¹ See B.S.A. xiv. pp. 226–318, J.H.S. xxix. pp. 308–353. We include also five vases from our unpublished graves 3, 2, and 5; 3 belongs to our Group A, 2 and 5 to our Group B (B.S.A. xiv. pp. 305–7).

² Our figures deal with 416 vases (including the 112 from Rhitsóna but not vases without turned-in rim of n. 104, nor certain others where we have no exact details (n. 18 and 27)). They cannot hope to be exhaustive, and we shall be grateful to he informed of vases we have missed and of new acquisitions. We wish to acknowledge the courtesy of the Museum Directors from whom we have sought information either personally or by correspondence at Athens (Nat. Mus.), Bari, Berlin, Bologna, Bonn, Boston, British Museum, Brussels (Mus. du Cinquantenaire), Cambridge (Fitzwilliam), Candia, Cassel, Copenhagen, Corneto, Dresden, Dublin (Nat. Mus.), Eleusis, Geneva, Genoa, Lausanne, Leeds, Leiden (Ryks Mus. van Oudheden), Manchester (Ancoats Art Museum), Milan, Munich, Naples, Odessa, Oxford (Ashmolean), Paris (Cabinet des Médailles and Louvre), Parma, Rouen, Ruvo, St. Petersburg, Schimatári, Syracuse, Thebes, Thera, Trieste, Turin, Würzburg.

³ Ἐϕ. Ἀρχ. 1899, p. 234.

⁴ Except for a short paragraph by Dragendorff, (Thera ii. pp. 117–8Google Scholar, substance given below, p. 86 § 1), there are only obiter dicta of Löschcke's, and Böhlau's, for it (ion. Nek. p. 39Google Scholar) and of Pernice's (op. cit. p. 61, n. 5) against it.

⁵ The name Kothon, is admittedly wrong: cp. Athen. xi. p. 483Google Scholar, κώθων, Λακωνικὸν ποτήριον. One cannot drink out of an unspillable inkpot. For origin and full discussion of mistake see Pernice, , Jahrb. 1899, pp. 60, 61Google Scholar.

⁶ Five A. II. vases (Thebes, not Rhitsóna, unnumbered; Lausanne, 3685; Syracuse, 2 from Akrae; Brit. Mus. A 1567), and 1 A. I. (Brussels, Mus. du Cinq. A 252) are exhibited with lids, though none of them can be proved to belong. Two A. II. (Dresden 176 and unnumbered) were once exhibited with lids now rightly removed. One A. III. at Candia, (B.S.A. xii. p. 32Google Scholar) is said to have had a lid now lost. The external evidence is here weak, and in most cases the internal also. The Brit. Mus. vase (as also Bari 2921) has a moulding round month, but scarcely such as might keep a lid in position. Even if these lids all belonged, the ratio would still be 278 to 9. Rhitsóna, with its 86 lidless A. II. vases, sufficiently establishes the character of the type.

⁷ Berlin F 1108 (Nola), F 1109 (Corneto), F 1110 (Nola), F 1111 (Nola), V. I. 3328 (Attica), V. I. 3706 (Rhodes); Brit. Mus. A 1387 (Kameiros), A 1388 (?); Brussels, Mus. du Cinq. A 252 (?); Candia 2067 F (Praesos); Copenhagen, unnumbered (?); Naples 85840 (Cumae), 85847 (Cumae); Oxford, Ashmolean, 121 (Kameiros); Paris, Louvre, A 431 (Rhodes); St. Petersburg Inv. 2735 (?); Syracuse, five unnumbered (Syracuse, Gela (Sep. 81), Akrae, Akrae, Akrae); Würzburg, H. 4228 (?) [? = uncertain provenance].

⁸ For what are perhaps remains of suspensory wire in one example see Pernice, , Jahrb. 1899, p. 63Google Scholar, n. 11, who, however, apparently thinks they belong to a metal handle.

⁹ Two partly, one not; also Berlin F 1109, two bored, one not; Oxford, one partly, two not; Syracuse (Gela), one bored, two not. See below, n. 168. One example (Candia 2067) has three attachments, and what is apparently, to judge from a cast kindly sent us by Dr.Hatzidakis, , remains of an A. II. handle. [Un doubtedly so, pace B.S.A. xii. p. 34Google Scholar, R.M.B., Candia, 1.4.'11.

¹⁰ Cp., however, Fig. 2 and similar Syracuse from Gela; Würzburg (white circles); Berlin, V.I. 3328 (rays), F 1110 (white lines and zigzags), F 1109 (animals); Oxford (plain).

¹¹ Bari Museum has 2; Berlin 8 (3 Kameiros, 1 Bari); Bologna 1; Bonn 2 (1 Thebes); Boston, Mus. of Fine Arts, 2 (1 Plataea); Brit. Mus. 12 (5 Kameiros, 1 Rhodes); Brussels, Mus. du Cinq. 1; Cambridge, Fitzwilliam, 1 (Boeotia); Cassel 1 (Samos); Copenhagen 3 (1 Cumae, 1 Corinth?); Dresden 2; Dublin, Nat. Mus., 1; Eleusis 1; Geneva 5 (4. Thebes, 1 Lake Copais); Lausanne 1 (S. Italy); Leiden 2 (1 Athens); Manchester, Ancoats Art Mus., 1, Priv. Coll. 1; Milan, Castello Mus., 1 ( Agrigentum?); Munich, Alt. Pin., 4; Naples 9 (8 Cumae); Odessa 1 (Olbia); Oxford 3 (2 Kameiros); Paris, Louvre, 6 (3 Rhodes, 1 Nola); Rouen 1 (Coll. Campana); Ruvo 1; St. Petersburg 4 (2 Kertseh, 1 Olbia); Coll. Scheuerleer 1 (Argos); Schimatári 28 (all Tanagra or district); Syracuse 41 (36 Akrae, 2 S. Mauro, 2 Gela, 1 Megara Hyblaea); Thebes 87 (86 Rhitsóna); Thera 6; Trieste 1; Turin 1; Upsala, Coll. Kjellberg, 1; Würzburg 1.

¹² Flat sectioned in all but a few round sectioned (cp. A. III.) examples such as Syracuse (from Akrae), where also the extremities are smaller, and Brit. Mus. A 1013, unusually decorated with rings of white dots and thin bands of white on heavy black and purple bands.

¹³ Brit. Mus. A 1570.

¹⁴ Rhitsóna, Grave 5, Nos. 16 and 17.

¹⁵ Exceptions to buff ground are Brit. Mus. A 1624 (Kameiros) and Bonn 806 (Thebes) and 1619, where it is red.

