Industrial Training, 17(7), 22–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garriga, E. and Mele, D. (2004). Corporate Social Responsibility Theories: Mapping the Territory. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 51–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaventa, J. and Cornwall, A. (2001). Power and Knowledge. In Reason, P. and Bradbury, H. (eds) (2001). The Handbook of Action Research. London, England: Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, B. and Strauss, A. (1967). Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Edison NJ: Aldine Transaction

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. (2005), An Empirical Investigation into the Power Behind Empowerment. Organization Management Journal, 2(3), 144–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Government of Canada: 2006, ‹Corporate Social Responsibility: An Implementation Guide for Canadian Business’, Government of Canada, Ottawa. http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/incsr-rse.nsf/vwapj/CSR_mar2006.pdf/$FILE/CSR_mar2006.pdf. Accessed 04 July 2006

  • Greening, D. and Gray, B. (1994). Testing a Model of Organizational Response to Social and Political Issues. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 467–498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamann, R. and Acutt, N. (2003). How Should Civil Society (and the Government) Respond to ‹Corporate Social Responsibility’? A Critique of Business Motivations and the Potential for Partnerships. Development South Africa, 20(2), 255–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, C. and Leiba-O’Sullivan, S. (1998). The Power Behind Empowerment: Implications for Research and Practice. Human Relations, 51(4), 451–483

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, A., Cannella, A. and Paetzold, R. (2000). The Resource Dependence Role of Corporate Directors: Strategic Adaptation of Board Composition in Response to Environmental Change. Journal of Management Studies, 37(2), 235–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, S. (2003). How Brands Can Change the World. Brand Management, 10(4–5), 370–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Hingley, M. (2005). Power to all our friends? Living with imbalance in supplier-retailer relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 34, 848–858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosking, D. and Morley, I. (1991). A Social Psychology of Organizing. Hemel Hempstead UK: Wheatsheaf

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrebiniak, L. and Joyce, W. (1985). Organizational Adaptation: Strategic Choice and Environmental Determinism. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 336–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, P., Pinkley, R. and Fragale, A. (2005). Power Dynamics in Negotiation. Academy of Management Review, 30(4), 799–822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kipnis, D., Schmidt, S. M., and Wilkinson, I. (1980). Intraorganizational Influence Tactics: Explorations in Getting One’s Way. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(4), 440–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotter, J.: 1977, ‹Power, Dependence, and Effective Management’, Harvard Business Review 55(6) July/August, 125–136

  • Kumar, N. (2005). The Power of Power in Supplier-retailer Relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 34, 863–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Labour Behind the Label: n.d., ‹Company Codes of Conduct: What Do They Mean for Workers in the Garment and Sportswear Industries?’, Labour Behind the Label. www.labourbehindthelabel.org/publications/codesbriefingpaper.doc. Accessed 17 March 2004

  • Lueger, M., Sandner, K., Meyer, R. And Hammerschmid, G. (2005). Contextualizing Influence Activities: An Objective Hermeutical Approach. Organization Studies, 26(8), 1145–1168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lukes, S. (1974). Power a Radical View. London, England: Macmillian Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Maignan, I., Ralston, D. (2002). Corporate Social Responsibility in Europe and the U.S.: Insights from Businesses’ Self-Presentations. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(3), 497–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mamic, I. (2004). Implementing Codes of Conduct: How Businesses Manage Social Performance in Global Supply Chains. London, England: Greenleaf Publishing

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason. J. (2002). Qualitative Interviewing: Asking, Listening and Interpreting. In May, T. (ed), Qualitative Research in Action (pp. 225–241). London, England: Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, E. (2000). Business Psychology and Organizational Behaviour. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall

