Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T05:06:44.060Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

American Indian Women's Activism in the 1960s and 1970s

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 March 2020

Abstract

This article will focus on the role of women in three red power events: the occupation of Alcatraz Island, the Fish-in movement, and the occupation at Wounded Knee. Men held most public roles at Alcatraz and Wounded Knee, even though women were the numerical majority at Wounded Knee. Female elders played a significant role at Wounded Knee, where the occupation was originally their idea. In contrast to these two occupations, the public leaders of the Fish-in movement were women—not an untraditional role for women of Northwest Coastal tribes.

Type
Indigenous Women in the Americas
Copyright
Copyright © 2003 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes, Akwesasne. 1973. Voices from Wounded Knee. New York: Mohawk Nation.Google Scholar
Notes, Akwesasne. 1974. Trail of broken treaties. New York: Mohawk Nation.Google Scholar
Alvin, Josephy, ed. 1971. Red power. New York: American Heritage Press.Google Scholar
Baylor, Timothy. 1994. Modern warriors: Mobilization and decline of the American Indian movement (AIM), I968–1979. Ph.D. diss., Department of History, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Bellecourt, Vernon. 1976. American Indian movement. In Contemporary Native American address, ed. Maestas, John. Salt Lake City: Brigham Young University.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Alison. 1984. A mixed record. Journal of the West. 2 (3): 1320.Google Scholar
Brave Bird, Mary. 1994. Ohitika woman. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar
Burnett, Donald. 1972. An historical analysis of the 1968 Indian Civil Rights Act. Harvard Journal of Legislation 9: 557626.Google Scholar
Churchill, Ward. 1990. Agents of repression: The FBI's secret wars against the black panther party and the American Indian movement. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Crow Dog, Mary. 1990. Lakota woman. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Daly, Frederica. 1994. Perspectives of Native American women on race and gender. In Challenging racism and sexism, ed. Tobach, Ethel. New York: The Feminist Press.Google Scholar
Day, Robert. 1971. The emergence of activism as social movement. In Red power, ed. Alvin, Josephy. New York: American Heritage Press.Google Scholar
Deloria, Vine Jr. 1971. The country was a lot better off when the Indians were running it. In Red power, ed. Alvin, Josephy. New York: American Heritage Press.Google Scholar
Eagle, Adam Fortunate. 1992. Alcatraz! Alcatraz! Berkeley: Heyday Books.Google Scholar
Emery, Marge. 1981. Indian women's groups. Indian Truth. (May‐June): 2326.Google Scholar
Green, Rayne. 1980. Native American women, Signs. 6 (2): 248–68.10.1086/493795CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hertzberg, Hazel. 1971. The search for an American Indian identity. New York: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Jaimes, Annette. 1992. American Indian women: Center of indigenous resistance. In The state of Native America, ed. Jaimes, Annette. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Troy. 1994. Alcatraz Indian land forever. Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Johnson, Troy. 1996. The occupation of Alcatraz Island. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Troy, Nagel, Joanne, and Champagne, Duane. 1997. American Indian activism: Alcatraz to the longest walk. Chicago: University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Katz, Jane. 1995. Messengers of the wind. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
LaFromboise, Teresa. 1990. Changing and diverse roles of women in American Indian cultures. Sex Roles. 22 (7/8): 455–76.10.1007/BF00288164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malinowski, Sharon, ed. 1995. Notable Native Americans. New York: Gale Group.Google Scholar
Mankiller, Wilma. 1993. Mankiller: A chief and her people. New York: St. Martins Press.Google Scholar
Matthiessen, Peter. 1983. In the spirit of Crazy Horse. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Means, Russell. 1995. Where white men fear to tread. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Medicine, Bea. 1978. The Native American woman: A perspective. Las Cruces, N. M.: National Educational Laboratory Publishers.Google Scholar
Nagel, Joane. 1997. American Indian ethnic renewal. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Neil, Michael. 1996. Torch bearer fights dumping of nuclear waste on tribal lands. People Weekly 45 (8 January): 7374.Google Scholar
Ohoyo, . 1981. Words of today's American Indian woman. Ohoyo Resource Center Conference, Tahlequah, Okla, Washington, D.C.: Department of Education.Google Scholar
Olson, James. 1984. Native Americans in the twentieth century. Chicago: University of Illinois.Google Scholar
Payne, Diane. 1994. Each of my generation. Indian Truth 239 (May‐June): 57.Google Scholar
Price, David. 1998. The second civil war. St. Paul, Minn.: Second Source.Google Scholar
Sayer, John William. 1997. Ghost dancing the law. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, Nancy. 1995. Negotiators of change. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sinclair, Kathryn. 1996. Maka Sitomniya Teca Ukiye Oyate Ukiye: The American Indian movement. Political Expressions. 1 (2): 3352.Google Scholar
Tomkin, Merle. 1981. Listening to Native American women. Heresies 13 (4.1): 1721.Google Scholar
Weyler, Rex. 1992. Blood of the land. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers.Google Scholar
Wilmer, Frank. 1998. Indigenous philosophies of power. Paper delivered at American Political Science Association Conference, Washington, D.C., 2 September.Google Scholar
Winfrey, Robert Hill. 1986. Civil rights and the American Indian: Through the 1960s. Norman, Okla. Ph.D. diss., Department of History, University of Oklahoma.Google Scholar
Winton, Ben. 1999. Alcatraz changed everything. News from Indian Country. Mid‐November: 811.Google Scholar
Ziegelman, Karen. 1985. Generational politics and American Indian youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Master's thesis, University of Arizona.Google Scholar