Abstract
China is a country that has undertaken a great transformation since the late 1970’s, and among these changes, has seen a massive growth in the advertising industry with the influx of foreign advertisers, and the development of regional and global media, such as satellite television and the Internet. This has resulted in the Chinese people of all ages having a greater opportunity of exposure to different types of advertising, including the advertising of potentially controversial products, which could clash with traditional Chinese values. Using a stakeholder theory approach, this study analyzes the responses of 630 Chinese respondents to discover who is offended by controversial advertisements and determine ways potentially offensive advertising messages can be reduced, thereby assisting marketers in being more socially responsible in their advertising messages.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrews F. R. (1971), The Concept of Corporate Strategy. Dow Jones-Irwin, Homewood, Il
Arrow K. (1988), A Perspective on the Stakeholder Concept. Perspective, 2(4), 1–3
Barnes J. H. Jr., & Dotson M. J. (1990) An Exploratory Investigation into the Nature of Offensive Television Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 19(3), 61–69
Beaver, W.: 1997, ‹What to do About Alcohol Advertising?’ Business Horizon, July/Aug, 87–91
Berman S. L., Wicks A. C., Kotha S., Jones T. M. (1999), Does Stakeholder Orientation Matter? The Relationship Between Stakeholder Management Models and Firm Financial Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 42(5): 488–506
Berry L. L. (1983), Emerging Perspectives on Services Marketing. AMA, Chicago, IL: 25–8
Bushman B. J., Bonacci A. M. (2002). Violence and Sex Impair Memory for Television Ads. Journal of Applied Psychology. 87(3): 557–564
Carroll A. B. (1993), A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance. Academy of Management Review 18: 497–505
Clarkson M. B. E. (1995), A Stakeholder Framework for Analysing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance. Academy of Management Review 20(1): 92–117
Chan D. W. (1986), Sex Misinformation and Misconceptions Among Chinese Medical Students in Hong Kong. Medical Education, 20: 390–398
Chan, J.: 1996, ‹Chinese Intelligence’, in M. H. Bond (ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology, Chapter 7 (Oxford University Press)
Cheung, F. M.: 1996, ‹The Assessment of Psychopathology in Chinese Societies’, in M. H. Bond (ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology, Chapter 26 (Oxford University Press)
Chinese Cultural Connection (1987), Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-Free Dimensions of Culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 18: 143–164
Christopher M., Payne A., Ballantyne D. (2003), Relationship Marketing, Creating Stakeholder Value. Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA
Dardess J. (1991), Childhood in Pre-Modern China. In J. M. Hawes, Joseph M., Hiner N. R. (Eds), Childhood in Historical and Comparative Perspective pp. 71–94. New York: Greenwood
Dean D. H. (2004), Consumer Perception of Corporate Donations. Journal of Advertising, 32(4): 91–102
Donaldson T., Preston L. E. (1995), The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1): 65–91
European Journal of Marketing: 2005, ‹Stakeholder Thinking in Marketing’, M. J. Polonsky (Guest ed.) 39 (9/10)
Fahy J., D. Smart, W. Pride, & O. C. Ferrell (1995) Advertising Sensitive Products. International Journal of Advertising, 14: 231–243
Fam K. S., Waller D. S., Erdogan Z. (2004), The Influence of Religion on Attitudes Towards the Advertising of Controversial Products. European Journal of Marketing 38(5/6): 537–555
Firat A. F., Dholakia N., Venkatesh A. (1995), Marketing in a Post-Modern World. European Journal of Marketing 29(1): 40–56
Freeman R. E. (1984), Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman, Boston, MA
Fox R. J., Krugman D. M., Fletcher J. E., Fischer P. M. (1998), Adolescents’ Attention to Beer and Cigarette Print Ads and Associated Product Warnings. Journal of Advertising 27(3): 57–68
Grant I. C. (2004), Communicating with Young People Through the Eyes of Marketing Practitioners. Journal of Marketing Management, 20: 591–606
Graves, S. B. and S. A. Waddock: 1994, ‹Institutional Owners and Corporate Social Performance in High Turbulence environments’, working paper, Department of Marketing, University of California, Berkeley, CA
Grazer W. F., Keesling G.. (1995). The Effect of Print Advertising’s Use of Sexual Themes on Brand Recall and Purchase Intention: A Product Specific Investigation of Male Responses. Journal of Applied Business Research 11(3): 47–57