    Google Scholar 

  • Meehan, J., Meehan, K. and Richards, A. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility: the 3C-SR Model. International Journal of Social Economics, 33(5/6), 386–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mintzberg, H. (1979). An Emerging Strategy of ‹Direct’ Research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24, 582–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power In and Around Organizations. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, B., and Huberman A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Source Book (2e). Thousand Oaks California: Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M.: 1999, The Challenge of Implementing Codes of Conduct in Local Government Authorities. Paper Presented at 9th International Anti-Corruption Conference, 10–15 October, Durban, South Africa

  • Newell, P. (2005). Citizenship, Accountability and Community: the Limits of the CSR Agenda. International Affairs, 81(3), 541–557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, A. (1973). The Politics of Organizational Decision-making. London, England: Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, A. (1977). Strategy Formation as a Political Process. International Studies of Management and Organization, 7(2), 78–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, S. (2000). Ethnography and Grounded Theory: A Happy Marriage?. Advances in Consumer Research, 27, 256–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in Organizations. Marshfield, MA: Pitman

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, J. and G. Salancik: 1978/2003, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective (Stanford University Press, Stanford, California)

  • Ragins, B. (1997). Diversified Mentoring Relationships in Organizations: A Power Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 22(2), 482–521

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, L. and Swan, J. (1997). Unexcercised Channel Power Related to the Costs of Using Different Types of Power Sources. The Journal of Marketing Management, 7(2), 56–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Salancik, G. and J. Pfeffer: 1977, ‹Who Gets Power – And How They Hold on to It: A Strategic-Contingency Model of Power’, Organizational Dynamics 5, 2–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz, R. & Tietje, O. (2002). Embedded Case Study Methods: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Knowledge. London, England: Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwandt, T. (2000). Three Epistemological Stances for Qualitative Inquiry: Interpretivism, Hermeneutics, and Social Constructionism. In Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. (eds.), The Handbook of Qualitative Research (2 nd ed.) (pp. 189–213). London, England: Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, S. P. (2002). Standards for Corporate Conduct in the International Arena: Challenges and Opportunities for Multinational Corporations. Business and Society Review, 107(1), 20–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spiggle, S. (1994). Analysis and Interpretation of Qualitative Data in Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research, 21, 491–503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • Toren, C. (1996). Ethnography: Theoretical Background. In Richardson, J. (ed), Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Psychology and the Social Sciences. Leicester, England: The British Psychological Society

    Google Scholar 

  • van Maanen, J. (1988). Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • van Marrewijk, M., Wuisman, I., De Cleyn, W., Timmers, J., Panapanaan, V. and Linnanen, L. (2004). A Phase-wise Development Approach to Business Excellence: Towards an Innovative, Stakeholder-oriented Assessment Tool for Organizational Excellence and CSR. Journal of Business Ethics, 55, 83–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veser, M. (2004). The Influence of Culture on Stakeholder Management: Social Policy Implementation in Multinational Corporations. Business & Society, 43(4), 426–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinten, G. (1994). Participant Observation: A Model for Organizational Investigation?. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 9(2), 30–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vredenburgh, D. and Brender, Y. (1988). The Hierarchical Abuse of Power in Organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 17, 1337–1347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1947). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York, NY: Free Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitmeyer, J. (2001). Measuring Power in Exchange Networks. Sociological Perspectives, 44(2), 141–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Windsor, D. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility: Three Key Approaches. Journal of Management Studies, 43(1), 93–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, G., Svensson, G., Singh, J., Carasco, E., and Callaghan, M. (2004). Implementing the Ethos of Corporate Codes of Ethics: Australia, Canada and Sweden. Business Ethics: A European Review, 13(4), 389–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (3rd ed.). London, England: Sage

    Google Scholar 

  • Yukl, G. and Falbe, C. (1991). Importance of Different Power Sources in Downward and Lateral Relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(3), 416–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yukl, G. and Tracey, J. B. (1992). Consequences of Influence Tactics Used with Subordinates, Peers and the Boss. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(4), 525–535

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Krista Bondy.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bondy, K. The Paradox of Power in CSR: A Case Study on Implementation. J Bus Ethics 82, 307–323 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9889-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9889-7

Keywords

Navigation