Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T09:15:52.669Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

NINETEENTH CENTURY MEXICAN STATURES IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH INSOLATION AND VITAMIN D

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 October 2009

SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Odessa, USA and University of Munich and CESifo, Germany

Summary

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics. However, there are still some populations, places and times for which the comparison across groups remains unclear. One example is 19th century Mexicans in the US. This study demonstrates that after comparing the statures of Mexicans born in Mexico and the US the primary source of the stature difference between the two groups was birth year, and the stature gap increased as the US economy developed while the Mexican economy stagnated. Moreover, the stature growth of Mexicans born in the US was related to vitamin D, and the Mexican relationship between stature and insolation was more like that of Europeans than Africans.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bishai, D. & Nalubola, R. (2002) The History of food fortification in the United States: its relevance for current fortification efforts in developing countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change 51, 3753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogin, B. (1988) Patterns in Human Growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, J., Ferrie, J. & Keszenbaum, L. (2009) Viva la Différence? Intergenerational Mobility in France and the United States during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39(4) 552553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, S. A. (2005) The biological standard of living in 19th century Mexico and the American West. Economics and Human Biology 3(3), 405419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, S. A. (2009) Geography, insolation, and vitamin D in nineteenth century US African-American and White Statures. Explorations in Economic History 46(1), 149159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coatsworth, J. H. (1978) Obstacles to economic growth in nineteenth century Mexico. American Historical Review 83, 8081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulhaber, J. (1970) The antropometry of living indians. In Wauchope, R. (ed.) Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 9x. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, pp. 82104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogel, R. W. (1994) Economic growth, population theory and physiology: the bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy. American Economic Review 84(3), 369395.Google Scholar
Gamio, M. (1969) Mexican Immigration to the United States. Arno Press, New York.Google Scholar
Garland, C. F., Garland, F., Gorhom, E., Lipkin, M., Newmark, H., Mohr, S. & Holick, M. (2006) The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. American Journal of Public Health 96, 252261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginsburg, E., Livshits, G., Yakovenko, K. & Kobyliansky, E. (1998) Major gene control of human body height, weight and BMI in five ethnically different populations. Annals of Human Genetics 62, 307322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldstein, M. (1943) Demographic and Bodily Changes in Descendants of Mexican Immigrants. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Grant, W. (2003) Ecological studies of solar UV-B radiation and cancer mortality rates. Recent Results in Cancer Research 164, 371377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holick, M. F. (2001) A perspective on the beneficial effects of moderate exposure to sunlight: a bone health, cancer prevention, medical health, and well being. In Giacomoni, P. (ed.) Sun Protection in Man. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Holick, M. F. (2004a) Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease and osteroporosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 79, 362371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holick, M. F. (2004b) Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (supplement), 16781688S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holick, M. F. (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 357(3), 266281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holick, M. F., MacLaughlin, A. & Doppelt, S. H. (1981) Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in men: skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science 211 590593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Islam, T., Gauderman, W. J., Cozen, W. & Mack, T. (2007) Childhood sun exposure influences rick of multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twins. Neurology 69, 381388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jablonski, N. (2006) Skin: A Natural History. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kaidbey, K., Agin, P., Sayre, R. & Cligman, A. (1979) Photoprotection of melanin: a comparison of Black and Caucasian skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1, 249260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, M. (1991) The Liberal Republic and the Porfiriato, 1867–1911. In Bethell, L. (ed.) Mexico Since Independence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 49124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiple, K. F. & King, V. (1981) Another Dimension to the Black Diaspora: Diet, Disease and Racism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komlos, J. & Baten, J. (2004) Anthropometric research and the development of social science history. Social Science History 28, 191210.Google Scholar
Ladurie, L. E. (1979) The conscripts of 1968: a study of the correlation between geographical mobility, delinquency and physical stature and other aspects of the situation of the young Frenchman called to do military service that year. In Reynolds, B. & Reynolds, S. (eds) The Territory of the Historian. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 3360.Google Scholar
Liu, Y. Z., Shen, F. H., Deng, H., Liu, Y. J., Zhao, L. J., Dvornyk, V.et al. (2003) Confirmation linkage study in support of the X Chromosome harboring a ATL underlying human height variation. Journal of Medical Genetics 40, 825831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loomis, W. F. (1967) Skin-pigment regulation of Vitamin-D biosynthesis in man: variation in solar ultraviolet at different latitudes may have caused racial differentiation. Science, May, 501506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Alonso, M. & Condey, R. (2003) The ups and downs of Mexican economic growth: the biological standard of living and inequality. Economics and Human Biology 1, 169186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLachlan, C. M. & Beezley, W. H. (1999) El Gran Pueblo: A History of Greater Mexico, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.Google Scholar
McWilliams, C. (1949) North from Mexico: The Spanish-Speaking People of the United States. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Margo, R. & Steckel, R. H. (1992) Nutrition and health of slaves and antebellum Southern Whites. In Fogel, R. W. & Engerman, S. E. (eds) Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery, Conditions of Slave Life and the Transition to Freedom. Technical Papers, Vol. 2. W. W. Norton, New York, pp. 508521.Google Scholar
Nesby-O’Dell, S., Scanlon, K., Cogswell, M., Gillesie, C., Hollis, B., Looker, A., Allen, C., Doughertly, C., Gunter, E. & Bowman, B. (2002) Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African-American and White woman of reproductive age: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. American Journal Clinical Nutrition 76, 187192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norman, A. (1998) Sunlight, season, skin pigmentation, vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvatamin D: integral components of the vitamin D endocrine system. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 11081110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oaxaca, R. L. (1973) Male female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review 14,(3), 693709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, D. F. & Newman, M. T. (1970) Physiological studies. In Wauchope, R. (ed.) Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 9. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX, p. 150.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. (1979) Slave height profiles from coastwise manifests. Explorations in Economic History 16, 363380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steckel, R. (1992) Work disease and diet in the health and mortality of American slaves. In Fogel, R. W. (ed.) Without Consent or Contract: Conditions of Slave Life and the Transition to Freedom. Norton, New York, pp. 489507.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. & Haurin, D. (1994) Health and nutrition in the American Midwest: evidence from the height of Ohio National Guardsman, 1850–1910. In Komlos, J. (ed.) Stature, Living Standards and Economic Development. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, pp. 117128.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1962) Growth at Adolescence. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. M. (1977) Hormonal, genetic and environmental factors controlling growth. In Harrison, G. A., Weiner, J. S., Tanner, J. M. & Barnicot, N. A. (eds) Human Biology: An Introduction to Human Evolution, Variation, Growth and Ecology, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 335351.Google Scholar
Tortolani, J., McCarthy, E. & Sponseller, P. (2002) Bone mineral density deficiency in children. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons 10,(1), 5766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Uitterlinden, A., Fang, Y., van Meurs, J. B. J., Pols, H. A. & van Leeuwen, J. T. M. (2004) Genetic and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene 338, 143156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wardlaw, G. M., Hampl, J. S. & Disilestro, R. A. (2004) Perspectives in Nutrition, 6th edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 394397.Google Scholar
Weisberg, P., Scanlon, K., Li, R. & Cogswell, M. E. (2004) Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. American Journal of Nutrition 80 (supplement), 16971705S.Google ScholarPubMed
Xiong, D. H., Xu, F. H., Liu, P. Y., Shen, H., Long, J. R., Elze, L., Recker, R. R. & Deng, H. W. (2005) Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms are linked to and associated with adult height. Journal of Medical Genetics 42 228234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed