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(Meta-Philosophy) Theorizing about Philosophy (CMT, CB and CM) as an exercise inXPhi The processes of theorizing are explored, Weick's Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Conceptual Blending Theory and Conceptual Metaphor tool are described. (XPHI exercise and CMT, BT and CMA) This Meta-Philosophy investigation of philosophy and philosophizing is an exercise in Experimental Philosophy. The Empirical Generalization or Hypothesis arrived at states that: Philosophy/izing is like or resembles the process/es of Theorizing.
(Meta-Philosophy) Theorizing about Philosophy (CMT, CB and CM) as an exercise inXPhi The processes of theorizing are explored, Weick's Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Conceptual Blending Theory and Conceptual Metaphor tool are described. This Meta-Philosophy investigation of philosophy and philosophizing is an exercise in Experimental Philosophy. The Empirical Generalization or Hypothesis arrived at states that: Philosophy/izing is like or resembles the process/es of Theorizing.
THOUGHT or Imaginary EXPERIMENTS and METAPHORS (volume 3) I intended to deal with the different sections or chapters in one volume, but as certain sections or chapters are very long, like chapter 1, THEORIZING AND PHILOSOPHIZING (VOLUME 1), I divided some of them into separate volumes, chapter 2 HEURISTICS AND PROBLEMSOLVING (Volume 2) and chapter 3 IMAGINARY EXPERIMENTS AND METAPHORS (Vol 3). In this volume, 3, I deal with Thought and Imaginary Experiments, and then with the use of Metaphors (as is the case with Weick and Cornelissen), analogies and theories such as CMT, CB or BT, CMA metaphors . My attitude towards thought and imaginary experiments, the use of metaphors and analogies in theorizing and in the doing of philosophy is this: one needs to look at the particular context in which these tools are employed and one must identify the specific function and role of a certain experiment or metaphor and the reasons why they are employed.
How can thought experiments lead to new empirical knowledge if they do not make use of empirical information? This puzzle has been widely discussed in the philosophy of science. It arises in conceptual metaphor research as well and is especially important for the clarification of its empirical foundations. The aim of the paper is to suggest a possible solution to the puzzle of thought experiments in conceptual metaphor research. The solution rests on the application of a novel metatheoretical framework that conceives of linguistic theorizing as a process of plausible argumentation. The central idea of the solution is that through the dynamic feedback mechanism of the cyclic, prismatic and retrospective re-evaluation of information, thought experiments in conceptual metaphor research may indirectly supply the process of plausible argumentation with empirical knowledge.
Meaning, Frames and Conceptual Representation. Düsseldorf: Düsseldorf University Press.
Philosophical Conceptual Analysis as an Experimental Method2015 •
Philosophical conceptual analysis is an experimental method. Focusing on this helps to justify it from the skepticism of experimental philosophers who follow Weinberg, Nichols & Stich (2001). To explore the experimental aspect of philosophical conceptual analysis, I consider a simpler instance of the same activity: everyday linguistic interpretation. I argue that this, too, is experimental in nature. And in both conceptual analysis and linguistic interpretation, the intuitions considered problematic by experimental philosophers are necessary but epistemically irrelevant. They are like variables introduced into mathematical proofs which drop out before the solution. Or better, they are like the hypotheses that drive science, which do not themselves need to be true. In other words, it does not matter whether or not intuitions are accurate as descriptions of the natural kinds that undergird philosophical concepts; the aims of conceptual analysis can still be met.
ABSTRACT So far in my books and articles I have dealt with the following (I hope I do not commit self-plagiarism by referring to my previous work and ideas expressed therein! Lol): My own discussions or ‘philosophizing’ follow right at the end after the numerous and very lengthy quotes from philosophers. The nature of the subject-matter of philosophy, the methodology, methods, techniques and tools of doing philosophy or philosophizing, the nature of the different steps or stages of the process/es of theorizing, the fact that doing philosophy are some of the stages of theorizing, the fact that philosophers lack meta-cognition and/or meta-reflection of these things. If they had awareness of what and how they are doing philosophy they might not become involved in quibbling over concepts and the differentiations of these concepts. It is as if philosophers are blind to what they are doing and have been doing for thousands of years, with the result that they continue repeating the same thing – arguing with words over the use of words and in the process creating more and more –isms. They are seemingly unable to escape from such –isms and their implications. Instead of getting or going anywhere they way they conceive (of) problems and express their questions they end up with conceiving of notions that cannot be solved or dissolved. They enclose themselves in an insular world or bubble of their own making, compared to sciences investigating humans and the different features and systems of the human body who find irrelevant the problems that philosophers have with things such as the brain, cognition, mind, consciousness, perception, thinking, etc. Sciences deal with these things on many levels and multi-dimensional while philosophers try to restrict them to a single level in one dimension by their words and the way they use those words. Consequently they lose sight of their objects and are unable to question them or express questions about them in a meaningful manner. In my articles and books on the subject-matter I dealt with the traditional branches of philosophy and that with the differentiation of other disciplines and discourses the discourse of philosophy lost subject-matter. I mentioned newer areas of ‘philosophy’, such as X-Phi, Philosophy’s interdisciplinary involvement in for example cognitive sciences, that there exists a philosophy of every discipline possible (eg philosophy of science, art, music, sport, social sciences, etc), that discourses such as Logic, Critical Thinking, Argumentation and argument maps, Reasoning, etc are relevant to and employed by many if not all disciplines and many discourses and are not uniquely subject-matter of the discourse of philosophy and does not have to form part of or be taught as subject-matter of philosophy. I identified and discussed the methodology, methods, techniques and tools of doing philosophy and some underlying or implicit transcendentals such as pre-suppositions, suppositions and assumptions. I explore the nature of the different features, aspects, characteristics, steps and stages of the processes of theorizing. I showed that doing philosophy or philosophizing employ and/or consist of some of these features, steps and stages of theorizing. As I involuntary have (am), seemingly endless (a stream of consciousness like) philosophically- (question or problem and insight) related ‘intuitions’, it is difficult, painful and frustrating to me for that to be interrupted by social interaction, talking to people, phones, executing all sorts of mundane activities, etc. To understand or cope with this ‘mental state’ is one of the reasons why I need to explore meta-cognition or thinking about thinking, especially one’s own thinking and related ‘activities’.
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2004 •
Abstract: This article examines some of the most important metaphors and analogies that epistemologists have used to discuss the structure and validity of knowledge. After reviewing foundational, coherentist, and other metaphors for knowledge, we discuss the metaphilosophical significance of the prevalence of such metaphors. We argue that they support a view of philosophy as akin to science rather than poetry or rhetoric.
Cognitive metaphor research is characterised by the diversity of rival theories. Starting from this observation, the paper focuses on the problem of how the unity and diversity of cognitive theories of metaphor can be accounted for. The first part of the paper outlines a suitable metascientific approach which emerges as a modification of B. von Eckardt's notion of research framework. In the second part, by the help of this approach, some aspects of the sophisticated relationship between Lakoff and Johnson's, Glucksberg's, and Gentner's theories are discussed. The main finding is that the data, the problems, the heuristics and the hypotheses which have been partly shaped by the rivals contribute to the development of the particular theories to a considerable extent.
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