Groonroos C. (1997), From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing – Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing. Management Decision, 35(3/4): 148–152
Gudykunst W. B., Ting-Toomey S. (1988), Culture and Interpersonal Communication. Beverley hills, CA: Sage
Gummesson E. (1999), Total Relationship Marketing: Moving from the 4Ps to the 30Rs. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
Ha L. (1996) Concerns About Advertising Practices in a Developing Country: An Examination of China’s New Advertising Regulations. International Journal of Advertising 15(2), 91–102
Hall E. T. (1976), Beyond Culture. New York, Doubleday
Hill C. A., Preston L. K. (1996), Individual Difference in the Experience of Sexual Motivation: Theory and Measurement of Dispositional Sexual Motives. Journal of Sex Research 33: 27–45
Ho D. Y. F. (1989), Continuity and Variation in Chinese patterns of Socialization. Journal of Marriage and the Family 51(1): 149–163
Hsu F. L. K. (1983), Rugged Individualism Reconsidered. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press
Jones S. C., Donovan R. J. (2001), Messages in Alcohol Advertising Targeted at Youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 25(2): 126–131
Kassarjian H. A. (1977), Content Analysis in Consumer Research. Journal of Consumer Research 4: 8–18
Kotler P., Armstrong G. (1999), Principles of Marketing, 8th ed. Prentice-Hall, upper Saddle River, NJ
Leung, K.: 1996, ‹The Role of Beliefs in Chinese Culture’, in M. H. Bond (ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology, Chapter 16 (Oxford University Press)
Liu, C. M.: 1992, ‹A Conceptual Analysis of ‹bao’ and Its Implications for Organisational Research’, in Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Conference on Chinese Psychology and Behaviour (Institute of Ethnology, Academic Sinica, Taipei)
MacKinnon D. P., Lapin A. (1998), Effects of Alcohol Warnings and Advertisements: A Test of the Boomerang Hypothesis. Psychology and Marketing, 15(7): 707–728
Madden, P. A. and J. W. Grube: 1994, ‹The Frequency of Alcohol and Condoms Advertising on Television’, American Journal of Public Health Feb, 297–299
Mohr L. A., Webb D. J., Harris K. E. (2001), Do Consumers Expect Companies to be Socially Responsible? The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Buying Behaviour. Journal of Consumer Affairs 35(1): 45–59
Murphy B. (1988), Stakeholder Concept is Part of an Evolution of Business Interests. Perspective 2(4): 4–6
Murphy, B., K. Stevens and R. Mcleod: 1997, ‹A Stakeholderism Framework for Measuring Relationship Marketing’, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 5(Spring), 43–57
Murphy B., Maguiness P., Pescott C., Wisland S., Ma J., Wang R. (2005), Stakeholder Perceptions Presage Holistic Stakeholder Relationship Marketing Performance. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10): 1049–1059
Newall, T. and L. Steele: 2002, ‹Snapshot 2001: Strategies for the Youth Market’, Advertising and Marketing to Children Jan-March, 9–15
Ogden S., Watson R. (1999), Corporate Performance and Stakeholder Management: Balancing Shareholder and Customer Interests in the UK Privatised Water Industry. Academy of Management Journal 42(5): 526–538
Pan, Z.: 1990, ‹The Traditional Chinese Culture: A Cause of Disability’, Paper Presented at the International Conference on Sexuality in Asia, Hong Kong, May
Parker B. J. (1998), Exploring Life Themes and Myths in Alcohol Advertisements Through a Meaning-Based Model of Advertising Experiences. Journal of Advertising, 27(1): 97–112
Payne A., Holt S., Frow P. (2001), Relationship Value Management: Exploring the Integration of Employee, Customer and Shareholder Value and Enterprise Performance Models. Journal of Marketing Management 17(7/8): 785–818
Polonsky M. J. (1995), A Stakeholder Theory Approach to Designing Environmental Marketing Strategy. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 10(3): 29–42
Polonsky M. J., Schuppisser D. S. W., Belona S. (2002), A Stakeholder Perspective for Analysing Marketing Relationships. Journal of Market-focused Management, 5(2): 109–126
Polonsky M. J., Scott D. (2005), An Empirical Examination of the Stakeholder Strategy Matrix. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10): 1199–1215
Phau I., Prendergast G. (2001), Offensive Advertising: A View from Singapore. Journal of Promotion Management, 7(1/2): 71–90
Prendergast G., Ho B., Phau I. (2002) A Hong Kong View of Offensive Advertising. Journal of Marketing Communications, 8: 165–177
Rehman S. N., Brooks J. R. (1987) Attitudes Towards Television Advertisements for Controversial Products. Journal of Health Care Marketing, 7(13), 78–83
Reichert T. (2003), The Prevalence of Sexual Imagery in Ads Targeted to Young Adults. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 37(2), 403–412