¹⁶ Eleven combine two of these three motives. Further variants (only two or three existing of each) are: zigzags; wavy lines; meanders; knotted rope as in ‘Cyronaio’ (Bonn 1519; Geneva, H.O. 0775, along with rays, zigzags, and pothooks; Manchester, Ancoats Art Mus.; Syracuse from Akrae); swastika (Paris, Louvre, E.D. 1264); rosettes; palmettes (Bonn 806); open and shut lotus buds (Brit. Mus. A 1568; Dublin, Nat. Mus., 310–03); spirals (Brit. Mus. A 1567). Of the 86 Rhitsóna A. II., 83 have either plain bands or the three main motives or their combinations; 2 (Graves 31, No. 141, and 26, No. 76), rings of dots and short cross lines; 1 (Grave 49, No. 245) check pattern.

¹⁷ Brit. Mus. A 1039; Brussels, Mus. du Cinq., R 216; Cassel, (ion. Nek. p. 39)Google Scholar; Paris, Louvre, E 551; St. Petersburg, Steph. V. I. 171; Syracuse 3 examples (Akrae).

¹⁸ Bari Museum has 7; Bologna 1; Brit. Mus. 1; Candia 2 (Praesos, ; B.S.A. xii. p. 28Google Scholar, Fig. 3 and p. 32; ib. p. 25, Fig. 1 and p. 27); Lausanne 1; Leeds, Municipal Museum, 1; Leiden 1; Naples 2; Paris, Louvre, 1; Ruvo 1; Syracuse 6 (Lic. Eub. 2, Syrac. 2, Gela 1, Meg. Hyb. 1); also Nauplia, numerous miniature vases from Hera dedication at Tiryns.

¹⁹ Syracuse, , Megara Hyblaea Sep. 165 figured Mon. Ant. i. p. 863Google Scholar, diam. ·18 m., and Gela, , Sep. 49 Mon. Ant. xvii. p. 45Google Scholar, diam. ·08.

²⁰ In A. II. normal depth of inner rim is from ·40 to ·50 of total inner depth; in characteristic A. III. vases, only ·30; in 4 A. III. (Bari 212, Leeds, Louvre A 408, Kuvo 105) less than ·25.

²¹ Louvre, A. 408, diam. ·09 m., dep. ·03, int. rim ·006; reproduced with M. Pottier's kind permission.

²² Bari, 1674, Bologna No. Univ. 760Google Scholar, Leiden II. 113, Naples 83558.

²³ The name πλημοχόη suggested tor this class by Rayet (cat. of his own collection) and adopted by Pottier, (Lécylhes Blancs, p. 67)Google Scholar is certainly wrong. Pottier suggests that the turned-in rim allowed only the purest part of the liquid to be poured out. In point of fact it prevents any pouring out at all. The name σμηγματοθήκη (suggested B.M., Cat. Vases iii. p. 407Google Scholar) would not be inappropriate on the toilet vase theory (see below, p. 86) but only supposing the σμῆγμα to be solid, and not liquid (see below, ibid.).

²⁴ Extant in 42 out of 52 where facts are sure; all, excluding toy vase, have a ledge for one. Cp., however, Athens vases, p. 78, n. 44.

²⁵ Rhitsóna, Grave 31, No. 157, greatest diam. ·145 m. (usually it is about ·20 m.)

²⁶ Ten Athens (1 Thebes, 1 Marathon soros); 3 Berlin (2 Attica); 1 Boston; 2 Brit. Mus. (1 Corinth); 1 Dresden (Corinth?); 1 Leiden (Tanagra); 1 Manchester, Priv. Coll.; 1 Munich; 1 Naples (Cumae); 2 Nauplia; 1 Odessa; 1 Paris, Cab. des Méd. (Sicyon); 2 Paris, Louvre (1 Melos); 1 Schimatári (Tanagra or near); 3 Syracuse (S. Mauro, Grammichele=Catania, Ragusa); 19 Thebes (Rhitsóna); 1 Würzburg. See also p. 78 n. 47. Some have dots in addition to tongue pattern. Odessa, III. 437, has rays on lid.

²⁷ Athens 11734 and Brit. Mus. A 494, A511 (bird friezes); Berlin F2105 (late b.-f., human and animal, see Beri. Vas.); Schimatár (purple bands and dots on buff). There are toy B and D vases at Eleusis of which we have no exact details.

²⁸ Thebes, Rhitsóna Grave 31, No. 157 a; Munich, Alt. Pin., 2291.

²⁹ Athens 2257 (Boeotia).

³⁰ Boston. Mus. Fine Arts, 99. 531.

³¹ Ruvo 214.

³² Berlin F 3621 (Pomarico), F 4152 (Bari).

³³ Athens 351, 938 (Tanagra), 12037, 12685, 12687 (Nicole, PI. V.; see n. 76), 12688; Berlin V. I. 3329 (Attica?), 3364 (Thebes), 4859 (Boeotia); Bonn 550 (Boeotia); Boston 98. 915; Brussels, Mus. du Cinq. A 3 (Thebes); Munich, Alt. Pin., 420 (four feet), 2289, unnumbered (Attica); Odessa (Berezani); Paris, Louvre, C.A. 683, 616, 927 (2 Thebes, 1 Aegina); S. Petersburg Inv. 10119, (Boeotia?); Würzburg 4231 (Boeotia); Thebes, Rhitsóna, Grave 50, No. 263.

³⁴ Athens 350; Berlin F 1727 (Tanagra); Boston, Fine Arts Mus. 01. 8110; Cassel, , Arch. Am. 1898, p. 190Google Scholar, No. 6 (this and Boston practically panels); Thebes, Rhitsóna, Grave 49, No. 249.

³⁵ Bonn 601.

³⁶ Athens 350; Berlin F 1727, V.I. 4859; Bonn 550, 601; Boston 98. 915; Cassel, see n. 34; Louvre, C.A. 683; Odessa; Thebes, Rhitsóna, Grave 50, No. 263.

³⁷ Berlin F 1727, V. I. 3329, V. I. 4859; Boston 98. 910; Cassel, see n. 34; Louvre CA. 927; Thebes, Rhitsóna Grave 50, No. 263.

³⁸ Athens 938, 12037; Berlin V.I. 3364; Bonn 601; Munich, Alt. Pin., 420, unnumbered. Contrast A. II., where only Bari 2921 and Brit. Mus. A 1567 have one. Our Russian information is incomplete on this point.

³⁹ Athens 12687; Munich, Alt. Pin., 420.

⁴⁰ Athens 938, 12037; Berlin V. I. 3364 (no rings).

⁴¹ (i) like Fig. 12, Athens 938, 12037; Berlin F. 1727; Boston 01. 8110; Rihitsóna, Gr. 50, No. 263; (ii) tongue pattern, Athens 12688, Louvre O.A. 683, St. Petersburg 10119; (iii) double row of rays (like Ath. Mitt. 22 Pl. VII., 3), Bonn 550.

