Skip to main content
Log in

The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Ethical Orientations in Decision Making: An Empirical Study with Business Executives in Australia

  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The relationship between spiritual well-being and ethical orientations in decision making is examined through a survey of executives in organizations listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. The four domains of spiritual well-being, personal, communal, environmental and transcendental (Fisher, Spiritual health: its nature and place in the school curriculum, PhD thesis, University of Melbourne, 1998; Gomez and Fisher, Pers Individ Differ 35:1975–1991, 2003) are examined in relation to idealism and relativism (Forsyth, J Pers Soc Psychol 39(1):175–184, 1980). Results reveal that spiritual well-being, in particular the communal domain of spiritual well-being, is correlated with and predictive of idealism. However, the relationship between spiritual well-being and relativism is weak. Implications of the study are discussed in terms of developing managerial programs that enhance communal well-being which should lead to greater idealism in decision making. Limitations of the study and future research opportunities are outlined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics: 2006, ‘Industry of Employment by Occupation Cat. No. 2068.0-2006’, Census Tables, Census of Population and Housing.

  • Australian Securities Exchange: 2009, ‘ASX Limited’, http://www.asx.com.au/about/asx/index.htm. Accessed 10 Feb 2009.

  • Beery, T. A., L. S. Baas, C. Fowler and G. Allen: 2002, ‘Spirituality in Persons with Heart Failure’, Journal of Holistic Nursing 20(1), 5-25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dent, E. B., M. E. Higgins and D. M. Wharff: 2005, ‘Spirituality and Leadership: An Empirical Review of Definitions, Distinctions and Embedded Assumptions’, The Leadership Quarterly 16(5), 625-653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, C.: 1983, ‘Spiritual Well-Being: Conceptualization and Measurement’, Journal of Psychology and Theology 11, 330-340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernando, M.: 2007, Spiritual Leadership in the Entrepreneurial Business: A Multifaith Study. (Edward Elgar, London).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernando, M., S. Dharmage and S. Almeida: 2008, ‘Ethical Ideologies of Senior Australian Managers: An Empirical Study’, Journal of Business Ethics 82 (1), 145-155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernsler, J. I., P. Klemm and M. A. Miller: 1999, ‘Spiritual Well-Being and Demands of Illness in People with Colorectal Cancer’, Cancer Nursing 22 (2), 134-140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J.: 1998, ‘Spiritual Health: Its Nature and Place in the School Curriculum’, PhD thesis, University of Melbourne. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00002994/. Accessed April 2008.

  • Fisher, J. and D. Brumley: 2008, ‘Nurses’ and Carers’ Spiritual Well-being in The Workplace.’ Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing 25(4), 49-57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. R.: 1980, ‘A Taxonomy of Ethical Ideologies’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39(1), 175–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. R.: 1992, ‘Judging the Morality of Business Practices: The Influence of Personal Moral Philosophies’, Journal of Business Ethics 11, 461-470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giacalone, R. and C. L. Jurkiewicz: 2003, ‘Right From Wrong: The Influence of Spirituality on Perceptions of Unethical Behavior’, Journal of Business Ethics 46(1), 85-97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, R. and J. Fisher: 2003, ‘Domains of Spiritual Well-being and Development and Validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire’, Personality and Individual Differences 35, 1975-1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, R. and J. Fisher: 2005a, ‘The Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire: Testing for Model Applicability, Measurement and Structural Equivalencies and Latent Mean Differences Across Gender’, Personality and Individual Differences 39, 1383-1393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez, R. and J. Fisher: 2005b, ‘Item Response Theory Analysis of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire’, Personality and Individual Differences 38, 1107-1121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. and Vitell, S.: 1986, ‘A General Theory of Marketing Ethics’, Journal of Macromarketing 6(1), 5-16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Chartered Accountants: 2006, ‘Accountants and Ethics: A White Paper on Key Observations Arising from a Forum on Ethics’. http://www.charteredaccountants.com.au/files/documents/White%20Paper%20Follow-up%20(PDF)1.pdf. Accessed 15 Feb 2009.

  • James, W.: 1891/1973, ‘The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life’, in P. E. Davis (ed.), Introduction to Moral Philosophy (C. E. Merrill, Columbus, OH).

  • Kant, I.: 1873/1973, ‘Critique of Pure Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics. T. K. Abbott (trans),’ in P. E. Davis (ed.), Introduction to Moral Philosophy (C. E. Merrill, Columbus, OH).

  • Karande, K., C. P. Rao and A. Singhapakdi: 2002, ‘Moral Philosophies of Marketing Managers: A Comparison of American, Australian, and Malaysian Cultures’, European Journal of Marketing 36 (7/8), 768-791.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menard, S.: 1995, Applied Logistic Regression Analysis (Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA).

  • Moberg, D. O.: 1979, ‘The Development of Social Indicators of Spiritual Well-Being for Quality of Life Research’, Sociological Analysis 40, 11-26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R. H.: 1990, Classical and Modern Regression with Applications (Duxbury, Boston, MA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Piedmont, R.L., M. B. Werdel and M. Fernando: 2009, ‘The Utility of the Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (Aspires) Scale With Christians and Buddhists in Sri Lanka’, Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion 20, 131-144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robins, F.: 2006, ‘Corporate Governance after Sarbanes-Oxley: An Australian perspective’, Corporate Governance 6(1), 34 – 48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhapakdi, A., S. J. Vitell and G. R. Franke: 1999, ‘Antecedents, Consequences, and Mediating Effects of Perceived Moral Intensity and Personal Moral Philospohies’, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 27 (1), 19-35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Somers, M. J.: 2001, ‘Ethical Codes of Conduct and Organizational Context: A Study of The Relationship between Codes of Conduct, Employee Behavior and Organizational Values’, Journal of Business Ethics 30, 185-196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tacey, D.: 2003, The spirituality revolution: The emergence of contemporary spirituality (Harper Collins, Sydney).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, R., J. S. Young and V. A. Kelley: 2006, ‘Relationships Between Adult Workers’ Spiritual Well-Being and Job Satisfaction: A Preliminary Study’, Counseling and Values 50, 165-177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, L.: 1986, ‘Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model’, Academy of Management Review 11(2), 601–617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Utsey, S. O., A. Lee, M. A. Holden, and Y. Lanier: 2005, ‘A Confirmatory Test of the Factor Validity of Scores on the Spiritual Well-being Scale in a Community Sample of African Americans’, Journal of Psychology and Theology 33(4), 251-257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Victor, B. and J. B. Cullen: 1988, ‘The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates’, Administrative Science Quarterly 33, 101-125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volunteering Australia: 2006, ‘Corporate Volunteering Survey’, http://www.ozvpm.com/resourcebank/documents/CorporateVolunteeringSurvey.pdf. Accessed 14 June 2009.

  • World Health Organisation: 2007, Basic Documents: 46th Edition, http://www.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd46/e-bd46.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2009.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mario Fernando.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fernando, M., Chowdhury, R.M.M.I. The Relationship Between Spiritual Well-Being and Ethical Orientations in Decision Making: An Empirical Study with Business Executives in Australia. J Bus Ethics 95, 211–225 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0355-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0355-y

Keywords

Navigation