Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-06T23:34:55.660Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Partners: Discernment and Humanitarian Efforts in Settings of Violence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2021

Extract

One hundred years ago, most wars occurred between nations; today, large-scale violent conflict consists almost exclusively of civil wars in which civilians constitute 30 percent of casualties.’ According to a recent World Bank study of conflict, the poorest one-sixth of the worlds population suffers four-fifths of the consequences of civil wars. While poverty is the greatest risk factor determining a nation’s likelihood of entering into conflict, it is also one of instability’s most predictable consequencet—thus, war is a vicious cycle, and poor nations may remain at risk for intense violence for years or even decades.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

“The Global Menace of Local Strife,” The Economist, May 24, 2003, at 23.Google Scholar
Collier, P. Elliott, L. Hegre, H. Hoeffler, A. Reynal-Querol, M. Sambanis, N., Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy (Washington, DC: World Bank and Oxford University Press, 2003).Google Scholar
See Kim, J.Y. Irwin, A. Millen, J. Gershman, J. (eds.), Dying for Growth: Global Inequality and the Health of the Poor (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000) for an in-depth discussion of poverty’s effects on health.Google Scholar
Terry, F., Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002): At 17.Google Scholar
Summerfield, D., “The Social, Cultural and Political Dimensions of Contemporary War,” Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 13 (1997): 325, at 21; Duffield, M., “The Political Economy of Internal War: Asset Transfer, Complex Emergencies and International Aid,” in Zwi, A. Macrae, J., eds., War and Hunger: Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies (London: Zed Books/Save the Children Fund, 1995): 50–69.Google Scholar
See Terry, , supra note 4, at 13.Google Scholar
Roberts, A., “NGOs: New Gods Overseas,” The Economist. The World in 2001, January, 2001.Google Scholar
See Terry, , supra note 4, at 236; Kent, R., “The Battle for the Soul of Aid,” in WorldAid ’96: A Special Supplement of the Crosslines Global Report on WorldAid ’96, Geneva, Switzerland, September 30-October 4, 1996.Google Scholar
Rieff, D., A Bed for the Night: Humanitarianism in Crisis (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002): At 58.Google Scholar
See Rieff, , supra note 9, at 2223.Google Scholar
See Rieff, , supra note 9, at 73.Google Scholar
Uvin, P., Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1998): At 4–5.Google Scholar
See Rieff, , supra note 9, at 87; see Terry, , supra note 4, at 13.Google Scholar
See Rieff, , supra note 9, at 7677.Google Scholar
See Rieff, , supra note 9, at 2223; see Terry, , supra note 4, at 2.Google Scholar
Clark, J., Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (London: Earthscan Publications, 1991): At 75.Google Scholar
Ignatieff, M., Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001): At 89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Ignatieff, , supra note 17, at 10.Google Scholar
See Reich, M. (ed.), Public-Private Partnerships for Public Health (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002) for an important overview of partnerships in public health.Google Scholar
Farmer, P., The Uses of Haiti (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2002); Lawless, R., Haiti’s Bad Press (Rochester: Schenkman Books, 1992); Hancock, G., Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1989).Google Scholar
Wyon, J. Gordon, J.E., The Khanna Study (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Center for Population Studies, 1967).Google Scholar
See Terry, , supra note 4, at 229.Google Scholar
Farmer, P. Léandre, F. Mukherjee, J.S. Claude, M.S. Nevil, P. Smith Fawzi, M.C. Koenig, S.P. Castro, A. Becerra, M.C. Sachs, J. Attaran, A. Kim, J.Y., “Community-Based Approaches to HIV Treatment in Resource-Poor Settings,” Lancet, 358 (2001): 404409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, P. Smith Fawzi, M.C. Nevil, P., “Unjust Embargo of Aid for Haiti,” Lancet, 361 (2003): 420423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jareg, P. Kasege, D.C.O., “Growth of Civil Society in Developing Countries: Implications for Health,” Lancet, 351 (1998): 819822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
See Ignatieff, supra note 17, at 35 (paragraphing altered).Google Scholar
Paiva, V. Ayres, J.R. Buchalla, C.M. Hearst, N., “Building Partnerships to Respond to HIV/AIDS: Non-Governmental Organizations and Universities,” AIDS, 16 (2002): S76S81, at S77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gall, O., “The Historical Structure of Racism in Chiapas,” Social Identities, 4 (1998): 235261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, J., Rebellion from the Roots: Indian Uprising in Chiapas (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1995); Physicians for Human Rights, Health Care Held Hostage: Human Rights Violations and Violations of Medical Neutrality in Chiapas, Mexico (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, 1999).Google Scholar