⁴² Brussels A 3.

⁴³ Athens 12687.

⁴⁴ Athens 279, 12554 (Nicole, Pl. IV., see n. 76); Samml. Vogai Gat. p. 10 Abb. 5 (body of last angular sectioned; inside rosettes; lid, but not belonging).

⁴⁵ Berlin V.I. 3127 (Vurva), F 3946 (ordinary A. II style).

⁴⁶ Athens 12578; Berlin, V. I. 3709; Bonn 1151; Rhitsóna, Grave 31, No. 152 (Fig. 8).

⁴⁷ Athens 9725; Candia 3581.

⁴⁸ Athens unnumbered (Hermione), 9726; Bonu 856; Louvre O.A. 606; 2 Schimatári (Tanagra or near, diams. ·16m., ·06 m.); Thebes, Rhitóna, Grave 31, No. 151 (Fig. 9). Several of these vases are extremely heavy.

⁴⁹ B.S.A. xiv. p. 274. Fig. 8, hgt. ·14m., int. dep. ·085, dep. int. rim ·035; Fig. 9, ·105, ·06, ·035.

⁵⁰ Athens 2472 (Tanagra).

⁵¹ Turin 1885, diam. ·11 m., of mouth ·08, dep. ·05, of int. rim ·015.

⁵² Louvre E. D. 4954.

⁵³ Munich, Alt. Pin. 3075, diam. etc. (n. 51), ·145, ·10, ·08, ·02.

⁵⁴ B.S.A. xiv. pp. 252, 260, 268, 273, 283, 288; J.H.S. xxix. pp. 318, 323.

⁵⁵ B.S.A. xiv. p. 288 (cp. 294) ibid. p. 300 (cp. 301).

⁵⁶ B.S.A. xiv. p. 228, to be published later. Cp., however, B.S.A. xii. p. 42.

⁵⁷ J.H.S. xxx. pp. 342 f.

⁵⁸ They are not confined to end of b.-f. period, as stated by Furtwängler, , Samml. Sabouroff, Taf. 52Google Scholar, followed by Pernice, p. 68.

⁵⁹ Including the 60 vases of the unpublished grave 3 in group A, and the 4 and 34 of Graves 2 and 5 in Group B. See above, p. 72, n. 1.

⁶⁰ B.S.A. xiv. p. 252, No. 249=Pl. IX. i, ib. p. 260, No. 263=Pl. X. c, d, e.

⁶¹ See B.S.A. xiv. pp. 256, 264, 270, 281. 287 (cp. J.H.S. xxix. p. 309, n. 5); J.H.S. xxix. pp. 316, 320, 329. One grave 12 kothon was full of fine dust, a sample of which, analysed by H. B. Dixon, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry in Manchester University, shows the following percentage of constituents—CaO, 26·0; MgO, 8·5; CO₂, 25·0; Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃, 21·8; SiO₂, 13.9; P₂O₆, 1–5; Free Carbon, ·6; Moisture, 2·7. Under the microscope Prof.Dixon, found unmistakable traces of bone ash and of wood charcoal. Cp. Deliion, 1888, p. 35Google Scholar (Tanagra) ἀγγεῖον μέλαν μετὰ πλατείας βάσεως ἔχον τὰ χείλη πρὸς τὰ ἔστραμμένα πλῆρες τέφρας

The presence of bone seems to lead to no positive conclusions: cp. the very variously shaped vases in which bones (some those of animals) have been found by Orsi in Sicily, e.g. Mon. Ant. i. (Megara Hyblaea) Sepp. iv. xvi., cv., cexix; ib. xiv. (Camarina) Sepp. 379 (Fig. 61), 413, 428, 476 (Fig. 83). Cp. also Dragendorff, , Thera ii., p. 91Google Scholar.

⁶² All the names incised in full-Δάπης(?) Λεύων, ᾿Ονησίδας, ῾Αγνοσθένης, Σωσαν δρίδας(?), ᾿Αντίχαρος (Graves 50, 50, 50, 31, 26, 40, J.H.S. xxix. pp. 338 f.); Φιλόχσενος (Grave 49, on a black kantharos recently mended)—are men's names, except perhaps Φιλόχσενος ? (non-Boeotian Genit. of Δάπη, Cp. J.H.S. xxix. p. 341Google Scholar, n. 119). But even if they have any funeral significance, they probably refer to the mourners rather than the dead. Otherwise we must suppose at least three interments in Grave 50 alone, against which assumption see B.S.A. xiv. pp. 245 f. and cp. J.H.S. xxix. pp. 338 f.

⁶³ The female masks in Graves 26 (No. 241, B.S.A. xiv. p. 286), 18 (No. 265, B.S.A. xiv. p. 296), 46 (No. 159, J.H.S. xxix. p. 327), might suggest a woman's grave, but Nos. 368 (female figure with baby), 369 (ithyphallic Silenus) and 378 (mounted cavalier) of a single interment Grave like 31 (B.S.A. xiv. p. 280) show that it is dangerous to infer the sex or character of the person buried in a grave from the figurines buried in it.

⁶⁴ He is scarcely justified in one (p. 61, n. 9) of his two references. Note also that Athens, No. 2472 (above p. 78, n. 50) is incised with the man's name Διονύσιος so Berlin V. I. 4859 (n. 33) Πολυτιμίδας καλὸς Πανχύτοε, καλὸ ναέ V.I. 3364 (n. 76) Σάμων

⁶⁵ See Mr.Hawes', report, J.H.S. xxix. cp. 316Google Scholar and cp. his reports on other graves.

⁶⁶ See further J.H.S. xxx. p. 340 n. 34. If graves with kothons, etc. belong to women, and we happen to have been digging a group of women's graves, it is natural to assume that men's graves had also some distinguishing feature, such as weapons, but we have not noticed either at Schimatári Museum, Athens Museum, or elsewhere any type of object that would answer to this hypothesis: bronze weapons should be well preserved, and iron ones moderately so (see Fig. 10 iron vase and bronze tripod from Grave 26).

⁶⁷ See below p. 81.

⁶⁸ Above p. 78.

⁶⁹ Jahrb. 1899, p. 67.

⁷⁰ The small proportion of them shown by our statistics is particularly noteworthy considering the tendency of Museums to buy unusual and to reject ordinary vases (note, e.g., absence of ordinary A. II. from Athens, , Nat. Mus., and cp. B.S.A. xiv. p. 262Google Scholar n. 1 on supposed rarity of plain black glaze kantharoi before the Ehitsóna excavations). Out of 408 extant examples in clay, only 25 cannot, be placed in our three large classes.

⁷¹ Above p. 79.

