Skip to main content
Log in

Achievement is a Relation, Not a Trait: The Gravity of the Situation

  • Published:
Studies in Philosophy and Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ability and achievement are not traits: they are relations. Mistaking traits for relations has a history even in science (our understanding of gravity). This mistake is possibly responsible for the lackluster performance of the results of our educational research when we have tried to use it to inform policy. It is particularly troublesome for interventions that target “children at risk.” The paper provides a quasi-formal outline of achievement as a relation and it then uses the outline to explain some problematic research findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baker, F. (1992). The basics of item response. Washington, DC: ERIC Clearinghouse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnhaum, A. (1968). Some latent trait models and their use in inferring an examinee’s ability. In F. M. Lord & M. R. Novick (Eds.), Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bock, R. (1972). Estimating item parameters and latent ability when responses are scored in two or more nominal categories. Psychometrika, 37, 29–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, K. (2002). Latent variables in psychology and the social sciences. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 605–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borsbom, D., Mellenberg, G., & vanHeerden, J. (2003). The theoretical status of latent variables. Psychological Review, 110(2), 203–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodkin, K. (2000). How Jews became white folks and what that says about race in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. (1996a). Arenas of language. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H. (1996b). Using language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, H., & Schober, M. (1989). Understanding by addressees and overhearers. Cognitive Psychology, 21, 211–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corrado, G. (2003). Location effect measurement error: Evidence of a network explanation of our failure to close persistent achievement gaps. Dissertation Abstracts.

  • Dehaene, S. (1997). The number sense. Oxford, UK: The Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1966). Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of education. New York, NY: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, C., Hout, M., Jankowski, M., Lucas, S., Swindler, A., & Voss, K. (1996). Inequality by design: cracking the bell curve myth. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  • Gardner, H. (2004). The unschooled mind: How children think and how schools should teach. New York, NY: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, H., & Smith, D. (1997). Gravity: The glue of the universe. History and activities. Englewood, CO: Teacher Ideas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hambleton, R., Swaminathan, H., & Rogers, H. (1991). Fundamentals of item response theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huslander, J., Olson, R., Wilcutt, E., & Wadsworth, S. (2010). Longitudinal stability of reading-related skills and their prediction of reading development. Scientific Studies of Reading, 14(2), 111–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, M. (2010). Scale-free network provides an optimal pattern for knowledge transfer. Physica Acta, 389(3), 473–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacMurray, J. (1957). The self as agent. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan, P., & Swaminathan, H. (1996). Identification of items that show non-uniform DIF. Applied Psychological Measurement, 20, 257–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastor, P., & Reuben, C. (2008). Diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United States, 2004–2006. Vital and Health Statistics, 10(237).

  • Russell, B. (1959). The problems of philosophy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scruggs, T., & Mastropieri, M. (2002). On babies and bathwater: Addressing the problems of identification of learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 25(3), 155–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skiba, R., Poloni-Staudinger, L., Gallini, S., Simmons, A., & Feggins-Azziz, R. (2006). Disparate access: The disproportionality of African American students with disabilities across educational environments. Exceptional Children, 72(4), 411–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumbo, B., & Gelin, M. (2005). A matter of test bias in educational policy research: Bringing the context into the picture by investigating sociological/community moderated (or mediated) test and item bias. Journal of Educational Research and Policy Studies, 5(1), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gail Corrado.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Corrado, G. Achievement is a Relation, Not a Trait: The Gravity of the Situation. Stud Philos Educ 31, 587–601 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-012-9311-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-012-9311-x

Keywords

Navigation