Ruf B. M., Muradlidhar K., Brown R. M., Janney J. J., Paul K. (2001), An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Change in Corporate Social Performance and Financial Performance: A Stakeholder Theory Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 32(2): 143–156
Schwartz S. (1999), A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48(1): 23–47
Shao A. T. (1993) Restrictions on Advertising Items that may not be Considered `Decent’: A European Viewpoint. Journal of Euromarketing 2(3): 23–43
Shao A. T., Hill J. S (1994) Global Television Advertising Restrictions: The Case of Socially Sensitive Products. International Journal of Advertising 13: 347–366
Slater M. D., Rouner D., Karan D., Purphy K., Beauvais F. (1999), Placing Alcohol Warning Before, During, and After TV beer Ads: Effects on Knowledge and Responses to the Ads and the Warnings. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 76(3): 468–484
Srikandath S. (1991), Cultural Values Depicted in India Television Advertising, Gazette: the International Journal of Mass Communications 48: 165–175
State Education Commission: 1985, Research and Advertising in China (Ministry of Home Affairs)
Tai Susan H. C. (1997) Advertising in Asia: Localize or Regionalize? International Journal of Advertising, 16(1): 48–61
Taylor C., Raymond M. (2000), An Analysis of Product Category Restrictions in Advertising in Four Major East Asian Markets. International Marketing Review, 17(3): 287–304
Treise D., Walburg J. M., Otnes C. C. (1999), Understanding the ‹social gifts’ of Drinking Rituals: An Alternative Framework for PSA Developers. Journal of Advertising, 28(2): 17–31
Triandis H. C. (1988), Cross-Cultural Contributions to Theory in Social Psychology. In Bond M. H. (Ed.), The Cross-Cultural Challenge to Social Psychology (pp. 122–140). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Tse, D.: 1996, ‹Understanding Chinese People as Consumers: Past Findings and Future Propositions’, in M. H. Bond (ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology, Chapter 23 (Oxford University Press)
Tse D. K., Belk R. W., Zhou N. (1989), Becoming a Consumer Society: Longitudinal and Cross-Cultural Content Analysis of Print Ads from Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. Journal of Consumer Research, 15: 457–473
US Department of Education: 1994, Youth and Alcohol. Selected Reports to the Surgeon General
Van Gulik R. H. (1961), Sexual Life in Ancient China. E.J. Leiden: Brill
Veryer Y. W. (1998), Key Factors Affecting Customer Evaluation of Discontinuous New Products. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15(2): 136–150
Waller D. S. (1999) Attitudes Towards Offensive Advertising: An Australian Study. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(3): 288–294
Waller, D. S.: 2004, ‹What Factors Make Controversial Advertising Offensive?: A Preliminary Study’, Australia/New Zealand Communication Association (ANZCA) Conference, Sydney, July
Waller D. S., Fam K. S. (2003), Advertising of Offensive Products: A Challenge for Marketing in China. Asian Journal of Marketing, 9(1): 38–45
Waller D. S., K.S. Fam, B. Zafer Erdogan (2005) Advertising of Controversial Products: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(1): 6–13
Wnag, H. and G. Wu: 202, Consumer Ethnocentrism: An Empirical Study in China and Its Marketing Management Implications, (Beijing, Economic Management Press) (in Chinese)
Wen J. (1995), Sexual Beliefs and Problems in Contemporary Taiwan. In T. Y. Lin (Ed), Chinese Societies and Mental Health. Hong Kong, Oxford University Press
Whitehead D. (2005), In Pursuit of Pleasure: Health Education as a Means of Facilitating the ‹health journey’ of Young People. Health Education, 105(3): 213–227
Wilson, A. and C. West: 1981, ‹The Marketing of ‹Unmentionables’’, Harvard Business Review January/February, 91–102
Wolburg J. M. (2005), How Responsible are ‹responsible’ Drinking Campaigns for Preventing Alcohol Abuse. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(4): 176–177
Wu, D. Y. H.: 1996, ‹Chinese Childhood Socialisation’, in M. H. Bond (ed.), The Handbook of Chinese Psychology, Chapter 10 (Oxford University Press)
Yen, H.: 1990, ‹A Review of Sex Education in the Last Ten Years in the Taiwan Area’, Paper presented at the International Conference on Sexuality in Asia, Hong Kong, May
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fam, KS., Waller, D.S. & Yang, Z. Addressing the Advertising of Controversial Products in China: An Empirical Approach. J Bus Ethics 88 (Suppl 1), 43–58 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9832-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9832-y