⁷² This argument does not of course apply to cases like A. I. and A. II., where the differences can probably be explained on chronological or (cp. n. 77) local grounds. Nor is it supported by the fact that both lidless and lidded unspillable vases are found in all our graves. The organisation of ancient grave furniture may have been as arbitrary as that of modern wedding presents.

⁷³ From Brit. Mus. E 88 (r.-f. kylix), from a drawing by Mr. Anderson.

⁷⁴ “W. T. 730 (Ruvo), diam. ·21 m., of mouth 12 m., int. depth ·06 m., depth int. rim 035 m.

⁷⁵ Nos. 3063, 3064 (vase and tripod); same meas. ·17 m., ·09m., ·06 m., ·03m. [Rhitsóna (Fig. 10) measures ·16m., ·llm. (where traces of ledge appear), ·05 m., ·03m.; Berlin ·17 m., ·085 m., ·45, ·028; Berlin has two knucklebones with handles but not the handleless unbored pair of Rhitsóna.]

⁷⁶ Athens 938=Coll. Couve Pl. XXV. No. 616, and 12037= Nicole, , Cat. Vas. Alh. Suppl. 1911Google Scholar, Pl V. (ref. kindly sent us by Dr. Nicole), both with ring handles as well; Berlin V.l. 3364=Pernice Fig. 4, without ring handles, but bored; for inscrip. ib. p. 63, n. 12, on which Dr. Zahn writes to us (27.2.'1): ‘Der Name ist eingeritzt, wie überhaupt die ganze Zeichnung. Die Ritzung macht durchaus den Eindruck, dass sie von derselben.Hand gemacht ist, die auch die Zeichnung gravierte.’

⁷⁷ Note, however, that 15 out of 17 A. I. vases of known pcovenancc come from Rhodes, Sicily, or Italy; 10 out of 12 C from Boeotia.

⁷⁸ Above p. 79.

⁷⁹ Ath. Mitt. 1898, Taf. vi.

⁸⁰ Rauchopfer bei d. Griech. p. 44.

⁸¹ In a tomb (Late Min. I.) near Knossos, , Times, Sept. 16, 1910Google Scholar.

⁸² Mr. Evans writes tous (24.1.'11) that the incense (which he believes to be such from feel and smell, but has not yet had analysed) was found loose, but may originally have been in one of the chafing pans found in the same tomb.

⁸³ See v. Fritze, , Rauchopf. p. 2Google Scholar on Aristarchus' statement that in Homer οῦσαι θυμιᾶσαι

⁸⁴ E.g. Atchley, , History of Incense, pp. 33Google Scholar, 63, 319.

⁸⁵ Kourouniotes, , Ἐφ. Ἀρχ 1899, p. 234Google Scholar, diam. etc. (n. 51), ·20, ·14, ·08, ·04.

⁸⁶ Athens 12924, reproduced with the kind permission of Dr. Stars, diam. etc. (n. 51), ·19, ·10, ·07, ·035.

⁸⁷ Würzburg H 934, reproduced with the kind permission of Dr. Bulle, diam. etc. (n. 51), ·12, ·08, ·075, ·012.

⁸⁸ P. 78, n. 51.

⁸⁹ Note also, as against censer theory for A and C, almost invariable decoration of inner rim in A and frequent in C. This may show lid, where existent, was often off; but who would look at the rim of a burning censer?

⁹⁰ At least if the handles (= B.S.A. xiv. p. 286, No. 243) are restored the right way up. It is not certain from the traces of juncture that they should not be placed vertically downwards.

⁹¹ Note, however, that the slight ledge round mouth (n. 75, not discernible in Fig. 10) suggests a possible lid and leaves scent theory a possibility.

⁹² This view appears to receive support from an ‘early Ptolemaic small silver incense altar with bowl shaped like a kothon,’ mounted on a stand that terminates downwards in three short legs, published by Mr.Edgar, C. C., Musée Egypt, ii. Pl. XXIV and p. 59Google Scholar, to which we have been referred by him, unfortunately too late to make full use of the reference. See below p. 99, Addendum B.

⁹³ Above, p. 77.

⁹⁴ Suggested to us by Mr. E. J. Forsdyke.

⁹⁵ Pace Robinson, , Boston Museum Report, 1899, p. 76Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ Furtwängler, Samml. Saboaroff, zu Taf. 52 (discussing Stephani, , Compte Rendu, 1860, p. 19Google Scholar, and Kenndorf, , Gr. u. sic. Vasenb. p. 41)Google Scholar; Pernice, p. 68; Kourouniotes, , Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1899, p. 235Google Scholar; Robinson, , Boston Mus. Rep. 1899, p. 74Google Scholar.

⁹⁷ Note, however, pictured vases held by male figures on Athens 1113 (b.-f. skyphos from Tanagra) and ou a r.-f. fragment at Bologna, Room X.

⁹⁸ E.g. Athens, 1760, 1775, 1821, 1823, 1843, 1845, 1922, 1936, 1943, 1946, 1955, 1963, 1987, 12784, 12785, 12789, 12790; Brit. Mus. D 65, Murray and Smith, White Vases, Pl. XXV.II.

⁹⁹ E.g. Athens, 1172, 1340, 1344, 1636; Brit. Mus. E 376; Louvre, , Jahrb. 1894, p. 57Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁰ So Pernice, p. 68. Robinson (p. 74), misled by the pictures, dates our normal B as V cent. On dating of pictures see Fairbanks, , White Lekythoi, p. 202Google Scholar. Note, however, pictured vases on b.-f. ἐπίνητρον Dum. and Chap. I. Pl. XIX. 6 (quoted Kourouniotes, Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1899, p. 236), and on b.-f. skyphos, Athens 1113.

¹⁰¹ Pictured vases often have a moulding at top of stem, e.g. Fig. 14, 4, 5; B. M. E 103, E 376; Fairbanks, Figs. 51, 52. Contrast above, Fig. 6. Note also peculiar knob (? or conical lid) of many pictured vases, e.g. Fig. 14, 3, 5, 6 and Fairbanks, Fig. 50. For an actual vase with something like this feature see Boston 81. 318, high stemmed variant of class B shape but with practically no turned-in rim.

¹⁰² ·3=Madrid, Mus. Arch. 11189, Fairbanks Pl, VIII.; 4=Boston 8440, ib. Pl. XII.; 5=Cassel ap. Arch. Am. 1898, p. 193, Fig. 13; 6=de Witte, Cat. Hôtel Lambert, Pl. XXII, and Dar. Sagi. Fig. 2450 (Διὸς κῴδιον)

¹⁰³ Pernice, p. 70, Fig. 8. Note moulding round top of stem (so also Munich n. 28, which is, however, early) and cp. above n. 101.

Athens 2257 (n. 29) may be another late variant. It is something like knob of B. M. E 773, r-f. pyxis with toilet scene.

