Abstract
The thesis of this paper is that religion has stemmed from man’s consciousness of Time, and that his reaction to Time has found a variety of expression, including the deification of Time.1
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References
Many aspects of this study are dealt with at length and with full documentation by the author in his book History, Time and Deity, published by Manchester University Press, 1965, and abbreviated here HTD. See also his contribution entitled ‘Time and the Destiny of Man’, in The Voices of Time, ed. J. T. Fraser, New York; Braziller (1966), and chapter 4 of his Religion in Ancient History, New York: Scribners (1969).
On other aspects of Palaeolithic Man’s conscious of Time cf. HTD, pp. 13–18.
Cf. HTD, pp. 5–10.
Cf. HTD, pp. 12 ff., 206–210.
On the ancient Egyptian conception of death cf. Brandon, The Personification of Death, in the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library. Vol. 43 (Manchester 1961), pp. 318–22, 333–5
Sander-Hansen, C. E.: Der Begriff des Todes bei den Ägyptern (Copenhagen 1942), pp. 8–9
Sander-Hansen, C. E.: Der Begriff des Todes bei den Ägyptern (Copenhagen 1942), pp. 28–9
Zandee, J.: Death as an Enemy according to Ancient Egyptian Conception (Leiden 1960), pp.23, 185 (B. 9 b).
Cf. Brandon: Man and his Destiny in the Great Religions (Manchester: University-Press 1962) pp. 35 ff.
Cf. Brandon: The Ritual Technique of Salvation in the ancient Near East, in: The Saviour God, ed. S. G. F. Brandon (Manchester University Press 1963), where documentation is given.
Cf. Bonnet, H.: Reallexikon der aegyptischen Religionsgeschichte (Berlin 1952), pp. 257–60, 833–34.
Buck, A. de: The Egyptian Coffin Texts II (Chicago 1935), 93
cf. M. Guilmot in Revue de l’histoire des religions, CLXXV (1969), pp. 15–16.
Cap. 2 xiv. 2, Papyrus of Nebensi. In: Budge, E. A. W.: The Book of the Dead. Text I (London 1898), p. 177. Cf. Allen, T. G.: The Egyptian Book of the Dead (University of Chicago Press 1960), pp. 137, 139
Brandon, HTD, pp. 4, 24, 30 n. L: Morenz, S.: Aegyptische Religion (Stuttgart 1960), pp. 74–84.
Cf. HTD, p. 56 and Fig. 3.
Cf. Piankoff, A.: The Shrines of Tut-Ankh-Arnon (New York 1962), pp. 14–15.
Translated by J. A. Wilson in Ancient Near Eastern Texts, ed. J. B. Pritchard (Princeton University Press 1955), p. 467 a.
Cf. Breasted, J. H.: The Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (London 1912) pp. 179–81.
Cf. Brandon: Man and His Destiny, pp. 74 ff., with relevant documentation.
Cf. Brandon: Creation Legends of the Ancient Near East (London 1963), pp. 91 ff.
Cf. Saggs, H. W. F.: The Greatness that was Babylon (London 1962), pp. 490–1
Meissner, B.: Babylonien und Assyrien; II (Heidelberg 1925), pp. 256–7.
HTD, pp. 167 ff.
I Cor. ii: 6–8.
Cf. Zaehner, R. C.: Zurvān: a Zoroastrianism Dilemma (Oxford 1955), pp. 20, 88
Duchesne-Guillemin, J.: Symbolik des Parsismis (Stuttgart 1961), pp. 36–40.
Cited by Damascius (Dubitationes et solutiones de Principis, c. 125 bis; In: Bidez, J., Cumont, Fr.: Les Mages hellénisés (Paris 1938), II, pp. 69 (15–70). Cf. HTD, p. 38.
Cf. Bidez-Cumont, I, p. 66; Zaehner: Zurvān, pp. 20, 49.
Cf. Widengren, G.: Hochgottglauben im alten Iran (Lund 1938), p. 274.
Cf. Zaehner: Zurvān, pp. 419–37.
Cf. Zaehner: Zurvān, pp. 57, 87; Duchesne-Guillemin: Symbolik, p. 37; Biancho, U.: Zaman i Ohrmazd (Torino 1958), pp. 99–100.
Cf. HTD, pp. 43–5. See also Campbell, L. A.: Mithraic Iconography (1968), pp. 348–57.
De hide et Otsiride, 46. Cf. Duchesne-Guillemin: Symbolik, p. 88; Brandon HTD pp. 45–6.
Cf. HTD, pp. 47–52.
Surah XIV. 23–4.
Cf. Sasse, H.: In: Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, I, 195; HTD, pp. 55ff.
Cf Sasse in op. cit., I, 197–200; Kleine Pauly, I (1962) 104.
Cf. HTD, p. 60.
B.-G., IX. 19, X. 34.
B.-G., XL 32. Cf. HTD., pp. 31–2.
Cf. Zimmer, H.: Mythus and Symbols in Indian Art und Civilisation (New York 1962), pp. 151–7.
Cf. Zimmer, pp. 135, 155.
Cf. Zimmer, pp. 148–51; Gonda, J.: Die Religionen Indiens I (Stuttgart 1960), p. 261
Cf. Zimmer, pp. 211–12; Eliade, M.: Images and Symbols (E. T., London 1961), pp. 64–5.
Cf. HTD, pp. 36–7 and Plate III.
Cf.HTA, pp.97 ff.
I, 3–4; trans. Radhakrishnan, S.: The Principal Upanisads (London 1953), pp. 796–7.
Cf. Dasgupta, S.: A History of Indian Philosophy I (Cambridge I), pp. 54–7; Gonda, I, pp. 206–8.
III, 11.3; trans, Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanisads (London 1953), p. 386.
Cf. HTD, Plate XII; Man and his Destiny, pp. 336 ff.
Udāna, VIII. 1, trans. Thomas, E. J.: Early Buddhist Scriptures (London 1935), p. 110. Cf. Coomarasuamy, A. K.: Time and Eternity (Ascona 1947), pp. 37, 47.
Cf. HTD, chapters V and VI.
Cf. HTD, pp. 207–8.
On the various conceptions of Kronos cf. Kleine Pauly, III (1968), pp. 355–64.
Cf. Seznec, J.: La survivance des dieux antiques (London 1940), pp. 50 ff., Plates xxii (45), xxix (61), xxx (64), xxxii (67).
Cf.Panofsky, E.: Studies in Iconology (New York, 1962), pp. 73–4,77, 82; Plates xxi-x2.
vi: 7–8.
Cf. HTD, pp. 61–2.
Cf. HTD, Plate VIII.
Cf. Panofsky, chapter III.
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Brandon, S.G.F. (1972). The Deification of Time. In: Fraser, J.T., Haber, F.C., Müller, G.H. (eds) The Study of Time. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65387-2_27
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