Collier, G.A., Basta! Land and the Zapatista Rebellion in Chiapas (Oakland, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1994): At 16.Google Scholar
Womack, J., Rebellion in Chiapas: An Historical Reader (New York: The New Press, 1999).Google Scholar
Comandancia General del EZLN, Declaración de la Selva Lacandona (Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico. Available at <http://www.ezln.org/documentos/1994/199312xx.es.htm>..>Google Scholar
See Collier, supra note 30.Google Scholar
S. Marcos and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, Shadows of Tender Fury: The Letters and Communiqués of Subcomandante Marcos and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995).Google Scholar
“Declaration of Moisés Gandhi, First Forum of Health Promoters and Agents,” Moisés Gandhi, February 24, 1997 (author translation).Google Scholar
Woodward, R., Central America: A Nation Divided (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985): At 244.Google Scholar
Immerman, R., The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982): At 201.Google Scholar
Liss, S., Radical Thought in Central America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991): At 35.Google Scholar
Jonas, S., The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S. Power (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991): At 2.Google Scholar
Green, L., Fear as a Way of Life: Mayan Widows in Rural Guatemala (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999): At 4.Google Scholar
Misión de Verificación de las Naciones Unidas en Guatemala (MINUGUA), Noveno informe sobre derechos humanos de MINUGUA (Guatemala City: MINUGUA, 1999).Google Scholar
Elton, C., “Despite Threats, Guatemalan Scientists Dig for the Truth,” Christian Science Monitor, March 27, 2002, at 2.Google Scholar
Neier, A., “Testimony of Aryeh Neier, President of the Open Society Institute Before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations,” Washington, D.C., July 19, 2001.Google Scholar
See Summerfield, , supra note 5, at 23.Google Scholar
Farmer, P.E. Kononets, A.S. Borisov, S.E. Goldfarb, A. Healing, T. McKee, M. “Recrudescent Tuberculosis in the Russian Federation,” in Harvard Medical School and Open Society Institute, eds., The Global Impact of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (Boston: Program in Infectious Disease and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, 1999):3985.Google Scholar
Amnesty International, Torture in Russia: This Man-Made Hell (London: Amnesty International, 1997); Unpublished data, Chief Board of Punishment Execution (GUIN), 1999.Google Scholar
Personal communication from Ivan Nikitovich Simonov, Chief Inspector of Prisons, and now with the Chief Board of Punishment Execution (GUIN), Ministry of Justice, Russian Federation, to authors of The Global Impact of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, supra note 45, (Moscow, June, 1998).Google Scholar
Wedel, J.R., Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe 1989–1998 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998).Google Scholar
Mitnick, C. Bayona, J. Palacios, E. Shin, S. Furin, J. Alcantara, F. Sanchez, E. Sarria, M. Becerra, M. Fawzi, M. Kapiga, S. Neuberg, D. Maguire, J.H. Kim, J.Y. Farmer, P., “Community-Based Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Lima, Peru,” New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (2003): 119128; Farmer, P. Léandre, F. Bayona, J. Louissaint, M., “DOTS-Plus for the Poorest of the Poor: The Partners In Health Experience in Haiti,” International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 5 (2001): S257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
For one such study, see Bukhman, G., Reform and Resistance in Post-Soviet Tuberculosis Control, PhD. Dissertation, University of Arizona, 2001.Google Scholar
Kimerling, M.E. Kluge, H. Vezhnina, N. Iacovazzi, T. Demeulenaere, T. Portaels, F. Matthys, F., “Inadequacy of the Current WHO Re-Treatment Regimen in a Central Siberian Prison: Treatment Failure and MDRTB,” International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 3 (1999): 451453.Google Scholar
“MSF Ends Tuberculosis Treatment in Kemerovo Region, Russia.” 30 September 2003. Available at <http://www.msf.org/countries/page.cfm?articleid=D657393B-C8E6–4CD7–9835259FD4F8AFEF> (last visited November 20, 2003).+(last+visited+November+20,+2003).>Google Scholar
“The Challenge of Global Commitments: Advancing Relief and Development Goals Through Advocacy and Action,” Washington, DC, May 19–21, 2003, synopses of forum panels at <http://www.interaction.org/forum2003/panels.html#Natsios> (last visited November 20, 2003).+(last+visited+November+20,+2003).>Google Scholar
Klein, N., “Bush to NGOs: Watch Your Mouths,” Globe and Mail, June 20, 2003.Google Scholar