¹⁰⁴ Boston 81. 355, total hgt. ·257 m., reproduced from a drawing kindly sent us by Mr. Fairbanks. Cp. Athens 11368, 12292.

On dating of class F see Hermann, P., Arch. Am. 1898, p. 131Google Scholar, and refs. ad loc.

For same shape with little or no turned-in rim see—in stone, Athens 11362, 11365, Berlin M.I. 6466, 7347, and (with handles and shorter stem) Bib. Nat. 4694; in clay, Candia 1237, 2065, 2066, 2965; Boston. 81. 317, 81. 318 (Crete); Athens 2224 (Megara). Latter two with conical knob; see n. 101.

¹⁰⁵ Aus einer recht guter Quelle, Dr. Zahn in a letter to us, 27.2.'11. See also Kekule, , Arch. Anz. 1893, p. 78Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁶ E.g. Fairbanks, Figs. 50 and 52 and Pl. XII.

¹⁰⁷ E.g. from Palaikastro, alone B.S.A. viii. p. 291Google Scholar and Pl. XVII. Figs. 1 and 3, and p. 296; ibid. ix. p. 326, Kg. 27, 1 and 4 and pp. 327–8.

¹⁰⁸ E.g. Dar.-Sagl. p. 1321 ‘abstraction faite des variétés, la lampe antique orientale, grecque ou romaine, était formée ďun récipient et ďun ou de plusieurs becs.’ Cp. however below, n. 117.

¹⁰⁹ Otherwise we might compare Petrie, and Quibell, , Naqada and Bailas, Pl. V. 23 and pp. 14, 15Google Scholar, if, as burnt stain down one side of inside suggests, wick was not a floating one.

¹¹⁰ The principle would be the same as that of the modern coiled wax bougies (hgt. ·055 m., diam. ·045 m.) used by workmen who need safe and portable lights; with the difference of course that the bougies are themselves wick and wax, whereas in the other case the coil would be all wick, and the surrounding oil would take the place of the wax.

¹¹¹ A central wick would consume less oil than a leaning one. The advantages of an upright wick in steadiness and economy must have been realised by the ancients, as is shown from their use of candles, though the problem of securing a satisfactory one for lamps was only solved with the invention of the modern safety lamp.

¹¹² Aristoph., Nubes 57Google Scholar.

¹¹³ ib. 59.

¹¹⁴ Plato Comicus, Meineke, p. 257, fr. 16.

¹¹⁵ This decoration of the inner rim and the inside generally would be equally appropriate for scent vases, but scarcely so for censers (pace Pernice, p. 67, cp. above, n. 89).

¹¹⁸ ii. 62.

¹¹⁷ For the use of the salt see Hdt. ii. ed. Wiedemann ad loc. and Toutain, Dar.-Sagl. p. 1322. ἐπιπολῆς and αὺτὀ are surely against Toutain's identification of the ἐμβάφιον with the opon ‘Punic’ shell or saucer shaped lamp.

For possible representations of Egyptian lamps both with one and with several floating wicks see Davies, , El Amarna Pts. II. Pl. XVIII–XX, pp. 19, 20Google Scholar; III. Pl. VII. p. 7; IV. Pl. XV. p. 13. The identification is uncertain : ib. II. pp. 19, 20, IV. p. 13. In more than one of the frescoes Akhenaten is pouring or sprinkling something on to the bowl, an odd proceeding if they are lamps. Possibly they are censers. The conjectured flames recall the hieroglyph for incense (pointed out to us by Mr. C. C. Edgar) and not that for fire. Actual plain bowls have however been found with apparent remains of wicks, e.g. v. Bissing, Metallgefasse pp. ix, x (Räucherlampen); Professor Petrie writes to us, Mar. 6, 1911, that he has found them at Tell el Amarna with marks of burning and smoke at the side: cp. above n. 109.

¹¹⁸ At least A. I., A. II., and C, which show 219 from Corinthian sphere out of 237 of known provenance.

¹¹⁹ Evidence for censers of undisputed type found in graves is scanty and weak. Notiz, d. Scav. 1889, p. 336; Antiquary, 1880, Pl. XI. Fig 1. Few have been found anywhere. For examples see Arch. Ariz. 1899, p. 142, No. 14. On Pernice's theory, frequent occurrence of censers in sixth century graves might be explained by saying censers were then unusually cheap (owing to vogue of a form that could be made in clay) and grave furniture unusually elaborate. For use of incense at Koman, Egyptian, Babylonian, Jewish, and Christian funerals see Atchley, Hist, of Incense, references in index. Cp. Körte, , Gordium, p. 72Google Scholar Abb. 50, and pp. 85, 231.

¹²⁰ Pace Walters, , Anc. Pottery, i. p. 106Google Scholar; ii. p. 397 and Toutain, ap. Dar.-Sagl. iii. p. 1338Google Scholar.

¹²¹ Rom. Mitt. 1898 (‘Sicilian, ’Google Scholar cemetery of Licodia, but in same graves with Greek ware, 500 B.C. or earlier, Orsi, p. 323) pp. 315, 318, 319, 323, 331; lion. Ant. i., Megara Hyblaea Sepp, lxix., clxxxii.; ib. ix. Camarina, Necrop. orient, (end of fifth century and whole of fourth, Orsi, pp. 245–6) Sepp. 8, 16; Necrop. merid. (B.C. 339–258, Orsi, p. 272) Sepp. 4, 12, 37, 39, 43, 45, 49, 54, 60, 72; ib. xiv. Camarina, in over 30 different graves, four of which, 374, 444 (? see ib. p. 873), 476, 503 contained r.-f.; ib. xvii., Gela, pp. 67, 71, 72, 422, Sepp. 90 (with b.-f.), 107,113 (fifth century), 38.

¹²² Thera, Dragendorff, ii. p. 75; Melos, , B.S.A. iii. p. 6Google Scholar; Rhodes, Brit. Mus. Fill (= Fig. 17a, Kamciros, with b.-f.); Cyprus, , Jahrb. i. p. 151Google Scholar (fifth century), ib. ii. pp. 87–88, Antiquary 1880 p. 136, J.H.S. xii. pp. 310, 311 (two tombs, one with b.-f.), xvii. p. 154 (Hellenistic); Ciete, , Mon. Ant. xi. p. 378Google Scholar (with late r.-f.).

¹²³ Naucratis ii. p. 29 ‘lamps of various periods and shapes, including most of the prevalent Greek types.’ Unfortunately Prof. Gardner thought it would be ‘tedious to carry this enumeration into further details.’

¹²⁴ Sparta, , B.S.A. xiii. pp. 162–3Google Scholar and Fig. 6, Hellenistic; Delphi, , Fouilles v. pp. 163–5Google Scholar, end of fifth (fourth?) century; Loeris, W., Πρακτ. 1906, pp. 130–3Google Scholar, fourth-third century; Rhitsóna, two of latest Hellenistic graves, to be published later; Tanagra, , Δελτ 1888, pp. 106, 107, 128Google Scholar, and Chalcis, , Πρακτ. 1900, p. 63Google Scholar, apparently Hellenistic.

The evidence is mainly Sicilian, but it should be remembered how much more completely the Sicilian cemeteries have been excavated, and how fully and excellently the excavations have been recorded.

¹²⁵ E.g. (i.) clay—Bologna, No. Palagi 301², diám. ·12 m.·; Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Mus., Cyprus, Arsinoe Cemetery, ·11 m., Cyprus, gift H. Bulwer, ·135 m.; Cesnola, , Cypriote Antiqs. ii. 2Google Scholar, Pl. CXXXVIII., 1007, ·14 m., 1002², ·16m.): 1003², ·18 m.; Louvre A 226, 227², Cyprus, ·145m., ·13 m.; Rouen, Carthage, Fouilles Gauckler 1899², ·13 m.; Turin 2151², ·10 m.; (ii.) bronze—Brit. Mus., Cyprus, Enkomi ·16 m. (breadth); Cambridge, Fitzw., Arsinoe Cemetery, ·13 m.; Cesnola, , Cypriote Antiqs. iii. 1Google Scholar, Pl. XLIV. 3², ·125 m. [²=2 nozzles].

Note also Tsountas-Manatt, p. 80, Mycenaean lamp 8 in. (·20 in.) long.

¹²⁶ B.S.A. v. Pl. IV. No. 57. Prof. E. Gardner writes tous (28.2.'11) that there is no reason to place it later, though it may be slightly so.

Cp. also Etruscan lamp, Cortona Mus., Dar.-Sagi. p. 1332, diam. ·84 m.

For a suggested explanation of large size of our hypothetical sixth century lamps see below, pp. 93, 94.

¹²⁷ E.g., Athens 3112 (late Greek), diam ·13m., Igth. ·26m., hgt. ·06m.; 3113⁴ bdth. ·13 m., diag. ·26 m., hgt. ·07 m.; 3299⁸, lgth. ·28 m., bdth. ·12 m.; Bari 2696³, diam. ·15m.; Brit. Mus. from Pozzuoli, boat shaped,²³ ·60 × ·16 m.; Corneto, Mus. Municip. 870³, diam. ·34 m.; Genoa, Palaz. Bianche, Scavi di Libarua, ·13 m., ·12 m.; Leeds (Lanuvium), diam. ·13 m., hgt. ·05 m.; Parma,⁷ semicircular, bdth. ·13 m.; Rome, Mus. d. Terme, Antiq. Rom., 39268, diam. ·13 m.; Rouen, horse-head medallion,² diam. ·16 m.; Ruvo,³ centre like Dar.-Sagl. Fig. 4578, from nozzle to nozzle ·26 m.; York (Miss Hutton, 1848), diams. ·13m., ·14m.

Lamps ·10 or ·11 m. diam. are more numerous still, e.g. Athens 3109², 3116², 3154,² 3285; Bari 1581, 1693², 1840; Bologna, Nos. Università, 79, 197; Parma, 1845; Ruvo, 34, 35, 1649; Turin 424 (bronze).

[2, 3, etc.=No. of nozzles: rest one nozzle.]

For Hellenistic (?) cp. also Deonna, , B.C.H. 1908, p. 141Google Scholar, ‘Class iv. mainly fourth-third century.’ ‘Quelques lampes à tube se distinguent…par plusieurs particularités: les dimensions en sont beaucoup plus grandes.’ It is to be regretted that M. Deonna gives no instances and measurements.

¹²⁸ Cp. Pernice himself p. 67, so hat man bei offenen Lampen den Rand eingebogen, damit das öl möglichst sicher in dem Gefäss blieb.

¹²⁹ Above n. 122. Depth ·032 m. Inner rim ·01 m.; diam ·085 m.; Reproduced by kind permission of Mr. A. H. Smith. So also Delos, , B.C.H. ′08 p. 141Google Scholar, type not anterior to 3rd cent., les bords en sont fortement recourbés vers l'intérieur; Priene, , Zahn, , Priene p. 4449Google Scholar, Fig. 555, No. 169; Athens 3361; B. M., 55. 12–20. 11 (Catania); Bari 1250, 1251, 1693; Ruvo 1139; Bologna, Nos. Univ. 188, 189Google Scholar, Palagi 647, 650, 651, 652, 653.

¹³⁰ E.g. Athens, 3100; Bari 3737; Genoa, Scavi di Libarna; York, a lamp in grey clay with 3 nozzles.

¹³¹ The form generally approximates to our A. III. e.g. Aegina, , Thiersch ap. Furtw. p. 468Google Scholar class 5; Athens 3292; Delphi, Fouilles v, p. 165Google Scholar Nos. 311–4; Genoa, Palazzo Bianche Nos. 59 and two others (Sardinia); Bologna, Palagi 645Google Scholar; Bari 1250, 1251, 1567, 1577; Ruvo No. 110, and one without number; Calais, one of 4 numbered 445 (? from S. France); Rouen two unnumbered from Campana coll.; B.M. one from Sardinia, another from Kertsch. The same shaped lamp left in pale clay colour and producing much the impression of an A., III. vase, (on which, however, see below p. 95) is frequent in Italian Museums, e.g. Bari 1563, 2342—2346, 3333 (diam. ·085-·105m.); Ruvo, 110; Trieste, 1146 (Taientum); cp. Aegina Taf. 122, 44 and 45 (pace Thiersch's Cretan parallels ib. p. 467. Cp. below n. 143).

¹³² Brit. Mus. 4th vase room. Acquired by Newton 1856. Reproduced by kind permission of Mr. A. H. Smith. Hgt. ·0375 m. Cp. Bologna, Palagi 325Google Scholar; Brit. Mus. 56. 8–26. 346 (Kalymnos), 08. 5–17. 5 (Ephesus), 52. 6–19. 24.

¹³³ Grave of Tharros a Phoenician Colony in Sardinia.

¹³⁴ Taf. 121, 51=No. 2 of Thiersch's list. For dating see below n. 143.

¹³⁵ E.g. Genoa, Palazzo Bianche, 2430, 2432, 2433, and two others; Parma, antic, romane raccolte nella prov. di Parma, sev. exx : others from Velleia; Ancona 2 exx.; Bologna, , Nos. Univ. 9, 18, 28, 38, 39Google Scholar, Palagi 353, 359, 363, 371, 376, 379, 382; Rouen, signed Creseens, found at Rouen 1862; ib. signed Ulpic, found ib. 1872. A Brit. Mus. lamp of this type from Mutina has the three attachments bored.

¹³⁶ Cp. Mau, , Pompeii, 1902, pp. 372Google Scholar, 374; Brit. Mus. 2530 (chains complete); Turin No. 431 (wires attached respectively to a small ring above the (single back) handle, and the moulded decoration on either side of nozzle); cp. n. 138.

¹³⁷ Cp. above n. 8.

¹³⁸ E.g. Bologna, Univ. 30Google Scholar; Parma, lamp Velleia with 2 nozzles; Bari 254.

¹³⁹ ? Cp. Candia, 2067, above n. 9.

^139a See however p. 97, Addendum A.

¹⁴⁰ B.S.A. ix. p. 326, Fig. 27, and 327, quoted by Deonna, , B.C.H. 1908, p. 140Google Scholar, who, however, pace Wace's, unfortunate eulogy, Year's Work, 1909, p. 49Google Scholar, does not face the problem they raise.

¹⁴¹ Ap. Furtw., Aegina p. 468Google Scholar ‘Handgemachte’ 1 and 3. His claim that a lamp from Phaestos, , Mon. Ant. 1902, p. 101Google Scholar, Fig. 34–5, is the prototype of the VI. century lamp with central tube is very doubtful. Dr. Hatzidakis has most kindly sent us a caät. The central tube is connected by a hole in its side with the interior of the vase, and can scarcely have been used to put on a spike. It seems rather as though the central tube was connected with the oil and wick, and that this particular lamp is an instance of some Minoan device or other (? reservoir and piston) that did not come dowu to the Greeks.

¹⁴² Ib. p. 441; Cp. J.H.S. xxx. p. 346, n. 59.

¹⁴³ The majority (9 bridged) are precisely the Attic shape. For the four unbridged cp. our VI. cent. Fig. 18. All Thiersch's numerous lamps of certain date are classical, the oldest (see his Class 7) being Attic-shaped Corinthian. The knuckle-bones of his one other hand-made example (above n. 134) finding as they do their closest parallels in our A. I and C, distinctly suggest VI. century.

¹⁴⁴ 700 e.

¹⁴⁵ Orsi, , Röm. Mitt., 1898, p. 315Google Scholar; 1909, p. 69. Note also Arch. Am. 1910 pp. 226–7, Abb. 26 (v. Stern's Excavations at Berezani), clay lamp with 6th cent, incised inscription. Thiersch's Attic-shaped Corinthian lamps (see n. 143), being so very few, are not against this dating; it is not clear from his account whether the nozzle is ever preserved to as to show presence or absence of bridge, and it is impossible to identify tliem in his confusing Taf. 130. 9.

¹⁴⁶ Diam. ·055 m. Reproduced by kind permission of Mr. A. N. Skias.

¹⁴⁷ B.C.H. 1908, p. 139, Fig. 1.

¹⁴⁸ The small cup with bridged spout, hgt. ·05 m., B.S.A. xiv. p. 258 Fig. 9 (from Grave 50, circ. 550 B.C.) may possibly be yet a third attempt at the same problem.

¹⁴⁹ Above, p. 89, n. 118.

¹⁵⁰ It is possible that at least in Boeotia the kothon manufacturers were beginning at the end of their period to diminish the size of their vases. Of 86 found at Rhitsóna, (B.S.A. xiv. and J.H.S. xxix.) 7Google Scholar are distinctly smaller than the rest. Of these, one, diam. ·11 in., is from the early Grave 49, but the other 6 (diam. ·07-·08, which would not be exceptional for a moulded lamp), come from graves of the later group (one from 26, two each from 18 and 46, the two latest of our large Boeotian-kylix graves, one from unpublished Grave 2).

¹⁵¹ There would be no need to imagine only one wick in each, though it would be economical to be able to use only one: see above, Fig 16.

¹⁵² Dar.-Sagl. p. 1324, Fig. 4578 (de style très ancien et qui rappelle les poteries noires étrusques) and Mut. Borbon, xv. Pl. XXII. Diam. ·128 m.; of mouth ·086 m.; int. depth ·02 m.

¹⁵³ E.g. B.S.A. xiv. Pl. X. c.

¹⁵⁴ Inv. No. 72324. The Director writes: non è affatto sicuro fosse il piede della lampada di cui sopra

¹⁵⁵ B.S.A. xiv. Pl. IX. i.

¹⁵⁶ Cp. note 34, and also above, Figs. 10 and 11.

¹⁵⁷ Mau, p. 374, Fig. 203; Brit Mus. W.T. 859; for possible iron lamp stand with tripod foot found in sixth century Cyprian grave see Ohnefalsch-Richter, , Jahrb. ii. pp. 87 and 88Google Scholar.

¹⁵⁸ Pernice, , Arch. Anz. 1900, p. 182Google Scholar, Nos. 6 and 7, and Fig. 7.

¹⁵⁹ Above, p. 76, n. 36.

¹⁶⁰ Arch. Anz. ibid.

¹⁶¹ Reproduced by the kind permission, of Mr. A. N. Skias, Diam. ·08 m.

¹⁶² Cp. also Toutain, ap. Dar.-Sagl. 1328Google Scholar; Mau, , Pompeii, p. 370Google Scholar, and Figs. 195 and 196; Berlin, 8466 (= Arch. Anz. 1894, p. 120Google Scholar, No. 26).

¹⁶³ Toutain, J.ap. Dar.-Sagl. p. 1335Google Scholar.

¹⁶⁴ E.g. Dar.-Sagl. p. 1336, Figs. 4610 and 4611.

¹⁶⁵ For actual stemmed lamps, mainly Hellenistic, , see B.C.H. 1908, p. 144Google Scholar, Fig. 5, and cp. pp. 142–4 and refs. ad loc.; ibid. 1909, p. 894, No. 356 (478 M I O); Dar.-Sagl. p. 1335, Fig. 4606; Athens 3149; ibid. 9781, black glaze, horizontal handle, fairly open top; Louvre, Salle A, No. S 337; open top, three nozzles; ibid. Salle H. Case O-P. deep saucer-shaped receptacle.

¹⁶⁶ Above n. 141.

¹⁶⁷ Above, p. 74.

¹⁶⁸ Pernice has apparently (Walters-Birch, i, 141, n. 1) found one or more Class A vases blackened as with burning. The one in the Castello at Milan undoubtedly is. There are none blackened or otherwise showing obvious signs of use from unburnt graves at Rhitsóna, and on the whole it seems most probable that the blackened vases come from burnt graves, or else that the blackening was done in modern times (possibly by τυμβωπόχοι who sometimes use common vases from the graves they are robbing as lamps or candlesticks to aid them in their necessarily nocturnal operations). Though it cannot be maintained that all grave furniture was bought expressly for the occasion, it is a priori probable that much of it was new. Some of it certainly was (cp. πράμενν μήτε οίκῳap, μήτε. J.H.S. xxix. p. 342Google Scholar. Do unbored A. I knuckle-bones point to special funeral ware, or rather, as Candia n. 9. suggests, that suspension was giving way to carrying?). If these traces of burning could be proved to be due to use in antiquity, they would, combined with the evidence for liquid contents, be a strong point in favour of the lamp theory.

At Camarina, lekythoi often showed traces of oil (Orsi, , Mon. Aut. xiv. pp. 902–3)Google Scholar. We have noted such traces in no Rhitsóna kothon vase.

¹⁶⁹ Above, p. 86.

¹⁷⁰ Pernice's explanation that they are extinguishers is therefore not adequate. The lidded lamps quoted p. 94, are for the same reason scarcely an argument for B being lamps.

¹⁷¹ And also perhaps by the comparative narrowness of the mouth in proportion to the total width.

¹⁷² P. 78, n. 45, 46, 48.

¹⁷³ Lidlessness excludes scent theory.

¹⁷⁴ Above n. 53.

¹⁷⁵ P. 84.

¹⁷⁶ In which case for Fig. 12 cp. perhaps Fig. 20; and, for position of spout in relation to handle, for Kourouniotes' vase cp. saucer lamps with spout on either side of handle (e.g. Cesnola, , Cypr. Antiqs. ii. Pl. CXXXVIII. 1002, 1003)Google Scholar, for Fig. 12, cp. Fig. 17a, B.M. F 111.

¹⁷⁷ Which also renders impossible a comparison with similar shaped brazier ventilators, Jahrb. v. p. 134.

¹⁷⁸ E.g. Bari 1127, 2400, 3605; Ruvo 308; Brit. Mus. G 84.

¹⁷⁹ From Polledrara, grave about 600 B.C.: J.H.S. xiv. pp. 206 f.Google ScholarMicali, , Mon. Ined. p. 69Google Scholar No. 8, and Tav. viii. 8, places it as a standard lamp on B.M. 50. 2–27. 40. It looks insecure there, and he gives no evidence.

¹⁸⁰ Above, p. 82, nn. 74, 75, and Fig. 11.

¹⁸¹ Communicated to me by Professor Burrows from Candia in a letter of Mar. 25.—P. N. U.

¹⁸² Professor Bosanquet writes (4/4/'11) that this is his view. Mr. Dawkins, however, writes (Melos, 4/4/'11), ‘I thought them at the time Late Min. and can now say no more. The temple (p. 98, l. 1) does make them a little uncertain, but I do not know that they were found near it.

¹⁸³ More like the normal early classical than B.S.A. ix. Fig. 27 suggests. Professor Bosanquet suggests (letter, 4/4/'11) that the B.S.A. drawings may be accurate, and that Mr. Burrows and Sig. Halbherr (n. 184) were examining not the Fig. 27 lamps but two similar ones. He points out that only a very small proportion even of the whole vases found in the excavations are to be seen in the Museum cases. It is to be regretted how seldom either excavators or museum curators yet realise the great importance of presenting their material in a way that makes correct statistics possible. In the present case, however, the small number of Minoan lamps with bridged nozzles seems to be beyond dispute. If Professor Bosanquet is right in his suggestion, it only means that four lamps with bridged nozzles instead of two out of the small number of reputed Minoan examples are possibly Hellenic.

¹⁸⁴ Sig. Halbherr tells Mr. Burrows that the clay also does not seem to him to be Minoan.

¹⁸⁵ Professor Bosanquet writes (4/4/'11) that he remembers no post-Minoan objects from the Zakro pits. Mr. Dawkins writes to the same effect.

¹⁸⁶ ProfessorBurrows, writes that of the ‘occasional’ instances of bridged nozzles from Zakro vaguely referred to B.S.A. ix. p. 327Google Scholar he can find in the Museum only one, and that that one is exactly like the numerous Hellenic lamps from Gortyn.

¹⁸⁷ Counted by Mr. Burrows in Candia Museum.

¹⁸⁸ E.g. Gournià (Hawes), Pl. II. Nos. 69, 76, 77, V. Nos. 26–29; Pseira (Seager), pp. 34–38 (22 exx., all apparently with unbridged wick cuttings); Phylakopi, pp. 209–211 (5 exx.); Vaphio, , Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1889, p. 154Google Scholar, Πιν. 7, 20 (2 exx.).

[Mr. Burrows counted 40 in Candia Museum.]

¹⁸⁹ Gournià, Pl. II. Nos. 68, 73, 75. For unbridged clay lamps, cp. also Phylakopi, pp. 209–10 (4 exx. and fragments); Vaphio, , Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1889, p. 152Google Scholar, Πιν. 7, 13 (3 exx.).

¹⁹⁰ Not actually on lamps; shaped for spouts; 5623 blackened at nozzle.

¹⁹¹ Both on lamps.

¹⁹² Ἐφ. Ἀρχ. 1906, Πιν. 10. Found in position by Mr. Xanthoudides; blackened where it abuts on blackened nozzle.

¹⁹³ Standard lamp: hgt. without lid, ·35 m.

¹⁹⁴ See above p. 85, n. 92. Hgt. ·19 m.; diam. of bowl, ·16 m.

¹⁹⁵ Mr. Edgar's letters unfortunately arrived after Mr. Burrows' departure for Crete.—P. N. Ure.

¹⁹⁶ Mr.Edgar, , who quotes Pernice (Mon. Egypt. ii. p. 59)Google Scholar as having proved kothons to be censers, naturally regarded this feature as confirming the censer theory for this vase.

¹⁹⁷ Phylakopi, Pl. XXXV. 7 (red clay); Bull. Soc. Arch. d'Alexandrie, No. 8, Fig. 18 (alabaster).

¹⁹⁸ Mr. Edgar's own words are ‘no doubt belong’—loc. cit.

¹⁹⁹ Cp. Notiz. d. Scav. 1896, p; 379, Fig. 4, Hellenistic, from Tarentum, hgt. ·185 m. (fragments of lid, ibid. Fig. 8, de Villefosse, , Mon. Piot. v. p. 81Google Scholar, n. 1); relief on Bosco, Reale cup, Mon. Piot. v. p. 208Google Scholar, Fig. 51, and Pl. XV. 2. Mr. Edgar's further reference loc. cit. to Cesnola, , Salaminia, p. 249Google Scholar, seems to be a misprint.

²⁰⁰ Silver is a well attested material for V and IV cent, censers, C.I.G. 140,141, 150, 151 (v. Fritze, , Rauchopf. p. 44)Google Scholar.